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By
Gokula Krishnan S
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¨ RAdio Detection And Ranging By US Navy

in 1940

¨ RDF (Range and Direction Finding ) in the

United Kingdom

¨ In the 1960s Solid State delays were

introduced that led to the first practical
large-scale passive Electronically Scanned
Array (PESA) Radar
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• AESAs is the result of developments in

solid-state electronics

• AESA each module broadcasts its own

independent signal

• AESA can change their operating frequency

with every pulse sent out.
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¨ AESAs produce beams of different

frequencies at once, using post-
processing of the combined signal from a
number of transmitter-receiver modules
to re-create a display single powerful
beam being sent.
¨
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¨ To defend ones air space .

¨ Give the edge for the country’s air-force
over the enemy.
¨ With AESA can detect the enemy Farther
and undetected.
¨ AESA can track 60 different targets air
ground and sea based, and engage at 10
of them at the same time.
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¨ Echo and Doppler Shift

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¨ 1970 – First ultra low side lobe phased

array
developed
¨ 1974 – First development stages of EAR
¨ 1977 – EAR Flight-tested
¨ 1985 – URR First active aperture (1st
Generation)
¨ 1988 – First to fly (2nd Generation)
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¨ 1989 – ATF Concept Definition Phase for

F-22
¨ 1991 – Awarded F-22 Contract
¨ 1995 – First to E&MD (3rd Generation)
¨ 1997 – Range tested APG-77 (4th
Generation)
¨ 1998 – Launched 4th Generation AESA
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¨ 1972 – Phased array AWACS

Brassboard radar system flight
tested
¨ 1974 – Full Scale Development of
AWACS
¨ 1982 – Development of JSTARS
radar system (Norden Systems)
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¨ 1989 – First ultra low sidelobe active

phased array developed (AST/AR)
¨ 1994 – Flight test of Advanced Airborne
Surveillance Testbed Radar (MCARM)
¨ 1998 – Prototypes of Multirole Electronically
Scanned Array Radar/IFF
¨ 2000 – Award of 737 AEW&C MESA Radar
Contract
¨ 2002 – First Full Scale MESA Radar/IFF
Antenna
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¨ Real-Time Performance Measurement and

Optimization Block is the heart of the system.
¨ Chose the initial transmit waveform*.
¨ the detection and tracking performance are
¨ evaluated using a performance metric.
¨ An optimization procedure is run to select or
create the next transmit waveform*, generated
by waveform generator.
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¨ The Electronic Array signal is sent

through the T/R module and the signals
which is bounced back is sent to the
receiver and tracker.
¨ At the same time, the processing in the
receiver and tracker is adapted to
optimally process the new transmit
signal.
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¨ The waveform may be changed on a

pulse-by-pulse basis, or between blocks
of pulses.
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¨ Active electronic beam steering — which

allows the radar beam to be repositioned
nearly instantaneously
¨ resolution, and targeting and tracking
ranges, significantly greater than the
radar it replaces.
¨ aircrews can now detect and identify
targets beyond the reach of most missiles
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¨ An advanced four-channel
receiver/exciter gives the APG-79 wide
bandwidth capability and the ability to
generate a broad spectrum of waveforms
for air-to-air, air-to-ground and electronic
warfare missions.
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¨ Low Probability of Intercept

¨ High jamming resistance
¨ Eliminates the need for a separate radar
warning receiver.
¨ Forms a very high bandwidth data link.
¨ Can help reduce an aircraft's Radar Cross
Section (RCS) by eliminating the
mechanical scanned array.
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¨ Cost is very high at the range of $ 6 to 7

million apiece.
¨ Due to large number of
Transmit/Receive Module (T/R
modules) the radar gets heated up very
fast and a cooling mechanism is required.
¨ Beams of different frequency range
cannot be maintained for a long duration
of time and hence the support of
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¨ Airborne Early Warning, Command and

Control (AEWC&C) system will be
required for extended operation.
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