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OdishaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:20.15N85.50E

Odisha
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Odisha(pronunciation: i /ds/[5])orOrissa[6][7](/rs,,o/[8]Odia:
)isoneofthe29
statesofIndia,locatedintheeastofIndia.ItissurroundedbythestatesofWestBengaltothe
northeast,Jharkhandtothenorth,Chhattisgarhtothewestandnorthwest,andAndhraPradeshto
thesouthandsouthwest.Odishahas485kilometres(301mi)ofcoastlinealongtheBayofBengal
onitseast,fromBalasoretoGanjam.[9]Itisthe9thlargeststatebyarea,andthe11thlargestby
population.Odia(formerlyknownasOriya)[10]istheofficialandmostwidelyspokenlanguage,
spokenby33.2millionaccordingtothe2001Census.[11]

Odisha

TheancientkingdomofKalinga,whichwasinvadedbytheMauryanemperorAshokain261BCE
resultingintheKalingaWar,coincideswiththebordersofmoderndayOdisha.[12]Themodern
stateofOrissawasestablishedon1April1936,asaprovinceinBritishIndia,andconsisted
predominantlyofOriyaspeakingregions.[12]April1iscelebratedasOdishaDay.[13]Theregionis
alsoknownasUtkalaandismentionedinIndia'snationalanthem,"JanaGanaMana".[14]Cuttack
wasmadethecapitaloftheregionbyAnantavarmanChodagangainc.1135,[15]afterwhichthe
citywasusedasthecapitalbymanyrulers,throughtheBritishera,until1948,whenBhubaneswar
replaceditasthecapital.[16]

Seal

Contents
1 Etymology
LocationofOdishainIndia

2 History
3 Geography
3.1 Climate

3.2 Biodiversity
4 Governmentandpolitics
4.1 Legislativeassembly
4.2 Administrativeunits
5 Economy
5.1 Macroeconomictrend
5.2 Industrialgrowth

MapofOdisha

Coordinates(Bhubaneswar):20.15N85.50E
Country
Region

India
EastIndia

Established

1April1936asOrissaProvince
(UtkalaDibasa/OdishaDay)

Capital

5.3 Infrastructuredevelopment
6 Transportation
6.1 Air
6.2 Seaports
6.3 Railways
7 Demographics
7.1 Religion

Bhubaneswar
Cuttack(19361948)

Largestcity
Boroughs
Government
Body
Governor
ChiefMinister
Legislature
Parliamentary
constituency
HighCourt

Bhubaneswar[1]
30
GovernmentofOdisha
S.C.Jamir
NaveenPatnaik(BJD)
Unicameral(147seats)
21LokSabha
10RajyaSabha[2]
OdishaHighCourt,Cuttack

8 Education

Area
Total

9 KalingaPrize

Arearank

10 Culture

Population(2011)
Total
41,947,358
Rank
11th
Density
270/km2(700/sqmi)

10.1 Cuisine
10.2 Literature
10.3 Dance
10.4 Cinema

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha

155,820km2(60,160sqmi)
9th

Timezone
ISO3166code

IST(UTC+05:30)
INOR

HDI
HDIrank

19th(2011)[3]

Literacy

73.45%[4]

0.442(Low)

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10.5 Music
10.6 Structuralart

Officiallanguage

Odia,English

Website

www.odisha.gov.in
(http://www.odisha.gov.in)

11 Tourism
12 Seealso
13 References
14 Externallinks

Etymology
Theterm"Odisha"isderivedfromtheancientPrakritword"OddaVisaya"(also"UdraBibhasha"or"OdraBibhasha")asintheTirumalaiinscriptionof
RajendraCholaI,whichisdatedto1025.[17]SaralaDas,whotranslatedtheMahabharataintotheOdialanguageinthe15thcentury,callstheregion
OdraRashtraandOdisha.TheinscriptionsofKapilendraDevaoftheGajapatiKingdom(143567)onthewallsoftemplesinPuricalltheregion
OdishaorOdishaRajya.[18]
ThenameofthestatewaschangedfromOrissatoOdisha,andthenameofitslanguagefromOriyatoOdia,in2011,bythepassageoftheOrissa
(AlterationofName)Bill,2010andtheConstitution(113thAmendment)Bill,2010intheParliament.Afterabriefdebate,thelowerhouse,LokSabha,
passedthebillandamendmenton9November2010.[19]In24March2011,RajyaSabha,theupperhouseofParliament,alsopassedthebillandthe
amendment.[20]

History
PrehistoricAcheuliantoolsdatingtoLowerPaleolithicerahavebeendiscoveredinvariousplacesintheregion,
implyinganearlysettlementbyhumans.[21]KalingahasbeenmentionedinancienttextslikeMahabharata,Vayu
PuranaandMahagovindaSuttanta.[22][23]TheSabarpeopleofOdishahavealsobeenmentionedinthe
Mahabharata.[24][25]BaudhayanamentionsKalingaasnotyetbeinginfluencedbyVedictraditions,implyingit
followedmostlytribaltraditions.[26]
AshokaoftheMauryandynastyconqueredKalingainthebloodyKalingaWarin261BCE,[27]whichwastheeighth
yearofhisreign.[28]Accordingtohisownedicts,inthatwarabout1,000,000peoplewerekilled,1,500,000were
capturedandseveralmorewereaffected.[27]Theresultingbloodshedandsufferingofthewarissaidtohavedeeply
affectedAshoka.HeturnedintoapacifistandconvertedtoBuddhism.[28][29]

HathigumphaontheUdayagiri
Hillsbuiltinc.150BCE

Byc.150CE,emperorKharavela,whowaspossiblyacontemporaryofDemetriusIofBactria,[30]conquereda
majorpartoftheIndiansubcontinent.KharavelawasaJainruler.HealsobuiltthemonasteryatoptheUdayagiri
hill.[31]Subsequently,theregionwasruledbymonarchs,suchasSamudragupta[32]andShashanka.[33]Itwasalsoa
partofHarsha'sempire.[34]
Later,thekingsoftheSomavamsidynastybegantounitetheregion.BythereignofYayatiII,c.1025CE,theyhad
integratedtheregionintoasinglekingdom.YayatiIIissupposedtohavebuilttheLingarajtempleat
Bhubaneswar.[12]TheywerereplacedbytheEasternGangadynasty.Notablerulersofthedynastywere
AnantavarmanChodaganga,whobeganconstructiononthepresentdayJagannathTempleinPuri(c.1135),and
NarasimhadevaI,whoconstructedtheKonarktemple(c.1250).[35][36]

KonarkSunTemplebuiltbythe

EasternGangadynasty(c.1250)
TheEasternGangaDynastywasfollowedbytheGajapatiKingdom.TheregionresistedintegrationintotheMughal
isaWorldHeritageSite
[37]
empireuntil1568,whenitwasconqueredbySultanateofBengal. MukundaDeva,whoisconsideredthelast
independentkingofKalinga,wasdefeatedandwaskilledinbattlebyRamachandraBhanja,arebelchieftain.
RamachandraBhanjahimselfwaskilledbyBayazidKhanKarrani.[38]In1591,ManSinghI,thengovernorofBihar,ledanarmytotakeOdishafromthe
KarranisofBengal.TheyagreedtotreatybecausetheirleaderQutluKhanLohanihadrecentlydied.But,theythenbrokethetreatybyattackingthe
templetownofPuri.ManSinghreturnedin1592andpacifiedtheregion.[39]In1751,theNawabofBengalAlivardiKhancededtheregiontothe
MarathaEmpire.[12]

TheBritishhadoccupiedtheNorthernCircarscomprisingthesoutherncoastofOdishaasaresultofthe2ndCarnaticWarby1760,andincorporated
themintotheMadrasPresidencygradually.[40]In1803,theBritishoustedtheMarathasfromthePuriCuttackregionofOdishaduringtheSecond
AngloMarathaWar.ThenorthernandwesterndistrictsofOdishawereincorporatedintotheBengalPresidency.[41]
TheOrissafamineof1866causedanestimated1milliondeaths.[42]Followingthis,largescaleirrigationprojectswereundertaken.[43]In1903,theUtkal
SammilaniorganisationwasfoundedtodemandtheunificationofOdiaspeakingregionsintoonestate.[44]On1April1912,theBiharandOrissa
Provincewasformed.[45]On1April1936,BiharandOrissaweresplitintoseparateprovinces.[46]ThenewprovinceofOrissacameintoexistenceona
linguisticbasisduringtheBritishruleinIndia,withSirJohnAustenHubbackasthefirstgovernor.[46][47]FollowingIndia'sindependence,on15
December1947,27princelystatessignedthedocumenttojoinOrissa.[48]

Geography
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Odishaliesbetweenthelatitudes17.780Nand22.730N,andbetweenlongitudes81.37Eand87.53E.Thestatehas
anareaof155,707km2,whichis4.87%oftotalareaofIndia,andacoastlineof450km.[49]
Intheeasternpartofthestateliesthecoastalplain.ItextendsfromtheSubarnarekhaRiverinthenorthtothe
Rushikulyariverinthesouth.ThelakeChilikaispartofthecoastalplains.Theplainsarerichinfertilesiltdeposited
bythesixmajorriversflowingintotheBayofBengal:Subarnarekha,Budhabalanga,Baitarani,Brahmani,Mahanadi
andRushikulya.[49]TheCentralRiceResearchInstitute(CRRI),aFoodandAgricultureOrganizationrecognised
ricegenebankandresearchinstitute,issituatedonthebanksofMahanadiinCuttack.[50]
Threequartersofthestateiscoveredinmountainranges.Deepandbroadvalleyshavebeenmadeinthembyrivers.
Thesevalleyshavefertilesoilandarethicklypopulated.Odishaalsohasplateausandrollinguplands,whichhave
lowerelevationthantheplateaus.[49]ThehighestpointinthestateisDeomaliat1672metres.Theotherhighpeaks
are:Sinkaram(1620m),Golikoda(1617m),andYendrika(1582metres).[51]

SatelliteviewoftheMahanadi
riverdelta

Climate
Thestateexperiencesthreemeteorologicalseasons:winter(JanuarytoFebruary),premonsoonseason(MarchtoMay),southwestmonsoonseason
(JunetoSeptember)andnortheastmonsoonseason(OctoberDecember).However,locallytheyearisdividedintosixtraditionalseasons(orrutus):
Basanta(spring),Grishma(summer),Barsha(rainyseason),Sharad(autumn),Hemant(winter),andShishir(coolseason).[49]
MeanTemperatureandPrecipitationofSelectedWeatherStations[52]
Bhubaneswar
(19522000)
Max
(C)

Min
(C)

Rainfall
(mm)

Balasore
(19012000)
Max
(C)

Min
(C)

Rainfall
(mm)

Gopalpur
(19012000)
Max
(C)

Min
(C)

Rainfall
(mm)

Sambalpur
(19012000)
Max
(C)

Min
(C)

Rainfall
(mm)

