Journal of Cancer 2015, Vol.

Ivyspring
International Publisher

Research Paper

105

Journal of Cancer

2015; 6(2): 105-110. doi: 10.7150/jca.10568

Colon Cancer Associated Transcript-1 (CCAT1)

Expression in Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach
Ido Mizrahi1*, Haggi Mazeh1*, Ronit Grinbaum1, Nahum Beglaibter1, Michael Wilschanski2, Vera Pavlov2,
Muchamad Adileh3, Alexander Stojadinovic4, Itzhak Avital4, Ali Osmay Gure5, David Halle2, Aviram
Nissan2,3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel;
The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem,
Israel;
Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel;
Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond, VA, USA;
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.

* Both authors contributed equally to the preparation of this study.

Corresponding author: Aviram Nissan, MD. Head, Department of Surgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem,
POB 12000, Kyriat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel 91120. Telephone: +972-2-6779500 Fax: +972-2-6779510 e-mail: [email protected].
Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.

Received: 2014.09.17; Accepted: 2014.10.15; Published: 2015.01.01

Abstract
Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to have functional roles in cancer
biology and are dys-regulated in many tumors. Colon Cancer Associated Transcript -1 (CCAT1) is
a lncRNA, previously shown to be significantly up-regulated in colon cancer. The aim of this study
is to determine expression levels of CCAT1 in gastric carcinoma (GC).
Methods: Tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing resection for gastric carcinoma
(n=19). For each patient, tumor tissue and normal appearing gastric mucosa were taken. Normal
gastric tissues obtained from morbidly obese patients, undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
served as normal controls (n=19). A human gastric carcinoma cell line (AGS) served as positive
control. RNA was extracted from all tissue samples and CCAT1 expression was analyzed using
quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR).
Results: Low expression of CCAT1 was identified in normal gastric mucosa samples obtained from
morbidly obese patients [mean Relative Quantity (RQ) = 1.950.4]. AGS human gastric carcinoma
cell line showed an elevated level of CCAT1 expression (RQ=8.02). Expression levels of CCAT1
were approximately 10.8 fold higher in GC samples than in samples taken from the negative
control group (RQ=21.15 vs. RQ=1.950.4, respectively, p<0.001). Interestingly, CCAT1 expression was significantly overexpressed in adjacent normal tissues when compared to the negative control group (RQ = 15.252 vs. RQ=1.950.4, respectively, p<0.001). Tissues obtained from
recurrent GC cases showed the highest expression levels (RQ = 88.831; p<0.001). Expression
levels increased with tumor stage (T4- 36.415, T3- 16.16, T2- 4.71), however this did not
reach statistical significance (p=0.2). There was no difference in CCAT1 expression between intestinal and diffuse type GC (RQ=22.47 vs. 22.416, respectively, p=0.9). Within the normal
gastric tissue samples, no significant difference in CCAT1 expression was observed in helicobacter
pylori negative and positive patients (RQ= 2.40.9 vs. 0.930.2, respectively, p=0.13).
Conclusion: CCAT1 is up-regulated in gastric cancer, and may serve as a potential bio-marker for
early detection and surveillance.
Key words: Gastric cancer, CCAT1, gastrectomy, biomarker, long non-coding RNA.

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Journal of Cancer 2015, Vol. 6

