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Tuesday,April21,2009

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lecturesinbiology

lecturesinbiology,coversmanytopicsofzoology.ihopeyoufindthislinkuseful.
http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/BSC1011/BSC1011_LN.html
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Vertebrates

Vertebrates
Thisisalinkto60slidepowerpointpresentationaboutvertebrates.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/7748247/Vertebrates
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Protozoans

Protozoans

Protozoaisasubkingdom(formerlyaphylum)comprisedoforganismswitheucaryoticcellsthathave
manyoftheintracellularcomponentscharacteristicofhigherformsoflife.Suchotherorganismsasbacteria
donothavethisnucleusandarereferredtoasprokaryotes.Protozoaalsohavesomeformofactive
locomotion,whichisadistinguishingfeatureinclassifyingthem.Eventhoughthereareabout50,000
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speciesofprotozoa,relativelyfewareabletocausediseaseinhumans.Protozoaldiseasesusedtobelimited
totropical,subtropical,andunderdevelopednations.Now,however,theyarebecomingaworldwide
concern.Protozoaaregenerallyfreeliving,butsomeexistasparasitesorinacommensalrelationshipwith
anotherorganism.Theprotozoathatarepathogenicparasitesareofmajorinterestbecausetheycausesuch
diseasesinhumansasmalaria,trypanosomiasis,toxoplasmosis,anddysentery.

Protozoagenerallyexistintwobasicforms:theactive,growingformcalledthe"trophozoite"andthe
dormant,resistantformcalledthe"cyst."Thetrophozoiteformproliferatestissues,causingdamagethat
resultsinclinicaldisease.Thecystisabletosurviveinanexternalenvironmentandisusuallytheformthat
istransmittedfromhosttohost.Someprotozoagothroughanintermediatestageinbloodsuckinginsects.
Protozoologyisthescientificstudyofprotozoa.Classificationoftheorganismisdividedintosevenphyla:
Sarcomastigophora,Labyrinthomorpha,Apicoplexa,Microspora,Acetospora,Myxozoa,andAliophora.In
1985,anextensiveclassificationschemewasproposedforprotozoathatincludedvariousphyla,subphyla,
classes,etc.

Thefourgroupsofprotozoathataremainlyresponsibleforhumandiseaseincludethefollowing:sarcodina,
ciliophora,mastigophora,andsporozoaallgroupedaccordingtotheirformoflocomotion.
1.Sarcodina,commonlyknownasamoebas,movebyextendingasectionoftheircytoplasm(calleda

pseudopodiumorfalsefoot)inonedirection,causingtheremaindertofollow.Theyareusuallyfound
inmarineandfreshwater.Membersincludeeightspecies(seeEndoparasites).Threeareparasiticto
humans,withonecausingmoreofaproblemthantheothers.(Entamoebahistolyticacausesthe
diseaseamebiasis.)
2.Ciliophora,orCiliates,movebyusingthemanyfineciliathatbeatinrhythmicpatternstopropelthe
organism.MembersincludeandParamecium,butonlyonespeciescausesdiseaseinhumansandthat
isofadysenterynature.Balantidiumcoliisalargeovalshapedcellthatisthelargestintestinal
protozoafoundinhumans.Increasingly,itisshowingupinthehumanintestinaltract,whereitcan
invadeanddestroytheintestinallining.Itsnormalhabitatistheintestinaltractofhogs,butitcanalso
befoundinmarineandfreshwaterworldwide,causingthediseaseknownasbalantidiasis.Thelife
cycleissimilartothatoftheamoebaE.histolyticaandhasbeenassociatedwithchronicfatigue
syndrome.
3.Mastigophoraisasubphylumofprotozoathathasoneormorewhiplikeflagellathatpropelthe
organismlikeswimmers.TheyarecommonlyknownasFlagellatesandarenormallyfoundinfresh
water.Tworelativelymilddiseases,trichomoniasisandgiardiasis,areproducedfromthem,aswellas
themoreseriousdiseasesoftrypanosomiasisandleishmaniasis.
4.Sporozoa(singularsporozoon)isaclassofparasiticprotozoathatincludePlasmodiumand
Toxoplasma.Thesetwoarecommonlyknownastheparasites,foundinvectorsresponsiblefor
malariaandtoxoplasmosis.Theyhavebothasexualandasexualphase.Theymainlytargetthe
epithelialcellsoftheintestinaltract,butcanalsobefoundintheliverandotherorgans.
Other,yetunclassified,sporozoaontherisearePneumocystiscariniiandCryptosporidium.Theyareof
particularconcerntotheimmunocompromised,particularlythosewithAIDS,cancer,orarecipientof
transplants.P.cariniiisresponsibleforatypeofpneumonia,whileCryptosporidiumproducesaprofuse
waterydiarrhea.

