Microbiology

MICROBIOLOGY 130
SURVEY OF MICROORGANISMS
(Read chapter 10 Tortora et. al., 7th ed. especially look at pages 276-285)
5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM:

o Procaryotes or monera
o Protista
o Fungi
o Plantae
o Animalia
3 DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
o Archaea
o Eubacteria
o Eucaryotes
Naming and Classifying Bacteria

Genus - a group of closely related species
Species - a population of cells with very similar characteristics. Members of a
species are practically indistinguishable from each other - but there are often some
minor differences.
Strain - a population of cells derived from a single cell.
Sometimes bacterial names change frequently as new data comes to
light. For instance in the last decade:
Pseudomonas solanacearum --> Burkholdaria

solanacearum --> Ralstonia solanacearum
How do we classify bacteria into genera and species?
o Shape and stain characteristics (Gram Stain and Acid Fast Stain)
o Biochemistry -- which nutrients does the organism use for energy and carbon?
What kinds of waste products does the organism make?
o Genetic characteristics -- G+C ratio, sequence of chromosome and or plasmids,
sequence of specific genes (16s ribosome sequence)
PRACTICAL OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANISMS:

1. Prion -- infectious protein
2. Virus
o Genetic particle
o It has the information to reproduce - but only
when inside cells
o No machinery of life
o One nucleic acid only - either RNA or DNA
o Protein coat - capsid, capsomeres
o May have envelope - a lipid bilayer membrane
3. Bacteria
o Procaryotic
o Single-celled organisms -- under proper
conditions these cells can reproduce freely
o Has both DNA and RNA in several different
organizations (chromosome, plasmid, ribosomes,
etc.).
o Cytoplasm is not highly organized

o Cytoplasmic membrane
o Cell wall
o Locomotion based on flagella or axial filaments
4. Single Cell Eucaryotes
o Protozoa, Algae, Simple Fungi (Yeast)
o These are eucaryotes
o Single celled organisms - can reproduce freely
under suitable conditions
o Contain both DNA and RNA - in several
organizations. Much of it in the nucleus
o Cytoplasm - highly organized with many
organelles and a cytoskeleton. (mitochondria,
chloroplasts, various vacuoles, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi bodies, basal bodies, centrioles.)
o Locomotion based on flagella (cilia) and
contraction (actin).
5. Multicellular Eucaryotes
o Higher Fungi, Plants, Animals
o Basic organization of each cell is like it is in the
single-cell eucaryotes.
o Individual cells are not normally free living. They
live in a "community" -- the body or soma of the
organism.
o These organisms start off as a single cell.
o The cell and its progeny undergo repeated rounds
off division resulting in a mass of cells. At certain

times different groups of cells differentiate into
cells with specialized function. Differentiation is
the process by which certain cells in a
multicellular organism acquire a special function
and organize into unique tissues. In vertebrate
animals, early in the life of the organism there are
many cells which can individually differentiate
into a complete organism. Such cells are called
stem cells.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROCARYOTES AND

EUCARYOTES (also see chart on pg. 99 of Tortora et. al. 7th ed.)
Procaryotes - eubacteria and
archaeobacteria
Eucaryotes - all other cells
Genetic info is free in cytoplasm Genetic info is enclosed in a

membrane (nucleus). DNA is
associated with proteins called
histones.
Cell wall is usually present and Cell wall is not found in animal
it is chemically complex. In
cells. In plants it is composed of
eubacteria it contains
cellulose. In fungi it is
peptidoglycan (and teichoic acid composed of chitin. These are
in gram positive bacteria).
polymers of glucose.
No large internal organelles. But Many internal organelles within
may find smaller inclusions and a highly organized cytoplasm.
bubbles.
Ribosomes are small - 70s
Ribosomes are large - 80s; in the
mitochondria and chloroplasts

the mitochondria are small - 70s.
Locomotion with flagella made Locomotion with flagella and
with flagellin; also axial
cilia composed of microtubules
filaments
(tubulin and dynein); also
contractile motion based on
actin and myosin.
A Brief Survey of Microorganisms

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A review of vocabulary found in Chapter 3 of
"Fundamentals of Microbiology", 6th ed. by
I.E. Alcamo (Jones and Bartlett).
Animalia
Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes with

ingestive nutrition
archaebacteria
a group of bacteria thought to be ancient in

origin, live in extreme conditions
bacterium
prokaryote
Bergey's Manual
definitive listing of all known bacteria
binomial system
classification scheme using two names to

describe organisms
cellulose
polysaccharide in cell wall of plants
cell wall
fibrous accessory covering outside plasma

membrane
centriole
organelle that anchors eukaryotic flagella and

cilia
chitin
polysaccharide in cell wall of fungi
chlamydia
small intracellular bacterial cause of

