6-3
SECTION
6-3
Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities
471
Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities
Double-Angle Identities
Half-Angle Identities
This section develops another important set of identities called double-angle and halfangle identities. We can derive these identities directly from the sum and difference
identities given in Section 6-2. Even though the names use the word angle, the new
identities hold for real numbers as well.
Double-Angle
Start with the sum identity for sine,
Identities
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
and replace y with x to obtain
sin (x x) sin x cos x cos x sin x
On simplification, this gives
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
Double-angle identity for sine
(1)
If we start with the sum identity for cosine,
cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
and replace y with x, we obtain
cos (x x) cos x cos x sin x sin x
On simplification, this gives
cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x
First double-angle identity for cosine
(2)
Now, using the Pythagorean identity
sin2 x cos2 x 1
(3)
cos2 x 1 sin2 x
(4)
in the form
and substituting it into equation (2), we get
cos 2x 1 sin2 x sin2 x
On simplification, this gives
cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x
Second double-angle identity for cosine
(5)
472
6 Trigonometric Identities and Conditional Equations
Or, if we use equation (3) in the form
sin2 x 1 cos2 x
and substitute it into equation (2), we get
cos 2x cos2 x (1 cos2 x)
On simplification, this gives
cos 2x 2 cos2 x 1
Third double-angle identity for cosine
(6)
Double-angle identities can be established for the tangent function in the same way
by starting with the sum formula for tangent (a good exercise for you).
We list the double-angle identities below for convenient reference.
Double-Angle Identities
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x 1 2 sin2 x 2 cos2 x 1
tan 2x
2 tan x
2 cot x
2
2
2
1 tan x cot x 1 cot x tan x
The identities in the second row are used to a good advantage in calculus in the
form
sin2 x
1 cos 2x
2
cos2 x
1 cos 2x
2
to transform a power form to a nonpower form.
EXPLORE-DISCUSS 1
(A) Discuss how you would show that, in general,
sin 2x 2 sin x
cos 2x 2 cos x
tan 2x 2 tan x
(B) Graph y1 sin 2x and y2 2 sin x in the same viewing window. Conclusion? Repeat the process for the other two statements in part A.
EXAMPLE 1
Identity Verification
Verify the identity: cos 2x
1 tan2 x
1 tan2 x
6-3
Verification
Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities
473
We start with the right side:
sin2 x
1 tan2 x
cos2 x
2
1 tan x
sin2 x
1
cos2 x
1
Quotient identities
cos2 x sin2 x
cos2 x sin2 x
Algebra
cos2 x sin2 x
Pythagorean identity
cos 2x
Double-angle identity
Key Algebraic Steps in Example 1
a2
a2
b2 1 2
2
b
b
b2 a2
2
2
2
a
a
b a2
1 2
b2 1 2
b
b
1
Matched Problem 1
EXAMPLE 2
Verify the identity: sin 2x
2 tan x
1 tan2 x
Finding Exact Values
Find the exact values, without using a calculator, of sin 2x and cos 2x if tan x 34
and x is a quadrant IV angle.
Solution
First draw the reference triangle for x and find any unknown sides:
r (3)2 42 5
4
sin x 35
3
cos x 45
Now use double-angle identities for sine and cosine:
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2( 35 )( 45 ) 24
25
7
cos 2x 2 cos2 x 1 2( 45 )2 1 25
Matched Problem 2
Find the exact values, without using a calculator, of cos 2x and tan 2x if sin x
and x is a quadrant II angle.
4
5
474
6 Trigonometric Identities and Conditional Equations
Half-Angle
Identities
Half-angle identities are simply double-angle identities stated in an alternate form.
Lets start with the double-angle identity for cosine in the form
cos 2m 1 2 sin2 m
Now replace m with x/2 and solve for sin (x/2) [if 2m is twice m, then m is half of
2mthink about this]:
cos x 1 2 sin2
sin2
x 1 cos x
2
2
sin
x
2
x
2
1 cos x
2
Half-angle identity for sine
(7)
where the choice of the sign is determined by the quadrant in which x/2 lies.
To obtain a half-angle identity for cosine, start with the double-angle identity for
cosine in the form
cos 2m 2 cos2 m 1
and let m x/2 to obtain
cos
x
2
1 cos x
2
Half-angle identity for cosine
(8)
where the sign is determined by the quadrant in which x/2 lies.