Introduction
Worldwide, gastric cancer is the fourth most
common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. While the incidence rates have been decreasing in the United States, they have been steadily
increasing in East Asia and South America [1, 2]. Major risk factors associated with the development of
gastric carcinoma include the presence of Helicobacter Pylori infection, high salt diet, rare inherited disorders, and male gender [3].
Several genetic alterations have been identified
as carcinogenic changes involved in the development
of gastric carcinoma. These changes can be roughly
divided into the activation of proto-oncogenes (c-met,
k-sam, c-erbB2), the inactivation of tumor suppressor
genes (p16, p53), reduction or loss in the cell adhesion
molecule E-cadherin, telomerase reactivation, and
microsatellite instability [4]. Nonetheless, exact
mechanisms at the molecular level remain largely
unknown.
Studies focusing on finding specific molecular
biomarkers for the detection of different cancers, have
found recently long non-coding RNA molecules
(lncRNA) to have functional roles in cancer biology.
Possible mechanisms by which these lncRNAs influence carcinogensis, may be by binding to, and altering
the function of proteins known to be involved in tumor biology such as p53, or by binding to promoter
areas of different genes and dys-regulating their expression [5-7]. Colon Cancer Associated Transcript -1
(CCAT1) is a lncRNA, up-regulated across the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colon cancer and to a
lesser degree, up-regulated in other tumor types [8, 9].
CCAT1 is a 2628 nucleotide lncRNA located on
chromosome 8q24.21 in an intergenic area described
before as a hot spot harboring multiple genetic alternations in both colon and prostate cancer. It is located in the vicinity of c-MYC, a well-known transcription factor [10, 11]. It was discovered using Representational Difference Analysis (RDA), cDNA
cloning, and rapid amplification of cDNA ends
(RACE) [9].
Recently, CCAT1 has been found to be highly
expressed in gastric cancer tissues when compared
with adjacent, normally appearing tissues. However,
no comparison was made to normal gastric tissues
obtained from healthy controls [12]. These data, if
replicated by others supports a potential role for
CCAT1 as a biomarker for gastric cancer. The aims of
this study were:
To validate our preliminary (unpublished data)
and the data, obtained by others, showing upregulation of CCAT1 in gastric cancer.
To characterize CCAT1 expression levels
through various tumor stages.

106

To compare CCAT1 expression to a cohort of

patients without malignant or premalignant
changes.

Methods
Patients
This is a pathological and molecular study designed and conducted on fresh-frozen human tissues.
The study was approved by the Institutional Independent Ethical Committee (IBE, Helsinki Committee;
Protocol HMO-0253-10). Patients eligible for the study
were offered participation and signed a written informed consent. Eligible patients were patients with
histological diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma
scheduled to undergo gastric resection with curative
intent. Patients with evidence of metastatic disease
were excluded and directed towards palliative medical therapy. To be eligible for the control group, patients had to meet the national criteria for surgical
treatment of morbid obesity and to be scheduled for
laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.
Other eligibility criteria: included: Patients above
the age of 18 years capable of providing informed
consent. Patients with gastric cancer who were not
treated by chemotherapy, nor by radiation therapy
before surgery. Patients with recurrent tumor presenting at least 24 months after completion of previous therapy were allowed.
Patients with invasive cancers other than adenocarcinoma of the stomach were excluded.
Human gastric cancer cell line (AGS, Cell line
human, 89090402, Sigma-Aldrich) served as a positive
control.

Tissue procurement
Immediately following surgical resection, the
resected specimen was delivered fresh to the Department of Pathology, where, under the supervision
of an independent pathologist, a small portion of resected tissue was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for
future RNA extraction. Tissues were obtained from
the primary lesion, and from normal appearing mucosa adjacent to the primary tumor site, two biopsies
each. For the negative control group, two biopsies
were obtained from random areas of the resected
stomach. Final pathology reports were reviewed for
all patients to determine either tumor stage or, for the
negative control group, Helicobacter pylori, and gastritis status.

Total RNA isolation from tissues

Total RNA was extracted using the miRvana
isolation kit (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) in accordance
with manufacturer instructions. Weighed tissues were
thoroughly crushed on dry ice and disrupted with 1
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Journal of Cancer 2015, Vol. 6

ml/50-100 mg tissue, denaturizing lysis buffer using a
polytron tissue homogenizer. RNA concentration was
measured with NanoDrop Spectrophotometer
(ND-100, NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE)
and stored at -80C until further use.

Synthesis of cDNA
Following DNase treatment, cDNA synthesis
was performed using random primer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) added to 10 l
of RNA. After incubation, 1 l of reverse transcriptase
(SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase 200 U/l, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was added. The cDNA was
stored at -20C until used for qRT-PCR.

Real time quantitative PCR

Primers used were: CCAT1 (custom designed by
Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, CA):
CCAT1-Forward

TCACTGACAACATCGACTTTGAAG
CCAT1-Reverse
GGAGAAAACGCTTAGCCATACAG
GAPDH was used as a control gene.
CCAT1 RNA was normalized to GAPDH-RNA
content using ABI 7500 SDS software, v1.2.2 (Applied
Biosystems Inc., Foster City, CA). Positive and negative controls, as well as samples with no DNA were
included in every qRT-PC experiment. PCR reactions
were performed using ABI qRT-PCR thermocycler
(7500 Real Time PCR System, Applied Biosystems
Inc., Foster City, CA). The qRT-PCR program was run
for 40 cycles, following an initial incubation at 95C,
10 min. Each cycle consisted of 95C 15 sec. and
60C 1 min. Results were analyzed as relative quantity (RQ) expression of CCAT1.

Statistical analysis
Summary statistics were obtained using established methods. Associations between categorical
factors were studied with Fishers exact test or
Chi-squared test, as appropriate. Continuous variables between study groups were compared using the
T-test (two-sided). Statistical analysis was performed
using IBM-SPSS statistical package Version 20.0
(SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL). A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results
Tissues were obtained, as detailed above, from
patients that underwent surgery for gastric cancer
(n=19), and from patients in the negative control
group (n=19), that underwent laparoscopic sleeve
gastrectomy for treatment of morbid obesity. Overall,
RNA extraction and cDNA production was successful
in 100% (19/19) of patients with GC, and in 94%

107
(18/19) of patients in the negative control group.
The patients in the study group had a mean age
of 64.53 years, and consisted of 14 males (73%), and 5
females (27%). Twelve patients (63%) had intestinal
type GC and seven patients (37%) had diffuse type
GC (Table 1). Expression levels of CCAT1 were approximately 10.8 fold higher in GC samples than in
samples taken from the negative control group
(RQ=21.15 vs. RQ=1.950.4, respectively, p<0.001,
Table 1). As we have observed before in colon cancer,
CCAT1 was significantly up-regulated in normal appearing tissues adjacent to the tumor site when compared to normal controls (RQ = 15.252 vs.
RQ=1.950.4, respectively, p<0.001). Interestingly
enough, CCAT1 expression levels in histologically
normal appearing tissues adjacent to the tumor site
exceeded its expression levels in the tumor itself
(Figure 1). Samples taken from patients with recurrent
GC (sample #343, sample #443) showed the highest
levels of CCAT1 expression (RQ = 88.831). There was
a correlation between CCAT1 expression and tumor
penetration into the gastric wall as expressed by
T-stage (T4- RQ=36.415, T3- RQ= 16.16, T2RQ=4.71), however, this correlation did not reach
statistical significance (p=0.2, Figure 2). There was no
difference in CCAT1 expression levels between intestinal and diffuse type gastric cancer (RQ=22.47 vs.
22.416, respectively, p=0.9). No difference was found
in CCAT1 expression levels between proximal gastro-esophageal junction tumors, and distal gastric
tumors (4122 vs. 186, respectively, p=0.23).
Table 1: Clinical data, and CCAT1 expression levels in tumor &
adjacent normal tissue.
N Sample Gender Age Tumor
#
AJCC
stage
M
1 343
77 T4N1M0
Recurrence
M
2 443
46 T4N1M0
Recurrence
M
3 496
75 T3N1M1

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

540
560
939
1029
1064
621
743
826
865
882
919
978
982
1026
1063
1184

M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
F
F
M
F
M
M

65
48
58
65
60
73
82
75
34
36
72
86
80
81
49
78

HisRQ
RQ CCAT1
to-pathologic CCAT1 In In adjacent
al subtype
Tumor
normal
Intestinal
N/A
57.56
Diffuse

120.21

25.28

Intestinal

2.91
5.63
1.65
8.97
34.51
10.61
2.7
23.47
7.17
5.53
2.08
4.89
13.78
4.18
43.62
78.01
1.92

5.53
42.11
12.73
42.47
14.11
39.67
15.7
23.18
6.52
0.09
4.49
8.51
0.89
6.95
29.48
0.63
9.7

T4N3M0

Diffuse

T4N3M0

Diffuse

T3N2M0

Intestinal

T3N0M0

Intestinal

T2N2M0

Intestinal

T4N0M0

Diffuse

T4N2M0

Diffuse

T2N0M0

Intestinal

T2N1M0

Intestinal

T4N3M0

Diffuse

T3N1M0

Diffuse

T3N2M0

Intestinal

T3N2M0

Intestinal

T3N1M0

Intestinal

T4N1M0

Intestinal

T2N1M0

Intestinal

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Journal of Cancer 2015, Vol. 6

Patients in the negative control group (n=19) had
an average age of 43.32 years, and consisted of 9 men
(50 %) and 9 women (50%). Low CCAT1 expression
levels were detected in this group (RQ=1.950.4).
Twelve patients (66%) had histological evidence of
gastritis, and six patients (34%) were positive for the
presence of Helicobacter Pylori. No significant difference in CCAT1 expression was observed in helicobacter pylori negative, and positive patients (RQ=
2.40.9 vs. 0.930.2, respectively, p=0.13), or in gastritis negative and positive patients (RQ=2.420.9 vs.
0.90.2, p=0.28). Table 2 summarizes clinical data, and
CCAT1 expression levels in the negative control
group. Figure 3 summarizes CCAT1 expression levels
in the different study groups.

108
Table 2: Clinical data and CCAT1 expression levels in the negative control group.
N

Sample
#

Gender

Age

Gastritis

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

3
15
17
32
45
48
55
1027
1040
1041
1042
1045
1051
1137
1162
1166
1167
1170

53
54
58
56
56
46
52
26
32
44
45
46
26
42
44
45
44
23

negative

M
F
M
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
M
F
F
M

negative

Helicobacter pylori RQ
CCAT1
negative
1
negative

negative

negative

negative

negative

negative

negative

negative

negative

negative

negative

positive

positive

positive

positive

positive

positive

negative

negative

negative

negative

positive

positive

negative

negative

negative

negative

positive

positive

positive

positive

negative

negative

2.37
3.85
1.15
11.16
0.19
0.75
0.36
1
0.16
0.43
0.82
1.4
0.4
5.8
0.64
1.87
1

Discussion

Figure 1: CCAT1 expression levels in GC tumor samples and in adjacent

normal samples.

Figure 2: CCAT1expression levels according to tumor (AJCC-T) stage.

Figure 3: CCAT1 expression levels in the different study groups.

Gastric cancer prognosis is in close correlation

with tumor stage at diagnosis.
Primarily due to early detection of the disease,
and with the aid of nationwide screening programs,
postoperative survival rates have increased in Japan
and Korea. In the Western world, however, more than
80% of patients at diagnosis have an advanced gastric
cancer with poor prognosis [13, 14]. Improvement of
survival rates is dependent upon, earlier diagnosis,
closer monitoring of populations at risk, and new
therapeutic strategies. Hence, the obvious need in
improving diagnostic sensitivity, among which with
bio-molecular tests.
Over the last few decades, research has focused
on the role of protein-coding genes in the pathogenesis of diseases [15]. However, in recent years, evidence
from whole genome and transcriptome sequencing
suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) which
belong to the noncoding portions of the genome, play
a key role in oncogenesis [16]. Accumulating reports
of dys-regulated lncRNA expression in numerous
cancer types imply that lncRNAs may act as potential
onco- or tumor-suppressor RNAs [17, 18]. Thus, the
attention of research is now shifting to one of the most
common but least well-understood RNA species:
lncRNAs [19].
Most of the lncRNAs studied to date in various
cancers are overexpressed, which indicates an oncogene-like role of lncRNAs in cancer biology [20]. Such
a lncRNA is CCAT1, previously found to be significantly overexpressed in colon cancer. In these studies,
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Journal of Cancer 2015, Vol. 6

CCAT1 expression in colon cancer was approximately
235 fold higher than in normal colonic tissue.
Up-regulation was evident in pre-malignant conditions and through all disease stages, including advanced metastatic disease suggesting a role in both
tumorigenesis and the metastatic process [8, 9].
CCAT1 was also up-regulated in cell lines derived
from non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer.
Nevertheless, exact molecular mechanisms in which
CCAT1 is involved in carcinogenesis are yet to be
found. A recent study by Feng et al., studying CCAT1
expression levels in gastric cancer, found that c-MYC
directly binds to the E-box element in the promoter
region of CCAT1, and when ectopically expressed,
increases promoter activity and expression of CCAT1
in gastric cancer tissues [12]. In addition, nucleotide
substitutions in the E-box element abrogated
c-MYC-dependent promoter activation. Moreover,
abnormally expressed CCAT1 promoted cell proliferation and migration. However, Feng et al. compared
GC tissues to tumor adjacent, appearing normal tissues, and not to normal healthy controls. Our study
aimed to further characterize CCAT1 expression in
GC, and to compare expression levels to normal
healthy controls.
Our results show expression levels of CCAT1
approximately 10.8 fold higher in GC samples than in
samples taken from healthy individuals in the negative control group (RQ=21.15 vs. RQ=1.950.4, respectively, p<0.001). These results further support
previous results by Feng et al., showing an approximate 4 fold higher expression level of CCAT1 in GC
samples when compared to adjacent normal tissues.
As we have seen before in colon cancer tissues,
CCAT1 expression might be higher in the histologically normal appearing tissues around the tumor than
within the tumor tissue itself. This observation was
previously confirmed by in-situ hybridization in order to rule out contamination by shedding of cancer
cells.
In our study we compared tissue samples taken
from GC tissues not only to histologically normal-appearing tissues adjacent to the tumor site, but
also to normal gastric tissues taken from patients with
no evidence of GC undergoing sleeve gatsrectomy
due to morbid obesity. Interestingly, CCAT1 expression was significantly overexpressed in tumor-adjacent normal tissues when compared to
healthy controls (RQ = 15.252 vs. RQ=1.950.4, respectively, p<0.001). This might be a cause of underlying pre-cancerous molecular events occurring in
adjacent normal tissue causing a potential "field effect". Another explanation might be the diffuse nature
in which some GC spread. However in a subgroup
analysis, no difference in expression levels was found

