Computer Science

NaUKMA 2009

Microprocessors
Kostyantyn Kharchenko
[email protected]

Lecturer:Yurii Opanasiuk

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 What is this review about?
Special-purpose designs Performance
Logic Memory
Trends
ALU
Microprocessors
Architecture
Future of 64-bits
Disadvantages

Instructions

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 What’s that?
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 What is a ‘Microprocessor’?
A microprocessor - also known as a CPU or central processing unit -
is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip.

The first so-called microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in

1971.

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 A short historical review
Name Date Transistors Microns Clock Data MIPS
❖ Intel 4004 (the year of 1971) speed width
8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64
• originally developed for a 8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 16 bits 0.33
desktop calculator 8-bit bus
80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1
• contained 2300 transistors 80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5

• 640 bytes of data could be 80486

Pentium
1989
1993
1,200,000
3,100,000
1
0.8
25 MHz
60 MHz
32 bits
32 bits
20
100
adressed 64-bit bus
Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz 32 bits ~300
• clock frequency of 108 KHz 64-bit bus
Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz 32 bits ~510
64-bit bus
Pentium 4 2004 125,000,000 0.09 3.6 GHz 32 bits ~7,000
64-bit bus

❖ Intel Itanium(2001) Core i9

(six-core)
2010 781,000,000 0.03 6.4 GHz 32 bits
64-bit
~40,000

bus
• high-end servers and
workstations
❖ Intel Pentium IV(2004)
• memory space of over 18
• processor’s initial speed of
terabytes
1.5 gigahertz (1.5 billion
• clock frequency of 800 MHz hertz)

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Basic microprocessor system
A basic microprocessor system consists of the: microprocessor core,
memory, input/output modules, and a system bus connecting these
modules.

Central Processing Unit

Arithmetic-
Control
Logic
Unit
ProcessingUnit
Input Data into Output
Devices Information Devices
Primary Storage
Unit
Keyboard Monitor
Mouse Printer
Touch Screen
Voice...
Disks, Tapes, Optical Disks

Secondary Storage Devices

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Logic
вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.
 What a microprocessor does?
๏

Logic
A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions
that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructoins, a
microprocessor does three basic things:

1. Using its ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can

perform mathematical operations like addition, substraaction,
multiplication and division;

2. A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to

another;

3. A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of

instructions based on those decisions.

Next slide is about ALU ->

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Arithmetic / Logic Unit

Logic
The diagram on the right is a
variation on the traditioanal way
of representing a processor’s
ALU, which is the part of the
processor that does the actual

Addition

Substraction

etc. of numbers

*Single-Decision and Multi-Decision

examples of processes

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Arithmetic / Logic Unit
• An address bus that sends an

Logic
address to memory
• A data bus that can send data to
memory or receive data from
memory
• An RD (read) and WR (write) line to
tell the memory whether it wants
to set or get the addressed
location
• A clock line that lets a clock pulse
sequence the processor
• A reset line that resets the
program counter to zero (or
whatever) and restarts execution.

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Memory
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 Microprocessor & Memory
• ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a
permanent collection of pre-set bytes.
• RAM stands for random-access memory.

It is possible to have no separated RAM but its

Memory
IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE NO ROM

• On a PC, the ROM is called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). When the
microprocessor starts, it begins: executing instructions it finds in the BIOS.
• The BIOS instructions do things like test the hardware in the machine
• then it Goes to the hard disk to fetch the boot sector.
• BIOS stores a little program in RAM after reading it off the disk.
• The microprocessor Begins executing the boot sector's instructions from RAM.
• The boot sector program will tell the microprocessor to fetch something else.
This is how the microprocessor loads and executes the entire operating system.

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Instructions
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 Microprocessor Instructions
Even the incredibly simple microprocessor shown in the previous example will
have a fairly large set of instructions that it can perform.
The collection of instructions is implemented as bit patterns, each one of which
has a different meaning when loaded into the instruction register.
Humans are not particularly good at remembering bit patterns, so a set of short
words are defined to represent the different bit patterns. This collection of

Instructions
words is called the assembly language of the processor.

Here's the set of easy assembly language instructions:

• LOADA mem - Load register A from memory address
• CONB con - Load a constant value into register B
• SAVEB mem - Save register B to memory address
• ADD - Add A and B and store the result in C
• SUB - Subtract A and B and store the result in C
• MUL - Multiply A and B and store the result in C
• DIV - Divide A and B and store the result in C
• COM - Compare A and B and store the result in test
• JUMP addr - Jump to an address

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 64 bits
вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.
 64-bits. Is this our future?
Sixty-four-bit processors have been with us
since 1992, and in the 21st century they
have started to become mainstream.
Both Intel and AMD have introduced 64-bit
chips, and the Mac G5 sports a 64-bit
processor. Sixty-four-bit processors have

64 bits
64-bit ALUs, 64-bit registers, 64-bit buses
and so on.

•One reason why the world needs 64-bit processors is because of their
enlarged address spaces. Thirty-two-bit chips are often constrained to a
maximum of 2 GB or 4 GB of RAM access.
•That sounds like a lot, given that most home computers currently use only
256 MB to 512 MB of RAM. However, a 4-GB limit can be a severe problem for
server machines and machines running large databases. And even home
machines will start bumping up against the 2 GB or 4 GB limit pretty soon if
current trends continue.
•A 64-bit chip has none of these constraints because a 64-bit RAM address
space is essentially infinite for the foreseeable future - 2^64 bytes of RAM is
something on the order of a billion gigabytes of RAM.

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Performance

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 Performance and Productivity
• The number of transistors available has a huge effect on the
performance of a processor. With more transistors, much more
powerful multipliers capable of single-cycle speeds become
possible.

• More transistors also allow for a technology called pipelining. In a

Performance
pipelined architecture, instruction execution overlaps.

• Many modern processors have multiple instruction decoders, each

with its own pipeline. This allows for multiple instruction streams,
which means that more than one instruction can complete during
each clock cycle. This technique can be quite complex to implement,
so it takes lots of transistors.

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Trends

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 Trends as look into the future
• Disadvantages: many complex features / unforgiving for program
errors / no «common sense» and «intuition» like brain has / primitive
assembly language tools
What is the aim:
• Extended adress size. The trend in processor design has primarily been

Trends
toward full 64-bit ALUs with fast floating point processors built in.
• Multiple level of Parallelism
• Multiple Functional Units per Processor Unit (Multi-Core processors)
• Energy Saving problem solution

All of these trends push up the transistor count, leading to the multi-
million transistor powerhouses. These processors can execute about one
billion instructions per second!

Subject: Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.

 You were great,
thank you!

вторник, 1 декабря 2009 г.