Data transmission

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Data transmission, digital transmission or digital communications is the physical transfer

of data (a digital bit stream or a digitized analog signal[1]) over apoint-to-point or point-tomultipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical
fibers, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses. The data are
represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave,
or infrared signal.
While analog transmission is the transfer of a continuously varying analog signal over an analog
channel, digital communications is the transfer of discrete messages over a digital or an analog
channel. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line
code (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms
(passband transmission), using a digital modulation method. The passband modulation and
corresponding demodulation (also known as detection) is carried out by modem equipment.
According to the most common definition of digital signal, both baseband and passband signals
representing bit-streams are considered as digital transmission, while an alternative definition
only considers the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a
form of digital-to-analog conversion.
Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, for example a
computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video
signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation (PCM) or more
advanced source coding (analog-to-digital conversion anddata compression) schemes. This
source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment.
Contents
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1Distinction between related subjects

2Protocol layers and sub-topics

3Applications and history

4Baseband or passband transmission

5Serial and parallel transmission

6Types of communication channels

7Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

8See also

9Notes

Distinction between related subjects[edit]

Courses and textbooks in the field of data transmission[1] as well as digital transmission[2]
[3]
and digital communications [4][5] have similar content.
Digital transmission or data transmission traditionally belongs
to telecommunications and electrical engineering. Basic principles of data transmission may
also be covered within the computer science/computer engineering topic of data

communications, which also includes computer networking or computer

communication applications and networking protocols, for example routing, switching and interprocess communication. Although the Transmission control protocol(TCP) involves the term
"transmission", TCP and other transport layer protocols are typically not discussed in a textbook
or course about data transmission, but in computer networking.
The term tele transmission involves the analog as well as digital communication. In most
textbooks, the term analog transmission only refers to the transmission of an analog message
signal (without digitization) by means of an analog signal, either as a non-modulated baseband
signal, or as a passband signal using an analog modulation method such as AM or FM. It may
also include analog-over-analog pulse modulatated baseband signals such as pulse-width
modulation. In a few books within the computer networking tradition, "analog transmission" also
refers to passband transmission of bit-streams using digital modulation methods such
as FSK,PSK and ASK. Note that these methods are covered in textbooks named digital
transmission or data transmission, for example.[1]
The theoretical aspects of data transmission are covered by information theory and coding
theory.

Protocol layers and sub-topics[edit]

OSI model
by layer
7. Application layer[show]

6. Presentation layer[show]

5. Session layer[show]

4. Transport layer[show]

3. Network layer[show]

2. Data link layer[show]

1. Physical layer[show]

Courses and textbooks in the field of data transmission typically deal with the following OSI
model protocol layers and topics:

Layer 1, the physical layer:

Channel coding including

Digital modulation schemes

Line coding schemes

Forward error correction (FEC) codes

Bit synchronization

Multiplexing

Equalization

Channel models

Layer 2, the data link layer:

Channel access schemes, media access control (MAC)

Packet mode communication and Frame synchronization

Error detection and automatic repeat request (ARQ)

Flow control

Layer 6, the presentation layer:

Source coding (digitization and data compression), and information theory.

Cryptography (may occur at any layer)

Applications and history[edit]

Data (mainly but not exclusively informational) has been sent via non-electronic
(e.g. optical, acoustic, mechanical) means since the advent of communication.Analog signal data
has been sent electronically since the advent of the telephone. However, the first data
electromagnetic transmission applications in modern time were telegraphy (1809)
and teletypewriters (1906), which are both digital signals. The fundamental theoretical work in
data transmission and information theory byHarry Nyquist, Ralph Hartley, Claude Shannon and
others during the early 20th century, was done with these applications in mind.
Data transmission is utilized in computers in computer buses and for communication
with peripheral equipment via parallel ports and serial ports such as RS232(1969), Firewire (1995) and USB (1996). The principles of data transmission are also utilized
in storage media for Error detection and correction since 1951.
Data transmission is utilized in computer networking equipment such as modems (1940), local
area networks (LAN) adapters (1964), repeaters, hubs, microwave links, wireless network access
points (1997), etc.
In telephone networks, digital communication is utilized for transferring many phone calls over
the same copper cable or fiber cable by means of Pulse code modulation (PCM), i.e. sampling
and digitization, in combination with Time division multiplexing (TDM) (1962). Telephone
exchanges have become digital and software controlled, facilitating many value added services.
For example, the first AXE telephone exchange was presented in 1976. Since the late 1980s,

digital communication to the end user has been possible using Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) services. Since the end of the 1990s, broadband access techniques such
as ADSL, Cable modems, fiber-to-the-building (FTTB) and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) have
become widespread to small offices and homes. The current tendency is to replace traditional
telecommunication services by packet mode communication such as IP telephony and IPTV.
Transmitting analog signals digitally allows for greater signal processing capability. The ability to
process a communications signal means that errors caused by random processes can be
detected and corrected. Digital signals can also be sampled instead of continuously monitored.
The multiplexing of multiple digital signals is much simpler to the multiplexing of analog signals.
Because of all these advantages, and because recent advances in wideband communication
channels and solid-state electronics have allowed scientists to fully realize these advantages,
digital communications has grown quickly. Digital communications is quickly edging out analog
communication because of the vast demand to transmit computer data and the ability of digital
communications to do so.
The digital revolution has also resulted in many digital telecommunication applications where the
principles of data transmission are applied. Examples are second-generation (1991) and
later cellular telephony, video conferencing, digital TV (1998), digital radio (1999), telemetry, etc.

Baseband or passband transmission[edit]

The physically transmitted signal may be one of the following:
1. A baseband signal ("digital-over-digital" transmission): A sequence of electrical pulses
or light pulses produced by means of a line coding scheme such asManchester coding.
This is typically used in serial cables, wired local area networks such as Ethernet, and in
optical fiber communication. It results in a pulse amplitude modulated(PAM) signal, also
known as a pulse train.
2. A passband signal ("digital-over-analog" transmission): A modulated sine wave signal
representing a digital bit-stream. Note that this is in some textbooks considered
as analog transmission, but in most books as digital transmission. The signal is
produced by means of a digital modulation method such as PSK,QAM or FSK. The
modulation and demodulation is carried out by modem equipment. This is used in
wireless communication, and over telephone network local-loop and cable-TV networks.

Serial and parallel transmission[edit]

In telecommunications, serial transmission is the sequential transmission of signal elements of a
group representing a character or other entity of data. Digital serial transmissions are bits sent
over a single wire, frequency or optical path sequentially. Because it requires less signal
processing and less chances for error than parallel transmission, the transfer rate of each
individual path may be faster. This can be used over longer distances as a check digit or parity
bit can be sent along it easily.
In telecommunications, parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of
the signal elements of a character or other entity of data. In digital communications, parallel
transmission is the simultaneous transmission of related signal elements over two or more
separate paths. Multiple electrical wires are used which can transmit multiple bits simultaneously,
which allows for higher data transfer rates than can be achieved with serial transmission. This
method is used internally within the computer, for example the internal buses, and sometimes
externally for such things as printers, The major issue with this is "skewing" because the wires in
parallel data transmission have slightly different properties (not intentionally) so some bits may
arrive before others, which may corrupt the message. A parity bit can help to reduce this.
However, electrical wire parallel data transmission is therefore less reliable for long distances
because corrupt transmissions are far more likely.

Types of communication channels[edit]

Main article: communication channel

Data transmission circuit

Full-duplex

Half-duplex

Multi-drop:

Bus network

Mesh network

Ring network

Star network

Wireless network

Point-to-point

Simplex