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Les01 - Retrieving Data Using The SQL SELECT Statement

Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement

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Shohibul Amin
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75 views

Les01 - Retrieving Data Using The SQL SELECT Statement

Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement

Uploaded by

Shohibul Amin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Retrieving Data Using

the SQL SELECT Statement

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do


the following:
List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
Execute a basic SELECT statement

Differentiate between SQL statements and


iSQL*Plus commands

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Projection

Selection

Table 1

Table 1
Join

Table 1

Table 2
Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


FROM
table;

SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed


FROM identifies the table containing those columns

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Selecting All Columns

SELECT *
FROM
departments;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Selecting Specific Columns

SELECT department_id, location_id


FROM
departments;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Writing SQL Statements

SQL statements are not case-sensitive.


SQL statements can be on one or more lines.
Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split
across lines.
Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
Indents are used to enhance readability.
In iSQL*Plus, SQL statements can optionally be
terminated by a semicolon (;). Semicolons are
required if you execute multiple SQL statements.
In SQL*plus, you are required to end each SQL
statement with a semicolon (;).

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Column Heading Defaults

iSQL*Plus:
Default heading alignment: Center
Default heading display: Uppercase

SQL*Plus:
Character and Date column headings are leftaligned
Number column headings are right-aligned
Default heading display: Uppercase

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Arithmetic Expressions

Create expressions with number and date data by


using arithmetic operators.
Operator

Description

Add

Subtract

Multiply

Divide

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Using Arithmetic Operators

SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300


FROM
employees;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Operator Precedence

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100


FROM
employees;

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)


FROM
employees;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Defining a Null Value

A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,


unknown, or inapplicable.
A null is not the same as a zero or a blank space.

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct


FROM
employees;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Null Values
in Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic expressions containing a null value
evaluate to null.
SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct
FROM
employees;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Defining a Column Alias

A column alias:
Renames a column heading
Is useful with calculations
Immediately follows the column name (There can
also be the optional AS keyword between the
column name and alias.)
Requires double quotation marks if it contains
spaces or special characters or if it is casesensitive

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Using Column Aliases

SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm


FROM
employees;

SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"


FROM
employees;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Concatenation Operator

A concatenation operator:
Links columns or character strings to other
columns
Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
Creates a resultant column that is a character
expression
SELECT
FROM

last_name||job_id AS "Employees"
employees;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Literal Character Strings

A literal is a character, a number, or a date that is


included in the SELECT statement.

Date and character literal values must be enclosed


by single quotation marks.
Each character string is output once for each
row returned.

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Using Literal Character Strings

SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id


AS "Employee Details"
FROM
employees;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Alternative Quote (q) Operator

Specify your own quotation mark delimiter


Choose any delimiter
Increase readability and usability

SELECT department_name ||
q'[, it's assigned Manager Id: ]'
|| manager_id
AS "Department and Manager"
FROM departments;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Duplicate Rows

The default display of queries is all rows, including


duplicate rows.
SELECT department_id
FROM
employees;

SELECT DISTINCT department_id


FROM
employees;

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

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