To obtain a half-angle identity for tangent, use the quotient identity and the halfangle formulas for sine and cosine:
x
tan
2
x
2
x
cos
2
1 cos x
2
1 cos x
2
1 cos x
1 cos x
Half-angle identity for tangent
sin
1 cos x
1 cos x
Thus,
tan
x
2
(9)
where the sign is determined by the quadrant in which x/2 lies.
Simpler versions of equation (9) can be obtained as follows:
tan
x
2
1 cos x
1 cos x
1 cos x 1 cos x
1 cos x 1 cos x
(10)
6-3
Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities
475
1 cos2x
(1 cos x)2
sin2 x
(1 cos x)2
sin2 x
(1 cos x)2
sin x
sin2 x sin x and
1 cos x
(1 cos x)2 1 cos x, since 1 cos x is never negative.
All absolute value signs can be dropped, since it can be shown that tan(x/2) and
sin x always have the same sign (a good exercise for you). Thus,
x
sin x
2 1 cos x
tan
Half-angle identity for tangent
(11)
By multiplying the numerator and the denominator in the radicand in equation (10)
by 1 cos x and reasoning as before, we also can obtain
x 1 cos x
2
sin x
tan
Half-angle identity for tangent
(12)
We now list all the half-angle identities for convenient reference.
Half-Angle Identities
sin
x
2
1 cos x
2
cos
x
2
1 cos x
2
tan
x
2
1 cos x
sin x
1 cos x
1 cos x 1 cos x
sin x
where the sign is determined by the quadrant in which x/2 lies.
EXPLORE-DISCUSS 2
(A) Discuss how you would show that, in general,
sin
x 1
sin x
2 2
cos
x 1
cos x
2 2
tan
x 1
tan x
2 2
(B) Graph y1 sin (x/2) and y2 12 sin x in the same viewing window. Conclusion? Repeat the process for the other two statements in part A.
476
6 Trigonometric Identities and Conditional Equations
EXAMPLE 3
Finding Exact Values
Compute the exact value of sin 165 without a calculator using a half-angle identity.
sin 165 sin
Solution
Matched Problem 3
EXAMPLE 4
330
2
1 cos 330
2
Use half-angle identity for sine with a
positive radical, since sin 165 is positive.
1 (3/2)
2
2 3
2
Compute the exact value of tan 105 without a calculator using a half-angle identity.
Finding Exact Values
Find the exact values of cos (x/ 2) and cot (x/ 2) without using a calculator if
sin x 35, x 3/2.
Solution
Draw a reference triangle in the third quadrant, and find cos x. Then use appropriate
half-angle identities.
a 52 (3)2 4
a
3
cos x 45
(a, 3)
If x 3/2, then
x 3
2 2
4
Divide each member of x 3/2 by 2.
Thus, x/2 is an angle in the second quadrant where cosine and cotangent are negative, and
cos
x
2
1 cos x
2
1 ( 45)
2
1
10
or
10
10
cot
x
1
sin x
2 tan (x/2) 1 cos x
35
13
1 ( 45 )
6-3
Matched Problem 4
EXAMPLE 5
Identity Verification
Verification
x tan x sin x
2
2 tan x
1 cos x
2
sin
x
2
sin2
x 1 cos x
2
2
Half-angle identity for sine
Square both sides.
tan x 1 cos x
tan x
2
Algebra
tan x tan x cos x
2 tan x
Algebra
tan x sin x
2 tan x
Quotient identity
Verify the identity: cos2
x tan x sin x
2
2 tan x
Answers to Matched Problems
2 tan x
1.
1 tan2 x
sin x
cos
x
sin x
cos
x
cos2 x 2
2 sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x sin 2x
sin2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x sin2 x
2
1
cos x 1
2
2
cos x
cos x
7
2. cos 2x 25
, tan 2x 24
3. 3 2
4. sin (x/2) 310/10, tan (x/2) 3
7
x 1 cos x tan x 1 cos x tan x tan x cos x tan x sin x
2
5. cos
2
2
tan x
2
2 tan x
2 tan x
EXERCISE
6-3
4. tan 2x
In Problems 16, verify each identity for the values
indicated.
5. sin
1. cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x, x 30
2. sin 2x 2 sin x cos x, x 45
2
3. tan 2x
,x
cot x tan x
3
477
Find the exact values of sin (x/2) and tan (x/2) without using a calculator if
cot x 43, /2 x .
Verify the identity: sin2
Matched Problem 5
Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities
2 tan x
,x
1 tan2 x
6
x
1 cos x
,x
2
2
(Choose the correct sign.)
x
1 cos x
,x
2
2
2
(Choose the correct sign.)
6. cos
478
6 Trigonometric Identities and Conditional Equations
In Problems 710, find the exact value without a calculator
using half-angle identities.
7. tan 15
8. sin 165
9. cos 112.5
10. tan 157.5
In Problems 1114, graph y1 and y2 in the same viewing
window for 2 x 2. Use TRACE to compare the
two graphs.
11. y1 cos 2x, y2 cos x sin x
2
x
sin x
13. y1 tan , y2
2
1 cos x
2 tan x
1 tan2 x
B
Verify the identities in Problems 1528.
15. (sin x cos x)2 1 sin 2x
16. sin 2x (tan x)(1 cos 2x)
17. sin2 x 21 (1 cos 2x)
19. 1 cos 2x tan x sin 2x
21. sin2
x 1 cos x
2
2
22. cos2
23. cot
sin
2 1 cos
24. cot
1 tan2 x
27. 2 csc 2x
tan x
41. cot x 34, x /2
42. tan x 34, x /2
Suppose you are tutoring a student who is having difficulties
in finding the exact values of sin and cos from the information given in Problems 43 and 44. Assuming that you
have worked through each problem and have identified the
key steps in the solution process, proceed with your tutoring
by guiding the student through the solution process using the
following questions. Record the expected correct responses
from the student.
(A) The angle 2 is in what quadrant and how do you
know?
(B) How can you find sin 2 and cos 2? Find each.
(C) What identities relate sin and cos with either sin 2
or cos 2?
(D) How would you use the identities in part C to find sin
and cos exactly, including the correct sign?
(E) What are the exact values for sin and cos ?
44. Find the exact values of sin and cos , given sec 2 54,
0 90.
20. 1 sin 2t (sin t cos t)2
1 tan2 u
1 tan2 u
40. cos x 14, x 3/2
43. Find the exact values of sin and cos , given tan 2 43,
0 90.
18. cos2 x 12 (cos 2x 1)
25. cos 2u
39. sin x 13, x 3/2
12. y1 sin 2x, y2 2 sin x cos x
14. y1 tan 2x, y2
In Problems 3942, compute the exact values of sin (x/2),
cos (x/2), and tan (x/2) using the information given and
appropriate identities. Do not use a calculator.
26.
x 1 cos x
2
2
1 cos
2
sin
1 tan u
cos 2u
1 sin 2u 1 tan u
sec2 x
28. sec 2x
2 sec2 x
In Problems 2934, is the equation an identity? Explain.
Verify each of the following identities for the value of x
indicated in Problems 4548. Compute values to 5 significant digits using a calculator.
2 tan x
(A) tan 2x
1 tan2 x
x
1 cos x
(B) cos
2
2
(Choose the correct sign.)
45. x 252.06
46. x 72.358
47. x 0.934 57
48. x 4
29. cos 2x 2 sin x cos x
30. sin 4x 4 sin x cos x
2 tan x
31. tan 2x
tan2 x 1
6 tan x
32. tan 6x
1 tan2 x
In Problems 4952, graph y1 and y2 in the same viewing
window for 2 x 2, and state the intervals for
which the equation y1 y2 is an identity.
34. 2 csc 2x sec x csc x
49. y1 cos (x/2), y2
33. cot 2x
2 cot x
1 cot2 x
Compute the exact values of sin 2x, cos 2x, and tan 2x using
the information given in Problems 3538 and appropriate
identities. Do not use a calculator.
35. sin x 35, /2 x
36. cos x 45, /2 x
5
37. tan x 12
, /2 x 0
5
38. cot x 12
, /2 x 0
1 cos x
2
50. y1 cos (x/2), y2
1 cos x
2
51. y1 sin (x/2), y2
1 cos x
2
52. y1 sin (x/2), y2
1 cos x
2
6-3
Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities
479
given throw is found in physics to be given approximately
by
Verify the identities in Problems 5356.
d
53. cos 3x 4 cos x 3 cos x
3
54. sin 3x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
2v20 sin cos
32 feet per second per second
where v0 is the initial speed of the object thrown (in feet per
second) and is the angle above the horizontal at which the
object leaves the hand (see the figure).
55. cos 4x 8 cos4 x 8 cos2 x 1
56. sin 4x (cos x)(4 sin x 8 sin3 x)
In Problems 5762, find the exact value of each without
using a calculator.
57. cos (2 cos1 35 )
58. sin (2 cos1 35 )
59. tan [2 cos1 ( 45 )]
60. tan [2 tan1 ( 34 )]
61. cos [12 cos1 ( 35 )]
62. sin [12 tan1 ( 43 )]
In Problems 6368, graph f(x) in a graphing utility, find a
simpler function g(x) that has the same graph as f(x), and
verify the identity f(x) g(x). [Assume g(x) k AT(Bx),
where T(x) is one of the six trigonometric functions.]
63. f(x) csc x cot x
65. f(x)
64. f(x) csc x cot x
1 2 cos 2x
2 sin x 1
66. f(x)
1
67. f(x)
cot x sin 2x 1
1 2 cos 2x
1 2 cos x
cot x
68. f(x)
1 cos 2x
(A) Write the formula in terms of sin 2 by using a suitable
identity.
(B) Using the resulting equation in part A, determine the
angle that will produce the maximum distance d for
a given initial speed v0. This result is an important consideration for shot-putters, javelin throwers, and discus throwers.
72. Geometry. In part (a) of the figure, M and N are the midpoints of the sides of a square. Find the exact value of cos
. [Hint: The solution uses the Pythagorean theorem, the
definition of sine and cosine, a half-angle identity, and
some auxiliary lines as drawn in part (b) of the figure.]
M
APPLICATIONS
69. Indirect Measurement. Find the exact value of x in the
figure; then find x and to three decimal places. [Hint: Use
cos 2 2 cos2 1.]
7m
70. Indirect Measurement. Find the exact value of x in the
figure; then find x and to three decimal places. [Hint: Use
tan 2 (2 tan )/(1 tan2 ).]
x
/2
8m
/2
(a)
(b)
73. Area. An n-sided regular polygon is inscribed in a circle of
radius R.
(A) Show that the area of the n-sided polygon is given by
An 12 nR2 sin
2
n
[Hint: Area of a triangle 12 (base)(altitude). Also, a
double-angle identity is useful.]
(B) For a circle of radius 1, complete Table 1, to five decimal places, using the formula in part A.
TABLE 1
4 feet
2 feet
Physics. The theoretical distance d that a shot71. Sports
putter, discus thrower, or javelin thrower can achieve on a
n
An
10
100
1,000
10,000
480
6 Trigonometric Identities and Conditional Equations
calculus, the area of the circumscribed circle is called
the limit of An as n increases without bound. In symbols, for a circle of radius 1, we would write
limn An . The limit concept is the cornerstone
on which calculus is constructed.]
(C) What number does An seem to approach as n increases
without bound? (What is the area of a circle of radius 1?)
(D) Will An exactly equal the area of the circumscribed circle for some sufficiently large n? How close can An be
made to get to the area of the circumscribed circle. [In
SECTION
6-4
Sum and Sum
Product Identities
Product
ProductSum Identities
SumProduct Identities
Our work with identities is concluded by developing the productsum and sum
product identities, which are easily derived from the sum and difference identities
developed in Section 6-2. These identities are used in calculus to convert product
forms to more convenient sum forms. They also are used in the study of sound waves
in music to convert sum forms to more convenient product forms.
Sum
Product
Identities
First, add, left side to left side and right side to right side, the sum and difference
identities for sine:
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
sin (x y) sin (x y) 2 sin x cos y
or
sin x cos y
1
2
[sin (x y) sin (x y)]
Similarly, by adding or subtracting the appropriate sum and difference identities,
sum identities. These are listed below for conwe can obtain three other product
venient reference.
Sum Identities
Product
sin x cos y 12[sin (x y) sin (x y)]
cos x sin y 21[sin (x y) sin (x y)]
sin x sin y 21[cos (x y) cos (x y)]
cos x cos y 12[cos (x y) cos (x y)]
EXAMPLE 1
A Product as a Difference
Write the product cos 3t sin t as a sum or difference.