January

28.5

15.5

13.1

27.0

13.9

17.0

27.2

16.9

11.0

27.6

12.6

14.2

February

31.6

18.6

25.5

29.5

16.7

36.3

28.9

19.5

23.6

30.1

15.1

28.0

March

35.1

22.3

25.2

33.7

21.0

39.4

30.7

22.6

18.1

35.0

19.0

20.9

April

37.2

25.1

30.8

36.0

24.4

54.8

31.2

25.0

20.3

39.3

23.5

14.2

May

37.5

26.5

68.2

36.1

26.0

108.6

32.4

26.7

53.8

41.4

27.0

22.7

June

35.2

26.1

204.9

34.2

26.2

233.4

32.3

26.8

138.1

36.9

26.7

218.9

July

32.0

25.2

326.2

31.8

25.8

297.9

31.0

26.1

174.6

31.1

24.9

459.0

August

31.6

25.1

366.8

31.4

25.8

318.3

31.2

25.9

195.9

30.7

24.8

487.5

September 31.9

24.8

256.3

31.7

25.5

275.8

31.7

25.7

192.0

31.7

24.6

243.5

October

31.7

23.0

190.7

31.3

23.0

184.0

31.4

23.8

237.8

31.7

21.8

56.6

November 30.2

18.8

41.7

29.2

17.8

41.6

29.5

19.7

95.3

29.4

16.2

17.6

December 28.3

15.2

4.9

26.9

13.7

6.5

27.4

16.4

11.4

27.2

12.1

4.8

Biodiversity
AccordingtoaForestSurveyofIndiareportreleasedin2012,Odishahas48,903km2offorestswhichcover31.41%
ofthestate'stotalarea.Theforestsareclassifiedinto:denseforest(7,060km2),mediumdenseforest(21,366km2),
openforest(forestwithoutclosedcanopy20,477km2)andscrubforest(4,734km2).Thestatealsohasbamboo
forests(10,518km2)andmangroves(221km2).Thestateislosingitsforeststotimbersmuggling,mining,
industrializationandgrazing.Therehavebeenattemptsatconservationandreforestation.[54]
Duetotheclimateandgoodrainfall,Odisha'severgreenandmoistforestsaresuitablehabitatsforwildorchids.
Around130specieshavebeenreportedfromthestate.[55]97ofthemarefoundinMayurbhanjdistrictalone.The
OrchidHouseofNandakananBiologicalParkhostssomeofthesespecies.[56]
SimlipalNationalParkisaprotectedwildlifeareaandtigerreservespreadover2750km2ofthenorthernpartof
Mayurbhanjdistrict.Ithas1078speciesofplants,including94orchids.Thesaltreeistheprimarytreespeciesthere.
Theparkhas55mammals,includingbarkingdeer,Bengaltiger,commonlangur,fourhornedantelope,Indianbison,
Indianelephant,Indiangiantsquirrel,Indianleopard,junglecat,sambardeer,andwildboar.Thereare304species
ofbirdsinthepark,suchasthecommonhillmyna,greyhornbill,IndianpiedhornbillandMalabarpiedhornbill.It
hasalsohas60speciesofreptiles,notableamongwhicharethekingcobraandtricarinatehillturtle.Thereisalsoa
muggercrocodilebreedingprograminnearbyRamtirtha.[57]

Vandatessellata,oneofthe
orchidsfoundinOdisha[53]

TheChandakaElephantSanctuaryisa190km2protectedareanearthecapitalcity,Bhubaneswar.However,urbanexpansionandovergrazinghave
reducedtheforestsandaredrivingherdsofelephantstomigration.In2002,therewereabout80elephants.Butby2012,theirnumbershadbeenreduced
to20.ManyoftheanimalshavemigratedtowardtheBarbarareserveforest,Chilika,Nayagarhdistrict,andAthagad.Someelephantshavediedin
conflictswithvillagers,whilesomehavediedduringmigrationfrombeingelectrocutedbypowerlinesorhitbytrains.Outsidetheprotectedarea,they
arekilledbypoachers.[58][59]Besideselephants,thesanctuaryalsohasIndianleopards,junglecatsandchitals.[60]
TheBhitarkanikaNationalParkinKendraparadistrictcovers650km2,ofwhich150km2aremangroves.TheGahirmathabeachinBhitarkanikaisthe
world'slargestnestingsiteforoliveridleyseaturtles.[61]OthermajornestinggroundsfortheturtleinthestateareRushikulya,inGanjamdistrict,[62]and
themouthoftheDeviriver.[63]TheBhitarkanikasanctuaryisalsonotedforitslargepopulationofsaltwatercrocodiles.[64]Inwinter,thesanctuaryis
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alsovisitedbymigratorybirds.Amongthespeciesofbirdsspottedinthesanctuaryaretheblackcrownednight
heron,darter,greyheron,Indiancormorant,Orientalwhiteibis,purpleheron,andsaruscrane.[65]Thepossibly
endangeredhorseshoecrabisalsofoundinthisregion.[66]
ChilikaLakeisabrackishwaterlagoonontheeastcoastofOdishawithanareaof1105km2.Itisconnectedtothe
BayofBengalbya35kmlongnarrowchannelandisapartoftheMahanadidelta.Inthedryseason,thetidesbring
insaltwater.Intherainyseason,theriversfallingintothelagoondecreaseitssalinity.[67]Birdsfromplaceslikethe
CaspianSea,LakeBaikal,otherpartsofRussia,CentralAsia,SouthEastAsia,LadakhandtheHimalayasmigrate
tothelagooninwinter.[68]AmongthebirdsspottedthereareEurasianwigeon,pintail,barheadedgoose,greylag
goose,flamingo,mallardandGoliathheron.[69][70]Thelagoonalsohasasmallpopulationoftheendangered
Irrawaddydolphins.[71]Thestate'scoastalregionhasalsohadsightingsoffinlessporpoise,bottlenosedolphin,
humpbackdolphinandspinnerdolphininitswaters.[72]

ABengaltigeratthe
NandankananZoologicalPark

Governmentandpolitics
AllstatesinIndiaaregovernedbyaparliamentarysystemofgovernmentbasedonuniversaladultfranchise.[73]
India'sparliamentisbicameral.[74]ThelowerhouseiscalledtheLokSabha.Odishacontributes21memberstoLok
Sabha.Theyaredirectlyelectedbytheelectorates.TheupperhouseiscalledtheRajyaSabha.Odishacontributes10
memberstoRajyaSabha.Theyareelectedbythestate'slegislature.[2][75]
ThemainpartiesactiveinthepoliticsofOdishaaretheBijuJanataDal,theIndianNationalCongressandBhartiya
JanataParty.FollowingtheOdishaStateAssemblyElectionin2014,theNaveenPatnaikledBijuJanataDalstayed
inpowerforthefourthconsecutiveterm.[76]

Irrawaddydolphinscanbefound
inChilika

Legislativeassembly
TheOdishastatehasanunicamerallegislature.[74]TheOdishaLegislativeAssemblyconsistsof147elected
members,[76]andspecialofficebearerssuchastheSpeakerandDeputySpeaker,whoareelectedbythemembers.
AssemblymeetingsarepresidedoverbytheSpeaker,orbytheDeputySpeakerintheSpeaker'sabsence.[77]
OdishaStateSecretariatbuilding
ExecutiveauthorityisvestedintheCouncilofMinistersheadedbytheChiefMinister,althoughthetitularheadof
inBhubaneswar
governmentistheGovernorofOdisha.TheGovernorisappointedbythePresidentofIndia.Theleaderoftheparty
orcoalitionwithamajorityintheLegislativeAssemblyisappointedastheChiefMinisterbytheGovernor,andthe
CouncilofMinistersareappointedbytheGovernorontheadviceoftheChiefMinister.TheCouncilofMinistersreportstotheLegislativeAssembly.[78]
The147electedrepresentativesarecalledMembersoftheLegislativeAssembly,orMLAs.OneMLAmaybenominatedfromtheAngloIndian
communitybytheGovernor.[79]Thetermoftheofficeisfor5years,unlesstheAssemblyisdissolvedpriortothecompletionoftheterm.[77]

Administrativeunits
Thereare30districtsinOdishaAngul,Balangir,Balasore,Bargarh,Bhadrak,Boudh,Cuttack,Debagarh,Dhenkanal,Gajapati,Ganjam,
Jagatsinghpur,Jajpur,Jharsuguda,Kandhamal,Kalahandi,Kendrapara,Keonjhar,Khordha,Koraput,Malkangiri,Mayurbhanj,Nabarangpur,Nayagarh,
Nuapada,Puri,Rayagada,Sambalpur,Subarnapur,Sundargarh.[80]
These30districtshavebeenplacedunderthreedifferentrevenuedivisionstostreamlinetheirgovernance.ThedivisionsareNorth,SouthandCentral,
withtheirheadquartersatSambalpur,BerhampurandCuttackrespectively.Eachdivisionconsistsof10districts,andhasasitsadministrativeheada
RevenueDivisionalCommissioner(RDC).[81]ThepositionoftheRDCintheadministrativehierarchyisthatbetweenthatofthedistrictadministration
andthestatesecretariat.[82]TheRDCsreporttotheBoardofRevenue,whichisheadedbyaseniorofficeroftheIndianAdministrativeService.[81]
Divisionwiselistofdistricts[80]
NorthDivision
CentralDivision
SouthDivision
Angul
Balangir
Bargarh
Deogarh
Dhenkanal
Jharsuguda
Kendujhar
Sambalpur
Subarnapur
Sundargarh

Balasore
Bhadrak
Cuttack
Jagatsinghpur
Jajpur
Kendrapada
Khordha
Mayurbhanj
Nayagarh
Puri

Boudh
Gajapati
Ganjam
Kalahandi
Kandhamal
Koraput
Malkangiri
Nabrangpur
Nuapada
Rayagada

EachdistrictisgovernedbyaDistrictCollector,whoisappointedfromtheIndianAdministrativeService.[83][84]TheCollectorisresponsiblefor
collectingtherevenueandmaintaininglawandorderinthedistrict.Eachdistrictisseparatedintosubdivisions,eachgovernedbyasubdivisional
collectorsandsubdivisionalmagistrates.Thesubdivisionsarefurtherdividedintorevenueblockscalledtehsils.ThetehshilsareheadedbyTehsildars.
Odishahas58SubDivisionsand317Tehsils.[81]BlocksconsistsofPanchayats(villagecouncils)andtownmunicipalities.
ThecapitalandlargestcityofthestateisBhubaneswar.TheothermajorcitiesareBerhampur,Cuttack,Rourkela,andSambalpur.Municipal
CorporationsinOdishaincludeBhubaneswar,Cuttack,Berhampur,SambalpurandRourkela.

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OthermunicipalitiesofOdishaincludeAngul,Balangir,Balasore,Barbil,Bargarh,Baripada,Belpahar,Bhadrak,Bhawanipatna,Biramitrapur,Boudh,
Byasanagar,Chhatrapur,Dhenkanal,Gopalpur,Gunupur,Jagatsinghpur,Jajpur,Jeypore,Jharsuguda,Kendrapara,Kendujhar,Khordha,Konark,
Koraput,Malkangiri,Nabarangpur,Nayagarh,Nuapada,Paradeep,Paralakhemundi,Puri,Phulbani,Rajgangpur,Rayagada,Sonepur,Sundargarhand
Talcher.
Auxiliaryauthoritiesknownaspanchayats,forwhichlocalbodyelectionsareregularlyheld,governlocalaffairs.
ThejudiciaryiscomposedoftheOdishaHighCourt,locatedatCuttack,andasystemoflowercourts.

Economy
Macroeconomictrend
Odishaisexperiencingsteadyeconomicgrowth.Thestatehasshownimpressivegrowthingrossstatedomesticproduct.Thishasbeenreportedbythe
MinistryofStatisticsandProgrammeImplementation.Odisha'sgrowthrateisabovethenationalaverage.[85]Thisisachartoftrendofgrossstate
domesticproductofOdishaatmarketpricesestimated(http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State_wise_SDP_200405_14mar12.pdf)bytheMinistry
ofStatisticsandProgrammeImplementationwithfiguresinmillionsofIndianrupees.

Industrialgrowth
Odishahasabundantnaturalresourcesandalargecoastline.Odishahasemergedasthemostpreferreddestination
foroverseasinvestorswithinvestmentproposals.[86]ItcontainsafifthofIndia'scoal,aquarterofitsironore,a
thirdofitsbauxitereservesandmostofthechromite.RourkelaSteelPlant[87]wasthefirstintegratedsteelplant
inthepublicsectorinIndia,builtwithcollaborationofGermany.Itisthehometopublicsectorenterpriseslike
HAL,Sunabeda(Koraput),NALCO(AnugulinAngulDistrict,DamanjodiinKoraput).Odishareceives
unprecedentedinvestmentsinsteel,aluminium,power,refineriesandports.India'stopmostITconsultingfirms,
includingMahindraSatyam,TCS(TataConsultancyServices),Mindtree,PricewaterhouseCoopersandInfosys
havelargebranchesinOdisha.IBM,SyntelandWiproaresettingupdevelopmentcentresinOdisha.Sofar,two
oftheS&PCNX500conglomerateshavecorporateofficesinOdisha,forexample,NationalAluminium(2005
grossincome.51,162million)andTataSpongeIron(2005grossincome.2,044million).
OdishaisnotableasoneofthefirstIndianstatestohavetackleditsstructuralproblemsduringthepost1994
Indianeconomicreforms.OdishawasalsothefirststateinIndiatobegintoprivatiseitselectricitytransmission
anddistributionbusinesses.Between1994and2000Odisha'sformerstateelectricityboard(SEB)was
restructuredtoformGridco.ThiscorporationwasthendividedintoTranscoandacollectionofdistribution
companies.Attemptswerethenmadetosellthedistributioncompaniestotheprivatesector.Thescaleand
importanceofthesereformsisnotableandanimportantmilestoneinIndia'sdramaticeconomicdevelopment.
Recentlythenumberofcompanieswhohavesignedmemorandaofunderstanding(MoUs)tosetupsteelplantsin
thestatehasgoneupto50,includingPOSCOofSouthKoreawhichhasagreedtoconstructamammoth$12
billionsteelplantnearParadipport,namedPOSCOIndia.ItwouldbethelargestsingleinvestmentinIndia's
history.ArcelorMittalhasalsoannouncedplanstoinvestinanothermegasteelprojectamountingto$10billion.RussianmajorMagnitogorskIronand
SteelCompany(MMK)planstosetupa10MTsteelplantinOdisha,too.Thestateisattractinganunprecedentedamountofinvestmentinaluminium,
coalbasedpowerplants,petrochemicals,andinformationtechnologyaswell.Inpowergeneration,ReliancePower(AnilAmbaniGroup)isputtingup
theworld'slargestpowerplantwithaninvestmentofUS$13billionatHirmainJharsugudadistrict.[88]VedantaResources1.4milliontonnealumina
projectinKalahandidistrictisthelargestinvestmentinaluminium.Vedantahasalsoannounceda$3.2billionhugeprivateUniversityprojectonthe
linesofmajorAmericanuniversities,whichisunprecedentedinthehistoryofeducationinIndia.Bandhabahalisamajorareaofopencastcoalmines.
RourkelaSteelPlant