pneumonia or STD
chloroplast
photosynthetic organ of eukaryotes
chromosomes
tightly coiled complexes of DNA and proteins
cilia
eukaryotic organelle for movement, present in

thousands
class
nomenclature level between phylum and order
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic bacterium, uses true

chlorophyll
cytoskeleton
fibers in cytoplasm of eukaryotes that shape

and move cell
diatom
unicellular algae with glasslike shells
dinoflagellate
unicellular algae that move with use of two

flagella
division
equivalent to phylum for bacteria, algae,

plants, protists
DNA
heritable material
endoplasmic reticulum
maze-like organelle used for protein synthesis

and lipid metabolism
eukaryotic
cells having nuclei and internal membranous

organelles
family
taxonomic level between order and genus
flagella
long, hair-like organelles that generate

movement by rotation or whipping motions
fluid mosaic model
says cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers

with inserted proteins
Fungi
Kingdom also known as Mycetae
fungus
multicellular eukaryote with chitin in cell wall
genus
first part of name in binomial nomenclature

system
Golgi apparatus
flat stacks of membranes involved in protein

modification and routing
index of refraction
ability of a substance to bend light passing

through it
kingdom
level of classification between empire and

phylum/division
lysosome
eukaryotic organelle for intracellular digestion
nomenclature
system of naming things
membrane
limiting boundary composed primarily of

phospholipids
micrometer
unit of measure equal to a millionth of a meter
mitochondrion
dual membraned eukaryotic organelle that

makes ATP
mold
fuzzy form of fungus whose cells grow in

filaments
Monera
Kingdom name for bacteria
mycoplasma
eubacteria that lack cell walls
nanometer
unit of measure equal to a billionth of a meter
numerical aperture
a measure of the size of the cone of light that

enters the objective lens
order
level of classification between class and

family
organelle
membrane-enclosed compartment in
eukaryotic cells
peptidoglycan
complex of amino acids and sugars - major

component of eubacterial cell wall
phylum
level of classification between kingdom and
class
Plantae
kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic

eukaryotes
plasma membrane
outer limiting membrane of cell
plastid
membranous storage vesicle in plants
prion
infectious particles composed entirely of

protein
prokaryotic
cells lacking nuclei and membranous

organelles
protist
unicellular eukaryote
Protocista
alternative name for Kingdom Protista
protozoa
unicellular eukaryotes with ingestive nutrition
resolution
ability to distinguish two points as separate
ribosome
protein + RNA complex that makes proteins
rickettsia
small bacteria that invade host cells transmitted to humans by arthropods
RNA
single stranded nucleic acid used to code for

proteins
species
most basic level of rank in a classification

system
taxon
level of classification
taxonomy
study of classification of organisms
virus
infectious particle composed of nucleic acid

surrounded by protein coat
working distance
amount of room between specimen and

objective lens
yeast
unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding

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MICROBIOLOGY 130

5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM:

Naming and Classifying Bacteria

Pseudomonas solanacearum --> Burkholdaria

PRACTICAL OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANISMS:

o Cytoplasm is not highly organized

o The cell and its progeny undergo repeated rounds

off division resulting in a mass of cells. At certain

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROCARYOTES AND

Eucaryotes - all other cells

Genetic info is free in cytoplasm Genetic info is enclosed in a

Ribosomes are large - 80s; in the

mitochondria and chloroplasts

A Brief Survey of Microorganisms

Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes with

a group of bacteria thought to be ancient in

definitive listing of all known bacteria

classification scheme using two names to

polysaccharide in cell wall of plants

fibrous accessory covering outside plasma

organelle that anchors eukaryotic flagella and

polysaccharide in cell wall of fungi

small intracellular bacterial cause of

photosynthetic organ of eukaryotes

tightly coiled complexes of DNA and proteins

eukaryotic organelle for movement, present in

nomenclature level between phylum and order

photosynthetic bacterium, uses true

fibers in cytoplasm of eukaryotes that shape

unicellular algae with glasslike shells

unicellular algae that move with use of two

equivalent to phylum for bacteria, algae,

maze-like organelle used for protein synthesis

cells having nuclei and internal membranous

taxonomic level between order and genus

long, hair-like organelles that generate

fluid mosaic model

says cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers

Kingdom also known as Mycetae

multicellular eukaryote with chitin in cell wall

first part of name in binomial nomenclature

flat stacks of membranes involved in protein

ability of a substance to bend light passing

level of classification between empire and

eukaryotic organelle for intracellular digestion

system of naming things

limiting boundary composed primarily of

unit of measure equal to a millionth of a meter

dual membraned eukaryotic organelle that

fuzzy form of fungus whose cells grow in

Kingdom name for bacteria

eubacteria that lack cell walls

unit of measure equal to a billionth of a meter

a measure of the size of the cone of light that

level of classification between class and

complex of amino acids and sugars - major

level of classification between kingdom and

kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic