Cuchi Tunnels
Cuchi Tunnels
Cuchi Tunnels
Ramon W. Almodovar
J. David Rogers
No one has ever demonstrated more ability to hide his installations
than the Viet Cong; they were human moles.
General William Westmoreland
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Purpose
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References
The Tunnels of Cu Chi by Tom Mangold and John Penycate
http://images.google.com
www.25thida.com/photos.html
www.users.qwest.net/~huffpapa/ CuChiMap.html
www.rjsmith.com/ cu-chi-taor-nf.html
cybersarges.tripod.com/ cuchi.html
www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/ refer/map1/indexjs.html
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Outline
Area of Operations
History of Cu Chi Tunnels
Tunnel Construction
Viet Cong Tunnel Fighting
Cu Chi Base Camp
Operation Cedar Falls
Tunnel Rats
Tunnel Destruction
Summary
Conclusion
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A LITTLE BACKGROUND
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The tunnels were excavated in laterite clay, a ferric soil with clay and
iron oxide binder which allowed some air penetration.
The clay was not affected by seasonal changes in water content
because of the iron cementation. It was further strengthened by tree
roots.
The thickness of the useable clay layer varied between 10 to 20 meters,
depending on the depth of the water table.
The tunnels were mostly excavated by hand methods with 2 people
rotating digging and 2 to 3 people who removed the cuttings.
The normal rate of advance was about 1 cubic meter per person per
day, but varied with the diggers health, age, the climate and the soil.
The earth removed from the tunnels was used in the basements of local
houses, furrows for potato growing, banks for communication or
combat trenches, or poured into streams, to prevent US forces from
discovering the tunnel entrances.
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These are pictures of the tunnels with their earthen cover removed.
Tunnels were usually excavated in a zig-zag pattern, at angles
between 60 and 120 degrees. This was intended to prevent linear
lines-of-fire and help deflect explosive blasts if the tunnel complex
was invaded by enemy troops.
Communications passages were constructed no wider than 1.2
meters, no narrower than 0.8 meters, at a height of 0.8 to 1.8
meters, with a minimum roof thickness of 1.5 meters. Big fellas
would have a difficult time negotiating such openings.
These dimensions were strictly adhered to as a standard that
ensured uniformity and sound construction.
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Tunnel Construction
(4 of 6)
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Some complexes had as many as four different levels with secret trapdoors separating them.
They held living areas, storage depots, ordinance factories, hospitals, Headquarters, kitchens, and
any other facility needed by an army.
The tunnels also included a water bend every 100 meters to prevent tear gas or CS riot gas from
blowing all the way into the tunnel complex and they also helped to control flooding.
Ventilation holes ran obliquely from surface to 1st level to avoid monsoon rain flooding into the
tunnels.
Some of the ventilation holes pointed east to let more light in while others pointed into the wind to
increase air flow.
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TYPICAL INTERCONNECTING
TUNNEL COMPLEX
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VC Tunnel Fighting
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This aerial view of Cu Chi Base Camp was taken during the monsoon season. What
appears to be a river in the upper part of the photo is actually flooded lowlands.
Source: Danny Driscoll.
From the outset of the War US forces were aware that Cu Chi and the Iron Triangle
were strongholds for the Viet Cong, so the 25th Infantry Division placed their base
camp in Cu Chi as a supposed deterrent to VC activity in the area.
In January 1966 Operation Crimp was launched to clear the area for the base camp.
The operation successfully cleared the land, but failed to clear the VC tunnels in the
area.
Suffice to say that 25th ID was surprised when their base was attacked from INSIDE
their perimeter. This went on until they finally cleared all the tunnels lying within the
camp.
Cu Chi Base Camp relied on local workers for support. Most of these people were
VC sympathizers who gathered intelligence for the VC from across the base.
Because of their inside connection, the VC in the Cu Chi district and the Iron
Triangle were consistently given a few days to a few hours notice before any attack
was carried out against them. This enabled the VC to prepare for such attacks or
withdraw westward until the search and destroy missions were concluded (usually
a few days).
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Operation Cedar Falls was conducted between Jan 8-26, 1967 and was
typical of the American response to the Viet Cong operating in the Cu
Chi district and Iron Triangle.
30,000 US troops were involved in the search and destroy operation
The aim of the operation was to locate the underground headquarters
of the Viet Congs Military Region IV, explore it, and then destroy it
along with any other tunnels that were found.
Once the civilian Vietnamese population was cleared out of the Iron
Triangle, the area was stripped of vegetation and declared a free
strike zone.
To find the tunnels, units dragged trees behind their armored
personnel carriers to create avenues of fine grained dust. In the
morning, they could see where the VC had come out of their holes and
walked around, leaving footprints in the fine powdery dust (only
available in the dry season)
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After the rats would clear a tunnel system, theyd set up the explosives to
destroy it.
The only trouble was that in the dry season the clay would harden like
concrete.
We soon learned that the desiccated clay could withstand 40lb cratering
charges, hand grenades, and other explosives, without collapsing!
More often than not, if the explosives did work, they only damaged the initial
level of the tunnel system which the VC could easily re-excavate after
American forces had vacated the tunnels.
Flooding was another method used by American forces attempt destruction
of the tunnel complexes.
Unfortunately, during the dry season the laterite clay absorbed the water and
during the wet season the trapdoors proved to be reasonably watertight!
CS gas pellets were also used to render the tunnels unusable, but the gas
dispersed after about a week and was no longer effective.
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Carpet Bombing
(2 of 2)
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CONCLUSION
Resistance is a form of action aimed at destroying enough
of the enemys power to force him to renounce his
intentions.
von Clausewitz
The VC demonstrated resolve by outlasting the
Americans. Although no American unit of even squad
size or greater ever surrendered to the Viet Cong or
North Vietnamese during the entire Vietnam War; they
still managed to prevail. We should remember this in
Afghanistan and Iraq today.
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