ThecentralgovernmenthasagreedtoaccordSEZ(SpecialEconomicZone)statustoeightsitesinOdisha,amongwhichareInfocityatBhubaneshwar
andParadip.Butalltheseplansarefacingmassiveresistancefromthepeopleofthestatewhomainlydependonagriculturefortheirlivelihood.
Intheyear2009OdishawasthesecondtopdomesticinvestmentdestinationwithGujaratfirstandAndhraPradeshinthirdplaceaccordingtoananalysis
ofASSOCHAMInvestmentMeter(AIM)studyoncorporateinvestments.Odisha'ssharewas12.6percentintotalinvestmentinthecountry.Itreceived
investmentproposalworth.2,00,846croreduringthelastyear.Steelandpowerwereamongthesectorswhichattractedmaximuminvestmentsinthe
state.[89]
FloodandcyclonearethemajorhurdlesinOdisha'sdevelopmentastheimportantdistrictsaresituatedneartotheBayofBengal.Inthefiveyearperiod
between2004and2005and200809,Odisha'sGDPhasgrownbyastunning8.74%waybeyondthedefinitionof7%growth.Itshouldbenotedthatthe
allIndiagrowthduringthisperiodwas8.49%.Inthisperiod,Odishawasthefourthfastestgrowingstate,justbehindGujarat,Bihar,Uttarakhand.

Infrastructuredevelopment
ParadipPortontheBayofBengalisoneofthemajorportontheeastcoastofIndia,thecoastaltownsofDhamraandGopalpurarealsotwooftheother
majorportsinOdisha.ThegovernmentofIndiahasselectedthecoastalregionofOdisha,stretchingfromParadipinthenorthtoGopalpurinthesouth,
tobedevelopedintooneoffiveorsixSpecialEconomicRegions(SERs)ofthecountry.ThegovernmentofIndiaandthestategovernmentofOdisha
areworkingtogethertoerectworldclassinfrastructureinthisregiontomatchthatofRotterdam,Houston,andPudong.Thisisaimedatfurtherprivate
investmentinpetrochemicals,steel,andmanufacturing.ArecentMorganStanleyreportforecaststhatOdishawouldbefloodedwithmassive
investmentsformanufacturingrelatedactivitiesinthesamemannerthatBangalorehadattractedsoftwareinvestmentinthe1990s.Thescaleofthe
investmentsinOdishawould,however,bemuchhigher.
AsofJuly2006,totalplannedinvestmentinthestatewas$90billion.Thisincludesinvestmentinresearch,education,hospitals,roads,ports,airports,
andhotels.Therearemanymultistateirrigationprojectsindevelopment,includingtheGodavariRiverBasinIrrigationProjects.14locationshavebeen
identifiedonOdisha'scoasttobedevelopedasports:Gopalpur(Ganjamdistrict),BahudaMuhan(Sonepur)inGanjamdistrict,Palur(Ganjam),Bali

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Harchandi(Puri),Astaranga(Puri),JatadhariMuhan(Jagatsinghpur),BaruneiMuhan(Kendrapara),Dhamra(Bhadrak),Chudamani(Bhadrak),Inchuri
(Balasore),Chandipur(Balasore),Bahabalpur(Balasore),Subarnarekhamouth(Kirtania)inBalasoredistrictandTalsara(Balasore).Mostofthemhave
alreadybeendevelopingasportsinthepublicprivatepartnership(PPP).[90][91][92]

Transportation

MalatipatpurBusStand,Puri

Odishahasanetworkofroads,railways,airportsandseaports.Bhubaneswariswellconnectedbyair,railandroadwiththerestofIndia.Somehighways
aregettingexpandedtofourlanes.[93]PlansformetrorailconnectingBhubaneshwarandCuttack,ajourneyof30km,havealsostarted.[94]

Air

BijuPatnaikInternationalAirport,Bhubaneswar

Odishahasatotalof17airstripsand16helipads.[95][96][97]TheGovernmentofOdishahaveannouncedtodevelopanairportatJharsuguda,makingita
fullfledgeddomesticairport.FivegreenfieldairportswerealsotobeupgradedatRayagada,Paradip,Dhamra,AngulandKalinganagarinaneffortto
boostintraStateandinterStatecivilaviation.ExistingaerodromesatGopalpur,Jharsuguda,BarbilandRourkelawerealsotobeupgraded.[98]Air
Odisha,isOdisha'ssoleairchartercompanybasedinBhubaneswar.
BhubaneswarBijuPatnaikInternationalAirport
BrahmapurBerhampurAirport
CuttackCharbatiaAirBase
JeyporeJeyporeAirport
JharsugudaJharsugudaAirport

Seaports
PortofDhamara
PortofGopalpur
PortofParadip
PortofSubarnarekha
PortofAstarang
PortofChandipur

Railways
MajorcitiesofOdishaarewellconnectedtoallthemajorcitiesofIndiabydirectdailytrainsandweeklytrains.MostoftherailwaynetworkinOdisha
liesunderthejurisdictionoftheEastCoastRailway(ECoR)withheadquartersatBhubaneswarandsomepartsunderSouthEasternRailwayandSouth
EastCentralRailway.

Demographics
Accordingtothe2011censusofIndia,thetotalpopulationofOdishais41,947,358,ofwhich21,201,678(50.54%)aremaleand20,745,680(49.46%)
arefemale,or978femalesper1000males.Thisrepresentsa13.97%increaseoverthepopulationin2001.Thepopulationdensityis269perkm2.
ThedominantethnicgroupistheOdiapeople,andOdiaistheofficiallanguageitisspokenasanativelanguageby81.8%ofthepopulation.[99]
LinguisticminoritiesinthestateareBengali,Hindi,Urdu,Telugu,Santali.ScheduledCastesandScheduledTribesform16.53%and22.13%ofthestate
population,constituting38.66%oftheStatepopulation.SomeoftheimportanttribesareSanthal,Bonda,Munda,Oraon,Kandha,MahaliandKora.
Theliteracyrateis73%,with82%ofmalesand64%offemalesbeingliterate,accordingtothe2011census.
Theproportionofpeoplelivingbelowthepovertylinein19992000was47.15%whichisnearlydoubletheIndianaverageof26.10%.
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Dataof19962001showedthelifeexpectancyinthestatewas61.64years,higherthanthenationalvalueofyears.Thestatehasabirthrateof23.2per
1,000peopleperyear,adeathrateof9.1per1,000peopleperyear,aninfantmortalityrateof65per1000livebirthandamaternalmortalityrateof358
per1,000,000livebirths.OdishahasaHumanDevelopmentIndexof0.579in2004.

District

Headquarters

Population
(2011)

Males

Angul

Angul

1,271,703

654,898

Balangir

Balangir

1,648,574

Balasore

Baleswar

Bargarh

Bargarh

1,478,833

748,332

Bhadrak

Bhadrak

1,506,522

760,591

Boudh

Boudh

439,917

Cuttack

Cuttack

Debagarh

Debagarh

Dhenkanal

Dhenkanal

10 Gajapati

Paralakhemundi

11 Ganjam

Chhatrapur

Females

Percentage
decadal
growth
20012011

Sex
ratio

Density
(persons
per
km2)

Child
population
06years

Child
sex
ratio

Literacy
rate

616,805

11.55

942

199

145,690

884

78.96

831,349

817,225

23.29

983

251

206,964

951

65.50

2,317,419 1,184,371

1,133,048

14.47

957

609

274,432

941

80.66

730,501

9.84

976

253

156,185

946

75.16

745,931

12.95

981

601

176,793

931

83.25

220,993

218,924

17.82

991

142

59,094

975

72.51

2,618,708 1,339,153

1,279,555

11.87

955

666

251,152

913

84.20

312,164

158,017

154,147

13.88

976

106

38,621

917

73.07

1,192,948

612,597

580,351

11.82

947

268

132,647

870

79.41

575,880

282,041

293,839

10.99

1,042

133

82,777

964

54.29

3,520,151 1,777,324

1,742,827

11.37

981

429

397,920

899

71.88

12 Jagatsinghpur Jagatsinghpur

1,136,604

577,699

558,905

7.44

967

681

103,517

929

87.13

13 Jajpur

Jajpur

1,826,275

926,058

900,217

12.43

972

630

207,310

921

80.44

14 Jharsuguda

Jharsuguda

15 Kalahandi

Bhawanipatna

16 Kandhamal

Phulbani

17 Kendrapara

Kendrapara

18 Kendujhar

Kendujhar

1,802,777

19 Khordha

Khordha

20 Koraput

Koraput

1,376,934

677,864

21 Malkangiri

Malkangiri

612,727

22 Mayurbhanj

Baripada

23 Nabarangapur Nabarangpur

579,499

297,014

282,485

12.56

951

274

61,823

938

78.36

1,573,054

785,179

787,875

17.79

1,003

199

214,111

947

60.22

731,952

359,401

372,551

12.92

1,037

91

106,379

960

65.12

1,439,891

717,695

722,196

10.59

1,006

545

153,443

921

85.93

907,135

895,642

15.42

987

217

253,418

957

69.00

2,246,341 1,166,949

1,079,392

19.65

925

799

222,275

910

87.51

699,070

16.63

1,031

156

215,518

970

49.87

303,913

308,814

21.53

1,016

106

105,636

979

49.49

2,513,895 1,253,633

1,260,262

13.06

1,005

241

337,757

952

63.98

1,218,762

604,046

614,716

18.81

1,018

230

201,901

988

48.20

24 Nayagarh

Nayagarh

962,215

502,194

460,021

11.30

916

247

101,337

851

79.17

25 Nuapada

Nuapada

606,490

300,307

306,183

14.28

1,020

157

84,893

971

58.20

26 Puri

Puri

1,697,983

865,209

832,774

13.00

963

488

164,388

924

85.37

27 Rayagada

Rayagada

961,959

469,672

492,287

15.74

1,048

136

141,167

955

50.88

28 Sambalpur

Sambalpur

1,044,410

529,424

514,986

12.24

973

158

112,946

931

76.91

29 Subarnapur

Sonepur

652,107

332,897

319,210

20.35

959

279

76,536

947

74.42

30 Sundergarh

Sundergarh

2,080,664 1,055,723

1,024,941

13.66

971

214

249,020

937

74.13

Religion
Themajority(over94%[101])ofpeopleinthestateofOdishaareHindu
andthereisalsoarichculturalheritageinthestate.Forexample,Odisha
ishometoseveralHindufigures.SantBhimaBhoiwasaleaderofthe
Mahimasectmovement.SaralaDas,anadivasi,wasthetranslatorofthe
epicMahabharatainOriya.ChaitanyaDaswasaBuddhisticVaishnava
andwriteroftheNirgunaMahatmya.Jayadevawastheauthorofthe
GitaGovinda.

GitaGovinda

TheOdishaTempleAuthorisationActof1948empoweredthe
GovernmentofOdishatohaveHindutemplesopenforallHindus
includingtheHarijans.[102]

PerhapstheoldestscriptureofOdishaistheMadalaPanjifromthePuriTemplebelievedfrom1042AD.Famous
HinduOriyanscriptureincludesthe16thcenturyBhagabataofJagannathaDasa.[103]Inthemoderntimes
MadhusudanRaowasamajorOriyawriter,whowasaBrahmoSamajistandshapedmodernOriyaliteratureatthe
startofthe20thcentury.[104]
ChristiansinOdishaaccountforabout2.8%ofthepopulationwhileOriyaMuslimsaccountfor2.2%aspercensus
figuresof2001.TheSikh,BuddhistandJaincommunitiestogetheraccountfor0.1%ofthepopulation[101]Large
sectionsoftheindigenoustribesfollowSarnaism,theirindigenousnaturalreligion,butsubscribeasHindusinthe
census.