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Protozoa

Protozoa
clickhere
Diseasecausingprotozoans.
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ReproductioninProtozoa

ReproductioninProtozoa
AsexualReproduction
Asexualreproductionisthemostcommonmeansofreplicationbyprotozoans.Theabilitytoundergoa
sexualphaseisconfinedtotheciliates,theapicomplexans,andrestrictedtaxaamongtheflagellatesand
sarcodines.Moreover,sexualreproductiondoesnotalwaysresultinanimmediateincreaseinnumbersbut
maysimplybeameansofexchangingimportantgeneticmaterialbetweenindividualsofthesamespecies
(conjugation).Freelivingprotozoansnormallyonlyresorttosexualreproductionwhenenvironmental
conditionsbecomeadverse,becausethismodeofreproductionenhancesthefitnessofthepopulationand
increasesthechanceofmutation.Whenfoodandotherconditionsarefavourable,asexualreproductionis
practiced.
Asexualreproductioninfreelivingspeciesusuallyinvolvesnucleardivisionandthedivisionofthecellinto
twoidenticaldaughtercellsofequalsizebybinaryfission.Inparasiticprotozoaandsomefreeliving
species,multiplefission,resultingintheproductionofmanyoffspringthatmaynotresembletheparent
cell,isnormal.Duringthecycleofgrowthanddivision,theprotozoanundergoesaseriesofidentifiable
phases:adivisionphase,agrowthphaseduringwhichthecellincreasessubstantiallyinsize,aphaseof
DNAsynthesis,andaphaseofpreparationfordivision,whichextendsfromtheendofDNAsynthesisuntil
theinitiationofdivision.Thedivisionofthecytoplasmisprecededbythedivisionofthenucleusornuclei.
Theplaneofdivisioninprotozoancellsvariesamongthedifferentgroupsandisoftaxonomicsignificance.
Theflagellatesnormallydivideinalongitudinalplane.Theusualprocessstartsatthefrontendwiththe
divisionoftheflagellaandtheassociatedstructuressimultaneously,thenucleusdivides.Thecytoplasm
thensplitsfromfronttobackintotwoidenticaldaughtercells.Theciliatesnormallydivideinanequatorial,
ortransverse,plane,therebymaintainingthecorrectnumberofciliaryrows,orkineties.Thecellmouth
andanyspecializedciliaarounditarereplicatedindifferentwaysamongthevariousciliategroups,
dependingonthecomplexityofthecytostome.Thereplicationofthecytostomeprecedesthedivisionofthe
cytoplasm.Someciliates(e.g.,Colpoda)dividewithinthinwalledreproductivecystsintotwodaughter
ciliates,eachofwhichthendividessothatthecystcontainsfourprogeny,whicharereleasedwhenthecyst
wallruptures.
Thesedentarysuctoriansdonotreproducebybinaryfissionbecausetheproductionofanidentical,
nonswimmingoffspringwouldrapidlyleadtoovercrowding.Theyinsteadproducesingleciliatedoffspring
calledswarmersbyaprocesscalledbudding.Buddingcanoccurendogenously,inwhichthebudforms
withintheparentandisejectedwhenmature,orexogenously,inwhichtheswarmerisformedoutsidethe
parent.Theswarmersswimawayfromtheparent,settleonasubstrate,losetheircilia,anddevelop
feedingtentaclesandanattachingstalk.
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Nakedamoebas(rhizopods)havenofixedplaneofdivisionbutsimplyroundupanddivideintotwo
basicallyequalhalves.Thetestateamoebas(alsorhizopods),whichliveinsinglechamberedshells,or
tests,exudethedaughterfromtheapertureoftheshell.Inspeciesthathaveashellformedfromsilica
plates,thedaughtercontainstheplatesusedtoproducetheshellbutremainsattachedtothemothercell
untiltheshellisfullyformed,whenthefinalseveringofthecytoplasmbetweentheindividualsoccurs.
Someofthetestateamoebasliveinsideproteinaceousshells.There,too,thenewshellissecretedbefore
binaryfissioniscompleted.
Theforaminiferanandradiolariansarcodineshaveevolvedmultiplefission.Bothproducemanyflagellated
swarmers,orzoospores.ThecommonplanktonicforaminiferanGlobigerinoidessacculifer,forexample,can
produce30,000swarmersatonetime.Eachswarmerisabout5micrometres(0.005millimetre)long.In
planktonicspeciestheparentusuallylosesbuoyancyandsinksbysheddingspinesandwithdrawingthe
complicatedpseudopodialnetworkintotheshell.Theswarmersareproducedindeepwaterandmigrate
upwardastheymature.Eachsecretesashellarounditself,whichisaddedtoastheorganismgrows.

Theforaminiferansareunusualamongfreelivingprotozoansinthatasexualphaseisaregularpartofthe
lifecycle,alternatingwithanasexualphase.Duringthelifecycletwotypesofswarmerareproduced.One
type,zoospores,havehalfthenumberofchromosomesoftheparent(i.e.,theyarehaploid)theygrow
untiltheybecomematureadultsandcanproduceandreleaselargenumbersofgameticswarmers.These
gametesareidentical(isogamous)butarecomparabletotheeggsandspermofhigherorganisms.The
gameticswarmersfuseinpairs,thusrestoringthefullcomplementofchromosomes(i.e.,theyarediploid),
andeachindividualgrows,matures,andultimatelyproduceshaploidzoospores.

Sexualreproductionamongtheflagellatesisnotwidespreadandcaninvolveidenticalgametes(isogamy)
ordistinctmaleandfemalegametes(anisogamy).Thefemalegametesarelargerandarestationary,
whereasthemalegametesaresmaller,producedinlargernumbers,andmotile.

SexualReproduction
Sexualreproductionamongtheciliatedprotozoanstakestheformofconjugation.Theprocessdoesnot
resultinanincreaseinnumbers,butisasimpleexchangeofgeneticmaterialbetweentwoindividualcells.
Conjugationoccursonlybetweencompatiblematingstrainswithinaspecies,andeachspeciesmaycontain
manymatingstrains.Beforeconjugationoccurs,specialchemicalsignals,calledgamones,arereleasedby
someciliates.Thegamonescausecompatiblematingstrainstoundergoprocessesthatfacilitate
conjugation.Inotherciliates,suchasParamecium,gamonesareboundtothecellsurfaceandelicittheir
responseswhentheciliatesmakephysicalcontact.

Duringconjugation,twociliateslineupsidebyside.Themacronucleus,whichplaysnopartintheprocess,
disintegrates.Aseriesofnucleardivisionsofthemicronucleiineachciliatethenensues,includinga
meiosis,duringwhichanumberofhaploidmicronucleiareproducedinbothcells.Allbutoneofthese
haploidmicronucleidisintegrate.Theremaininghaploidmicronucleusineachcellthendividesthrough
mitosisintotwohaploidnuclei(gametenuclei).Abridgeofcytoplasmformsbetweenthetwociliates,and
onegameticnucleusfromeachcellpassesintotheothercell.Thetwogameticnucleiineachcellunite,
thusrestoringthediploidnumberofchromosomes.Themicronucleusundergoestwomitoticdivisionsto
producefourmicronucleitwoofthesewillformthenewmicronucleiofthecellandtwoaredestinedto
becomethemacronucleus.Followingtheprocessofconjugation,normalbinaryfissionproceeds.The
numberofmacronucleiandmicronucleiformedisdependentonthespeciesandremainsthesameasthe
originalnumber.

Whennosuitablematingpartnerisavailable,ciliatesmayundergoaformofconjugationcalledautogamy,
inwhichallofthenuclearprocessesdescribedaboveoccur.But,becauseonlyoneindividualisinvolved,
thereisnoexchangeofgameticnucleiinstead,thetwogameticnucleiwithinthecellunitetoformthe
restoredmicronucleus.
Specializedsedentarysuctorianciliatespracticeamodifiedformofconjugation.Theconjugatingindividuals
differinappearance.Themacroconjugantsresemblethenormalfeedingindividuals,andthe
microconjugantsresembletheswarmers,althoughsmaller.Whenamicroconjugantlocatesa
macroconjugant,itentersandfuseswithit.Thisisquitedifferentfromthetemporaryassociationbetween
twocellsthatoccursinmostciliates.
Asiscommonwithotherparasiticorganisms,parasiticprotozoansfacetheproblemofhowtodisperse
fromonehosttoanother.Inordertoincreasetheprobabilityoffindingmorehosts,mostparasiticprotozoa
reproduceinhighnumbers.Arepresentativelifecycleofaparasiticprotozoancanbefoundinmembersof
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theparasiticphylumApicomplexa.Theseprotozoanshaveacomplexlifecyclethatinvolvesaseriesof
stagescharacterizedbyepisodesofasexualmultipledivisioncalledschizogony.Intheparasite
Plasmodium,forexample,thisphaseofthelifecycleoccursintheliverandredbloodcellsofhumans.The
parasite(sporozoite)entersthehostscellsandgrowswhilefeedingonthecellcontents.Itthenundergoes
amultipleasexualdivision(schizogony)intomanyindividuals(merozoites).Thehostscellwallruptures,
permittingeachindividualtoinvadeanewredbloodcellandrepeattheprocess.

Incertainmerozoitesasexualcycleiseventuallyinitiatedinsidetheredbloodcell,andmaleandfemale
gametesareproduced.Themalegametes(microgametocytes)aresmall,whilethefemalegametes
(macrogametocytes)arelarger.Thelifecyclecontinuesifthegametocytesaretakenupbyafeeding
femalemosquitoofthegenusAnopheles.Onlythegametocytescaninfectthemosquito.Insidethe
mosquitosgutthehaploidgametesfusetoformadiploidzygote,whichthenundergoessporogony,a
processofmultipledivisionsinwhichmanysporozoitesareproduced.Thesporozoitesmigratetothe
salivaryglandsoftheinsectandareinjectedintoanewhostwhenthemosquitonextfeeds.Theyare
carriedbythebloodtotheliver,wheretheyundergotheirfirstschizogonyinsidelivercells,thereafter
invadingtheredbloodcellsforrepeatedcyclesofschizogony.

Theparasiticflagellatesreproduceentirelybyasexualmeansanddonotappeartohaveasexualphasein
theirlifecycles.Thereis,however,evidenceofgeneticexchangebetweencertainsubspeciesof
Trypanosomabrucei,althoughtheprocessbywhichthisoccursisnotknown.

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LasteditedbyViceroyFriday,April24,2009at09:00AM.Reason:Formatting

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ReproductioninProtozoa

ReproductioninProtozoa
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ThePhylumPorifera

ThePhylumPorifera
Etymology:FromtheLatinporusforporeandFerretobear,
henceananimalwithwithpores.
CharacteristicsofPorifera:
1)Nodefinitesymmetry.
2)Bodymulticellular,fewtissues,noorgans.
3)Cellsandtissuessurroundawaterfilledspacebutthereisnotruebodycavity.
4)Allaresessile,(liveattachedtosomethingasanadult).
5)Reproducesexuallyorasexually,sexualreproductioncanbeeithergonochoristicorhermaphroditic.
6)Hasnonervoussystem.
7)Hasadistinctlarvalstagewhichisplanktonic.
8)Livesinaquaticenvironments,mostlymarine.
9)Allarefilterfeeders.
10)Oftenhaveaskeletonofspicules.
Spongesareoneofthebetterknowngroupsofinvertebrates,duetotheirusefulnessinthebathmanypeople
whocarenothingforinvertebratesatleastknownameandmayevenhaveseenaspongesskeletononsalein
ashop.Oneofthemoreamazingthingsaboutspongesisthereabilitytosufferdamage.Becausethecells
arenotlinkedinatissueitispossibleforthemtobeseparatedanthencometogetheragain.Somespecies
suchasthefreshwaterspongeEphydatiafluviatiliscanbepushedthroughasieve,thenifgiventimethe
individualcellswillcometogetheragainandmakeanewsponge.
Aspongeisasimpleorganismthatiseasytodescribe.Aspongeisasedentary,filterfeedingmetazoan
whichhasasinglelayerofflagellatedcellsthatdriveaunidirectionalcurrentofwaterthroughitsbody.such
abriefdescriptionthoughdoesnotdothemjustice.Spongesareanancientandhighlysuccessfulgroupof
animals.InthePalaeozoictheyarebelievedtohavecomprisedmorethanhalfthebiomassinmarinereefs.
Theyhavebeenlivinginthewatersoftheworldformorethan600millionyears,andcannowbefoundin
allmarineandmanyfreshwaterhabitats.Spongesoccurinriversandstreams,fromrockpoolstothedeep
oceandepths,fromfrozenarcticseastothewarmtropicalseas.Theyareperhapsattheirmostbeautifulin
tropicalmarineseas.Thereareabout10,000knownspeciesandthoughtheirbasicorganisationispretty
simpleandremainsfairlyconstantthroughouttheallspeciestheydomanagetoshowagreatvarietyof
forms.
Anatomy

Thebodyofaspongeisacollectionofafewdifferenttypesofcellslooselyarrangedinagelatinousmatrix
calleda'mesohyl',mesogleaormesenchyme.Thismesohylistheconnectivetissueofaspongebodyandit
issupportedbytheskeletalelements.Theskeletalelementsofspongesarevariableandimportantin
taxonomy.Throughoutthisbodyruncanalsthroughwhichwaterflows,thereisconsiderablevariationinthe
complexityofthesecanals.Thecanalshaveopeningstotheoutsidewhicharecalledpores,wherethewater
entersthespongesystemtheseporesareusuallysmallandarecalled'ostia'andwherethewaterleavesthe
spongesystemtheporesarelarger,oftensingularandarecalled'oscula'(singularosculum).Manyifnot
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mostofthesecanalsarelinedwithspecialflagellatedcellscalled'choanocytes'.Thesechoanocyteskeepthe
waterflowingthroughthecanalsinthecorrectdirectionbybeatingtheirflagellum,theyarealsoimportant
intrappingfooditems.

Therearethreemaintypesofcanalsysteminsponges.ThesimplestformisAsconoid,herethecanalsrun
straightthroughthespongebodyandallthechoanocyteslinethecentrallargespacecalledthe'spongocoel'.
Thewaterenterstheostia,isdrawnthroughtothespongocoelandleavesthroughasinglelargeosculum.
Asconoidspongeshavecylindricalhollowbodiesandtendtogrowingroupsattachedtosomeobjector
otherinrelativelyshallowseas.

SlightlymorecomplicatedareSyconoidsponges,externallytheyarefairlysimilartoasconoidsponges
exceptthattheirbodywallisthicker.Thecanalsarebranchedhoweveranddonotallowthewatertoflow
straightthroughintothespongocoel.Insteadthewaterflowsatwistedroutethroughanumberofcanals
someofwhicharelinedwithchoanocytesbeforebeingexpelledintothespongocoelandoutthroughthe
osculum.Thespongocoelisnotlinedwithchoanocytesonlythecanals.Syconoidspongesgothrougha
asconoidstageintheirdevelopmentsuggestingthattheyevolvedfromsomeancestralasconoid.Syconoid
spongesdonotnormallyformgroupsasdoasconoidsponges.

MostmodernspongespeciesareLeuconoid.Inleuconoidspongesthecanalsystemismorecomplicated
againwiththecanalsbeinglongerandmorebranched,theyleadtospecialchamberswhosewallsarelined
bychoanocytes,therearenochoanocytesinthecanals.Thereisnorealspongocoeljustacentralexitcanal
leadingtotheosculum.Leuconoidspongestendtoliveinlargegroupswitheachindividualspongehaving
itsownosculum,howeverthebordersbetweenindividualspongesareoftenhardtodefineandthesponge
mayactmorelikealargecommunalorganism.

Spongesarebuiltupfromrelativelyfewcelltypes,themainonesbeingchoanocytes,pinacocytes,
amoebocytesandlophocytes.

Choanocytesarevaseshapedcellswithacollaroffinefibrilsconnectedbymicrovilli.thisisafilterwhich
strainsoutthesmallestfooditemsfromthewatersuchasindividualbacteria.Extendingfromthecentreof
thiscollaristhesingleflagellumwhosebeatingdrivesthewatercurrentsthatkeepthespongealiveand
healthy.

Pinacocytes,theseformmuchoftheepidermisofspongesandareascloseasaspongegetstohavinga
tissue.Generallytheycovertheexteriorandsomeinteriorsurfaces.Theycanchangetheirsize(theyare
contractile)andcanthereforechangethesizeoftheopeningsoftheostiathuscontrollingtheflowofwater
throughthesponge.Pinacocytesarealsoimplicatedintheabsorptionintothespongeoflargerfooditems.
Amoebocytescomeinseveralforms,theyarealikeinthattheyaremobileandmovearoundwithinthe
spongebody.Archaeocytesarethebasisofsomeasexualreproductivegemmules.Ifanamoebocytesecretes
thesponginfibresoftheskeletontheyarecalledaspongioblast,ifitsecretesspiculesitiscalleda
scleroblastandifitisstarshapedandsecretecollagenousfibrilsthenitiscalledacollencyte.

Lophocytesareatypeofamoebocyte,theyarethemostmotileofthespongecellsmovingaroundrelatively
freelywithinthemesohylwheretheyareimportantinthesecretionoffibrils.

Spongeshaveskeletons,ifitwerenotsotheywouldbejustblobs.Therearetwomaincomponentsofa
spongeskeleton,aproteincalledsponginwhichformsatoughfibrousnetworkthroughoutthespongeand
normallyworksinconjunctionwiththespicules.Spiculesarenonlivingaggregatesofachemicalnature,
secretedandmadefromeithersilicaorcalciumcarbonateascalciteoraragonite.Thesespiculesare
importantintheclassificationofsponges,thuswecansaythat.

TheCalcareaspongeshavespiculesofcalciumcarbonatethathave1,3or4rays,aaskeletonthatinvolvesa
singlelargelumpofcalciumcarbonateratherthanspicules.

TheDemospongiaehavetheirspiculesmadefromsilicaandtheyhave1,2,or4rays.

TheSclerospongiaehaveacompoundskeletonofspiculesofsilicathatisrestrictedtothinlayerofliving
spongesupportedonalargebasallayerofcalciumcarbonate.

TheHexactinellidaor'Glasssponges'havespiculesmadefromsilicathatare6rayed.

Individualspiculescanbearrangedlooselywithinthesponginorinterlockingandfusedtogether,siliceous
spiculescomeintwosizescalledmegascleresandmicroscleres.

Ecology

Allspongesarefilterfeedersonsmalltoextremelysmallparticlesandmostaresedentaryorimmobileas
adults,i.etheyspendtheiradultlivesfixedtoasubstrate.

Thereproductiveecologyofmostspongeshasneverbeenstudiedsothefollowinggeneralisationisbased
onthefewspeciesthatarereasonablywellknownandshouldnotbetakenasthelastwordinsponge
reproductiveecology.
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reproductiveecology.

Spongesaregenerallyhermaphroditic,howevertheyareonlyonegenderatatime,beingeithermaleor
femaleorneuter,somespeciessuchasHalichondriamooreichangecolourwhentheychangesexesthough
mostdonot.Spongeshavenopermanentgonads,insteadanumberofareasofthespongewillduringthe
reproductiveperiodbecomedifferentiated(changed)toproduceeitherspermorova(eggs).Spermis
releasedintothecanalsandisthenpumpedoutofthespongethroughtheosculumwhereitislikelytobe
drawnintothecanalsystemofanothersponge.Hereincomingspermofthesamespeciesaretrappedbythe
choanocyteswhichthenloosetheirflagellumandcollarandmigratethroughthemesohyltotheovocyte,a
cellgeneratingova,wherethespermaretransferredtotheova,assumingthisisaspongeinitsfemaleform.
SpermreleasecanbeanindividualactasinVerongiaarcherioritcanbeacoordinatedaffairwithmany
spongesinanareareleasingtheirspermsimultaneouslyasinNeofibularianolitangere.

Thefertilisedovaareretainedwithintheadultspongeuntilsomeunknownsignalindicatesitistimefor
theirrelease.Theyarethensetfreeintothesurroundingwaters.Onceanadultbeginsexpellingitslarvaeit
continuestodosoforsometime,thusMicrocionacoccineareleases4or5larvaeperminutefor3to4days.
Larvalspongesaresmall50micronsto5millimetresindiametre.allknownspongelarvaeareciliated
thoughtheciliamaybelonger,shorterorabsentfromdifferentpartsoftheirsurface.Afterreleasethey
swimorcrawlforaperiodoftimebeforesettlingdowntobeginlifeasanewminiaturesponge.Swimming
speciestendtohaveacrawlingphaseimmediatelybeforesettlingdown.Thisfreelivingstagemaylastas
longas18to20daysinPolymastiaspp.orbeasshortas4to6hoursingenerasuchasOphlitaspongia.
Larvalspongesarenotcomplicatedorganisms,andthereismuchvariationbetweenspecieshowevermany
specieshaveapositivephototaxiswhentheyfirstleavetheirparentsbodywhichswitchestoanegativeone
beforetheyenterthepresettlingstage.Somespecieshavebeenshowntohaveapreliminarynegative
geotaxiswhilemostspecieshaveshownapreferenceforsurfaceswithanalgalorbacterialfilm.Aswiththe
larvalstagesothetimetakenforthelarvaetoreorganiseitselfintoandfunctioningspongevariesbetween
speciessothatMicrocionaspp.areupandrunningwithintwodayswhilePolymastiaspp.cantakeaslong
as7daystogetthemselvessorted.

Spongesalsoreproduceasexuallybyreleasingfragmentsofthemselves,orspecialgroupsofcellscalled
gemmules.Thesegemmules,atleastinfreshwaterspeciessuchasEphydatiafluviatilishaveprotectivecoat
ofsponginandhaveparticularenvironmentalconditionstheyneedtohavemetbeforetheygerminate.

LasteditedbyAFRMSFriday,April24,2009at04:19PM.Reason:Formatting

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TheFollowing2UsersSayThankYoutoAFRMSForThisUsefulPost:
Imadafridi(Tuesday,May12,2009),Shali(Thursday,October08,2009)
Friday,April24,2009

AFRMS
37thCommon

#18
JoinDate:Mar2006
Posts:1,514
Thanks:1,053
Thanked1,670Timesin871Posts

Porifera

CanalSysteminPorifera.

Therearethreetypesofcanalsystems,inthefollowingdrawingsthearrowsshowthedirectionofwater
flow:
Asconoidshavethesimplest,seethedrawingontheleft.Thesespongesaresmallandtubeshaped.The
waterentersthroughtinyostiaintoonelargeinternalcavitycalledaspongocoel,andisexpelledthroughone
largeosculum.ThistypeofcanalsystemisfoundintheCalcareaClass.
Synconoids,likeasconiods,haveasingle,largeosculum,buttheirbodyisthicker.Thedrawingbelowleft
showstwosynconoidsystemsasimpletypeontheleftandamorecomplextypeontheright.Thewater
entersthroughnumeroussmallostia,andpassesthroughincurrentcanalsbeforereachingthelargecentral
cavity.ThissystemisfoundinCalcareaandHexactinellida.
Leuconoidshavethemostcomplexstructure.Theyhavemanysmallostia.Theostialeadtonumerous
incurrentcanals,butthereisnolargecentralcavity.

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AsconoidType

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ThreeTypesofcanalsystem

TheFollowing2UsersSayThankYoutoAFRMSForThisUsefulPost:
dr.taqiabass(Saturday,November19,2011),Shali(Thursday,October08,2009)
Friday,April24,2009

AFRMS
37thCommon

#19
JoinDate:Mar2006
Posts:1,514
Thanks:1,053
Thanked1,670Timesin871Posts

PhylumPorifera

PhylumPorifera
Thelinkmentionedherecantainsverygoodpresentationaboutporifera,structurei.eskeleton,canal
system,reproduction....withverygoodfigures.
ClickHere.
Regards

TheFollowingUserSaysThankYoutoAFRMSForThisUsefulPost:
Shali(Thursday,October08,2009)
Saturday,April25,2009

#20
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37thCommon

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PhylumProtozoa

SkeletoninProtozoa,averygoodandinterestingpresentationonprotozoaskeleton,do
checkit.
Clickthis.
regards

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