109
between the different histo-pathological, intestinal
and diffuse subtypes (RQ=22.47 vs. 22.416, respectively, p=0.9).
As expected, the majority of the patients in our
study (79%) were diagnosed with GC at advanced
tumor stage. Of note, patients treated with
neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were excluded in order
to eliminate potential chemotherapy effect on CCAT1
expression. CCAT1 expression level showed a trend
towards correlation with advancement in tumor
(AJCC-T) stage (T4- RQ=36.415, T3- RQ= 16.16, T2RQ=4.71, p=0.2). We also demonstrated that samples
taken from patients with recurrent GC, showed the
highest expression of CCAT1. Similar results were
presented by Feng et al [12]. Despite this correlation
between mean CCAT1 expression levels and tumor
stage, it is important to note that ten patients in the
GC group had a higher expression levels in adjacent
normal tissue than in tissues taken from the tumor
itself (table 1, figure 1). In addition to technical errors
that might explain these results, there are several
other potential explanations. As stated above, this
observation might be a result of potential field effect in adjacent normal tissues or a consequence of
the diffuse nature in which some GC spread. Another
theoretical explanation is that CCAT1 expression may
fluctuate through different stages of tumorigenesis;
reaching its peak in early stages and subsequently
silenced at later stages. We were not able to enroll
patients with pre-cancerous conditions or early stage
GC into our study, therefore no statement could be
made regarding expression levels in early GC stages.
We believe that CCAT1 levels indeed increase with
the advancement in tumor stage and that a larger cohort would have been able to achieve statistical significance.
The presence of Helicobacter pylori infection is
considered a major risk factor for the development of
GC [21]. The association between HP and CCAT1 was
not previously studied. We hypothesized that CCAT1
expression would be higher in normal gastric tissues
obtained from patients, in the control group, infected
by Helicobacter pylori due to the inflammatory process.
Our results showed that in fact, there is no significant
difference in CCAT1 expression in Helicobacter pylori
negative, and positive patients (RQ= 2.40.9 vs.
0.930.2, respectively, p=0.13). Hypothetically,
pre-cancerous processes related to Helicobacter pylori
infection might have still not occurred in these patients.
This study has several limitations. The study
group consisted of a relatively small number of patients, most of which were in advanced stages of the
disease. Perhaps with a larger and more diverse cohort, we would have been able to show a significant
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Journal of Cancer 2015, Vol. 6

increase in CCAT1 expression with tumor advancement. Significant gender and age differences between
the two study groups are of potential bias. Theoretically, CCAT1 up-regulation might be influenced by
age and male gender. Including patients of older age
and more patients of male gender in the control group
would probably be more methodologically appropriate. Another limitation might be the absence of lymph
nodes or metastasis as part of the tissues analyzed.
Comparison of CCAT1 expression in lymph nodes
and histo-pathological findings should be the subject
for future research.
Despite its limitations, our study is the second
study to date reporting high levels of CCAT1 expression in gastric cancer, and the only study comparing
expression levels between GC tissues and normal,
healthy gastric tissues taken from subjects without
cancer. We believe that CCAT1 has the potential of
serving as a biomarker for GC, improving diagnosis
and surveillance, as well as a target for innovative
molecular therapies. Future large scale studies are
needed to examine CCAT1 expression in all stages of
GC, and to study the exact molecular mechanism in
which CCAT1 is involved in GC oncogenesis.

110

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Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing
interest exists.

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