Education
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha

ReligioninOdisha(2011)[100]
Hinduism(93.64%)
Christianity(2.76%)
Islam(2.17%)
Sarnaism(1.13%)
Sikhism(0.05%)
Buddhism(0.03%)
Jainism(0.02%)

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PanoramicViewofRavenshawUniversity,Cuttack

TheruinsofamajorancientuniversityandcenterofBuddhistlearning,Ratnagiri(Puphagiri),wererecentlydiscoveredintheJajpurdistrictofOdisha.
Scholarsfromfarawaylands,suchasGreece,PersiaandChinausedtostudyphilosophy,astronomy,mathematicsandscienceatthisfameduniversity.
Taxila,NalandaandRatnagiriareamongtheoldestuniversitiesintheworld.TheruinsofRatnagiriUniversityhavenotbeenfullyexcavatedyet.
EducationalInstitutions
1. IndianInstituteofTechnology(IIT)atBhubaneswar
2. AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences,BhubaneswaratBhubaneswar
3. NationalInstituteofTechnologyRourkelaatRourkela
4. IndianInstituteofManagementSambalpur(IIMSB)atSambalpur
5. IndianInstitutesofScienceEducationandResearch(IISER)atBrahmapur
6. VeerSurendraSaiUniversityofTechnologyatBurla
7. NationalInstituteofScienceEducationandResearchatBhubaneswar
8. NationalLawUniversityatCuttack
9. InternationalInstituteofInformationTechnology(IIIT)atBhubaneswar
10. BerhampurUniversityatBrahmapur
11. BijuPatnaikUniversityofTechnologyatRourkela
12. BuxiJagabandhuBidyadharCollegeatBhubaneswar
13. CentralUniversityofOrissaatKoraput
14. CollegeofEngineeringandTechnologyatBhubaneswar
15. DharanidharCollegeatKeonjhar
16. FakirMohanUniversityatBalasore
17. HiTechMedicalCollege&Hospital,BhubaneswaratBhubaneswar
18. IndiraGandhiInstituteofTechnologyatSarang
19. KIITUniversityatBhubaneswar
20. MaharajaKrishnaChandraGajapatiMedicalCollegeandHospitalatBrahmapur
21. NationalInstituteofScienceandTechnologyatBrahmapur
22. NorthOrissaUniversityatBaripada
23. OrissaUniversityofAgricultureandTechnologyatBhubaneswar
24. ParalaMaharajaEngineeringCollegeatBrahmapur
25. RavenshawUniversityatCuttack
26. SambalpurUniversityatBurla,Sambalpur
27. ShriRamachandraBhanjMedicalCollegeatCuttack
28. SikshaOAnusandhanUniversityatBhubaneswar
29. UtkalUniversityatBhubaneswar
30. UtkalUniversityofCultureatBhubaneswar
31. VeerSurendraSaiMedicalCollegeatBurla
32. XavierInstituteofManagement,Bhubaneswar
33. InstituteofMathematicsandApplications,Bhubaneswar
34. SriSriUniversityatCuttack
EntrytovariousinstitutesofhighereducationespeciallyintoengineeringdegreesisthroughacentralisedOdishaJointEntranceExamination,conducted
bytheBijuPatnaikUniversityofTechnology(BPUT),Rourkela,since2003,whereseatsareprovidedaccordingtoorderofmerit.[105]Fewofthe
engineeringinstitutesenrollstudentsbythroughJointEntranceExamination.Formedicalcourses,thereisacorresondingAllIndiaPreMedicalTest.

KalingaPrize
ThepeopleofOdishahavebeenveryappreciativeofscienceandtechnology.TheKalingaPrizehasbeeninstitutedbythemunderthevisionary
leadershipofBijuPatnaiksince1952.[106]KalingaFoundationTrustiscurrentlyresponsibleforthisaward.TheawardisgivenunderisUNESCOfor
popularizingofscienceandtechnologyamongcommonpeople.Itisobservedthatapproximately25peoplewhogottheKalingaPrizeandlaterwonthe
NobelPrize.

Culture
Odiaisthelanguagespokenbythemajorityofthepeopleofthestate.EnglishiswidelyusedforofficialpurposeandOriyaisusedasregionallanguage.
OriyabelongstotheIndoAryanbranchoftheIndoEuropeanlanguagefamily,andiscloselyrelatedtoBengaliandAssamese.Afewtriballanguages
belongingtotheDravidianandMundalanguagefamiliesarespokenbytheAdivasisofthestate.ThecapitalcityofBhubaneshwarisknownforthe
exquisitetemplesthatdotitslandscape.TheclassicaldanceformOdissioriginatedinOdisha.ContemporaryOdishahasaculturalheritagethatarosedue
totheinterminglingofthreereligioustraditionsHinduism,BuddhismandJainism.ThecultureoftheAdivasisisanintegralpartofmodernOriya
heritage.

Cuisine
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Odishahasaculinarytraditionspanningcenturies.ThekitchenoftheJagannathTemple,Puriisreputedtobethe
largestintheworld,with1,000chefs,workingaround752woodburningclayhearthscalledchulas,tofeedover
10,000peopleeachday.[107][108]
ThesyrupydessertrasgullaoriginatedfromOdishaandisknownthroughouttheworld.[109][110][111]Chhenapoda
isanothermajorOdishasweetcuisine,whichoriginatedinNayagarh.[112]Itismadebycaramelisingcottage
cheesewithsugar,cardamomandotheringredientsandthenburningitoverachula(woodburningclayhearths).
Chhenajheeliandmalpuaareotherwellknownsweetdeserts.OneofthebestknowndelicaciesofOdishais
kakarapeetha(madeofsoojiorfinelygrainedwheat)especiallywithcoconutfillingsauteedwithpepper,
cardamom,sugarandgheeandsometimescottagecheese(chhena).Itsoneofthemajordelicacieseatenon
Pahalarasgullas(Bhubaneswar)
festivaloccasions.Arishaisanotherdelicacy.Podapitha,haladipatrapitha(enduripitha),mandapithaand
chitoupithaaremoreexamplesofOriyaspecialties.Mudhi(puffedrice)isanintegralpartofeveryOriya
household,forwhichBaripadaiswellknown.Mudhiisaninstantsnackandmaybechenachur(mixedsaltyfriedsnacks),milk,tea,curries,peanutsor
mangopulp.
Pakhala,adishmadeofrice,water,andyoghurtthatisfermentedovernightispopularinsummer,particularlyin
ruralareas.OriyasarefondofsweetsandnoOriyarepastisconsideredcompletewithoutdessertattheend.A
typicalmealinOdishaconsistsofamaincourseanddessert.Breadsareusuallyservedasthemaincoursefor
breakfast,whereasriceiseatenwithlentils(dals)duringlunchanddinner.Themaincourseincludesoneormore
curries,vegetablesandpickles.Oriyadessertsaremadefromavarietyofingredients,withmilk,chhena(aform
ofricottacheese),coconut,rice,andwheatflourbeingthemostcommon.
Amongthebestknownvegetabledishesaredalma(lentilsandvegetablesboiledtogetherandthenfriedwith
otherspices)andsantula.TheformerIndianpresident,Dr.A.P.J.AbdulKalam,introducedthesetothe
RashtrapatiBhavanmenu.Ghantaandpostacurriesareothersignaturedishes.

