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Multipliers Applications

The document discusses analog multipliers and IC multipliers. It describes two approaches to analog multipliers - one based on log/antilog amplifiers and the other using the exponential transfer function of bipolar transistors. It then discusses specific IC multipliers, including the 4302 multifunction converter which can perform operations like multiplication, division and exponentiation using log and antilog functions. Another IC discussed is the four-quadrant multiplier AD534 which achieves multiplication in all four quadrants.

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VictorS
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117 views16 pages

Multipliers Applications

The document discusses analog multipliers and IC multipliers. It describes two approaches to analog multipliers - one based on log/antilog amplifiers and the other using the exponential transfer function of bipolar transistors. It then discusses specific IC multipliers, including the 4302 multifunction converter which can perform operations like multiplication, division and exponentiation using log and antilog functions. Another IC discussed is the four-quadrant multiplier AD534 which achieves multiplication in all four quadrants.

Uploaded by

VictorS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IC Multipliers

Applicatrions
Recommended Text: Sergio Franco, Design with

Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated


Circuits. McGraw-Hill, (1988) pp. 538-548

Introduction


Nonlinear operations on continuous-valued analog


signals are often required in instrumentation,
communication, and control-system design.
These operations include

rectification,
modulation - demodulation,
frequency translation,
multiplication - division.
non-linear function

In this chapter we analyze the most commonly used


techniques for performing this within a monolithic
integrated circuit

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In analog-signal processing the need often arises for a circuit


that takes two analog inputs and produces an output proportional
to their product.
Such circuits are termed analog multipliers.
There are two different approaches to analog multipliers
One of them is based on log/antilog amplifiers
Another utilizes the exponential transfer function of bipolar
transistors (Gilbert cell) .
In following sections we consider applications of IC multipliers
based on both approaches

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Log/Antilog Converter


The log and antilog functions can be combined in slide rule


fashion to perform such operations as

multiplication,
division,
exponentiation, and
root computation.

Two of the most useful functions are


multifunction conversion and
true rms-to-dc conversion

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Multifunction Converters
A multifunction converter (4302) is a circuit that accepts three inputs, Vx, Vy,
m
and Vz and yields an output Vo of the type:
V
Vo = KV y z
where K is a suitable scale factor (typically K = 1),
Vx
and m is a user-programmable exponent, in the
range 0.2 < m < 5

where K is a suitable scale


factor (typically K = 1),
and m is a userprogrammable exponent, in
the range 0.2 < m < 5
By proper selection of
input configuration and
exponent, the circuit can be
programmed for a variety
of operations:
Vo = VxV y , Vx / Vz , Vzm , n Vz , 1 / Vx etc.

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With the help of simple op amp circuitry it can be configured


for additional operations, such as
non-integer exponent approximations,
coordinate conversion, and
true rms-to-dc conversion.

Although now the tendency is to implement these functions


digitally, considerations of cost and speed often require their
implementation in analog hardware.

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4302 block diagram





The circuit diagram of 4302 is shown with frequency compensation and


reverse-polarity protection omitted for simplicity.
Vy
Vz
Vo
Vx
By op amp action, we have
I
=
I
=
I
=
Ix =
z
o
y
Rz
Ro
Ry
Rx

The voltages at pins 6


and 12 are proportional
to the log ratios of the
corresponding currents:
I
V6 = VT ln z
Ix

Io
V12 = VT ln
I
y
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m=1





V6 and V12 are derived directly from V11 so that V6 = V12 = V11 .
By V6 = VT ln (I z / I x ) = V12 = VT ln (I o / I y ) this implies Iz/Ix = Io/Iy that is,
Vz/Vx = Vo/Vy.
Thus,

Vz
Vo = V y
Vx

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m<1 and m>1








m < 1: V6 is derived directly from V11 while V12 is derived from V11 via a
voltage divider, V12=mV11, where m=R2/(R1+R2).
Letting V12=mV6 yields , ln( I o / I y ) = m ln(I z / I x ) = ln(I z / I x ) m
that is, ( I o / I y ) = ( I z / I x ) m
This, in turn, yields , (Vo / V y ) = (Vz / Vx ) m
that is,
m

Vz
R2
Vo = V y , where m =
<1
R1 + R 2
Vx



3. m > 1: V12 is derived directly from V11 while V6 is derived from V11 via a
voltage divider, V6=(1/m)V11, where (1/m)=R2/(R1+R2).
Letting V6=V12/m yields
m

Vz
R1 + R 2

Vo = V y , where m =
>1
R2
Vx
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Multiplication and Division

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Exponentiator and
Root Extractor

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4302 Adjustment








In each con-figuration the scale factor is calibrated by setting the input(s) to


10 V and adjusting Ry for Vo = 10 V.
To maintain the accuracy of division at low signal levels, the input offset
errors of the X and Z op amps must be nulled as follows
1. With Vz = Vx = 10.0 V, adjust R1 for Vo = 10.0 V.
2. With Vz = Vx = 100 mV, adjust R2 for Vo = 10.0 V.
3. With Vx = 100 mV and Vz = 10.0 mV, adjust R3 for Vo = 1.00 V.
Repeat the procedure, if necessary.
The 4302 provides the following typical accuracies expressed as a percent of
the output full scale:

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multiply, 0.25 percent;


divide, 0.25 percent;
square, 0.03 percent;
square root, 0.07 percent.

Four-quadrant multiplier
AD534



Figure shows the complete multiplier AD534.


Four-quadrant operation is achieved by using two transconductance pairs
with the bases driven in antiphase and the emitters driven by a second V-I
converter.
Z1 Z 2 = K ( X 1 X 2 )(Y1 Y2 )

K=

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Rz
R y Rx I x

AD534 Basic Configuration




The basic connection for four-quadrant multiplication, is used in


amplitude modulation,
voltage-controlled amplification, and
instantaneous power measurements.

When one of the inputs is zero,


the output should also be zero,
regardless of the signal at the other input.
 In practice, a small fraction of the other input will feed through to the output,
causing an error.
 This can be minimized by applying an external voltage to the X2 or Y2 input.
 This basic configuration has a number of useful variations.
For instance, tying the inputs together yields the squaring function.
Deriving Z1 from Vo via a voltage divider allows for scale factors other than
1/(10 V).
Applying a signal to the Z1 terminal will cause it to be summed to the output
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AD534 Applications


Z1 Z 2 = K ( X 1 X 2 )(Y1 Y2 )
Vz = (1 / 10) Vx (Vo )
Vo = 10 Vz / Vo

Vz = (1 / 10) Vo ( Vo )

Vo = 10 Vz

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Show that

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Vo = Vx2 V y2 / 10

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