Chhenapoda

Odishafoodsarebalancedbetweenthenonvegetarianandvegetarian.Duetoitsvastshorelineandmanyrivers,
fishisaveryimportantpartofthediet.Odishaboastsofextensiveseafoodcuisinesandspecializesinprawnandcrab.ChilikaLakeisparticularly
knownforofferingexcellentseafood.
Odisha'sdietistheboundarybetweensouthIndianfoodhabitsandthenorthIndianones.Onecaneasilyfinddosas,vadasandidlisbeingservedas
breakfastandsnacks(whicharetypicallysouthIndian)andcanfindpoorichole,samosas(locallycalledsingada),andothernorthIndiandelicaciesin
themenu.
RasagolaofCuttack(Salepur)isnotedinOdishaandneighbouringstates.OneofthebestcombinationsofnorthandsouthofIndiaisdahibaraaludum
ghuguniespeciallyinthecityofCuttack.Dahibara(vadaadippedandsoakedincurd),aludum(aspicycurrymadefrompotato)andghuguni(chickpea
curry)gowelltogetherandisoneofthebestfusionsofIndianrecipes.

Literature
ThehistoryofOdialiteraturehasbeendelineatedbyhistoriansandlinguistsalongthefollowingstages:OldOdia(9001300AD),EarlyMiddleOdia
(13001500AD),MiddleOdia(15001700AD),LateMiddleOdia(1700AD1850AD)andModernOdia(from1850ADtothepresent).

Dance

Odissi(Orissi)danceandmusicareclassicalartforms.OdissiistheoldestsurvivingdanceforminIndiaonthebasisofarchaeologicalevidence.[113]
Odissihasalong,unbrokentraditionof2,000years,andfindsmentionintheNatyashastraofBharatamuni,possiblywrittenc.200BC.However,the
danceformnearlywentextinctduringtheBritishperiod,onlytoberevivedafterIndia'sindependencebyafewgurus.
ThevarietyofdancesincludesGhumuraDance,Chhaudance,Maharidance,andGotipua.

Cinema
ThecinemaofOdishaisfamousthroughoutIndiaandgrowingeveryyearbyalargemarginaspeoplearelikingOllywoodmoviesnow.Afterthefirst
OriyafilmSitaBibahain1936,onlytwofilmswereproducedtill1951.Ajointconsortiumoflandlordsandbusinessmenwhocollectedfundsafter1948
producedthosetwomovies.SitaBibahawasdirectedbyMohanSunderDevGoswamiandwasreleasedinLaxmiTheatre,Puri.The1951production
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RolestoEightwasthefirstOriyafilmwithanEnglishname.Itwasreleasedafter15yearsafterSitaBibaha.ItwasthefourthOriyafilmproducedby
RatikantaPadhi.TheeleventhOriyafilmSriLokenathwasthefirstOriyafilmthatgotaNationalAwardin1960itwasdirectedbyPrafullaSengupta.
OneofthemajortrailblazersandpioneersoftheOriyafilmindustrywereGourPrasadGhoseandhiswife,ParbatiGhose.Theyintroducedandmastered
innovativewaysoftechnicalstorytelling.Overtheyears,someoftheirmostnotablefilmssuchasMaaandKaabroughtthemnationalfameand
numerousawards,includingmanyNationalandlifetimeachievementawardsfortheircontributiontocinemaasdirectors,producersandactors.
Thesameyear,PrasantNandawonaNationalAwardasbestactorforNuaBou,hisdebutfilm.ThenameofPrasantNandaalwayscomesupwhen
dealingwiththeOriyafilmindustry.HewaspresentinOriyafilmssince1939,buthebecameactiveonlyafter1976.NandaservedOllywoodasan
actor,director,screenplaywriter,lyricistandevenasaplaybacksinger.SuchaversatilegeniusisquiterareinIndiancinemahistory.Nandaalone
carriedOriyafilmsintothenationalhonourlistbywinningNationalAwardsthreetimesin1960,1966and1969forhisactinginNuaBou,Matira
ManishaandAdinaMegha.
UttamMohanty,whosedebutfilmAbhimanwonaccoladesallover,isnowtheveteranactoroftheOriyafilmindustry.HiswifeAparajitaMohantyisa
renownedactress.SaratPujariwasoneofthemostpopularactorsofthe1960s.HispopularfilmsareNuaBou,JeevanSathi,Sadhana,ManikaJodi,
NabaJanma,MatiraManisa,Arundhati,GharaSansara,Bhookha,etc.HisfilmsportrayedthegeneralconditionofthestateofOdishawithastrong
socialmessage.SaratPujariisaprominentfigure.Apartfrombeinganactor,hewasalsoasuccessfuldirectorandanacademician.Hecontinuestoactin
afewselectfilmsheisenjoyinghisretiredlifeandwritescolumnsinthenewspapersashishobby.RajuMishraisanotherrisingstarinOriyafilm
industry.Heisaninternationalawardwinningphotographer,director,choreographerandlyricistofOllywood.OtherwellknownactorsareBijay
Mohanty,SriramPanda,MihirDas,SiddhantaMahapatra,MahaswetaRay,TandraRayandAnubhavMohanty.

Music
The16thcenturywitnessedthecompilationofliteratureonmusic.ThefourimportanttreatiseswrittenduringthattimeareSangitamavaChandrika,
NatyaManorama,SangitaKalalataandGitaPrakasha.Odissimusicisacombinationoffourdistinctivekindsofmusic,namely,Chitrapada,
Dhruvapada,PanchalandChitrakala.Whenmusicusesartwork,itisknownasChitikala.AuniquefeatureofOriyamusicisthePadi,whichconsistsof
singingofwordsinfastbeat.
BeingapartoftherichcultureofOdisha,itsmusicisalsoasmuchcharmingandcolourful.Odissimusicismorethantwothousandfivehundredyears
oldandcomprisesanumberofcategories.Ofthese,thefivebroadonesaretribalmusic,folkmusic,lightmusic,lightclassicalmusicandclassical
music.AnyonewhoistryingtounderstandthecultureofOdishamusttakeintoaccountitsmusic,whichessentiallyformsapartofitslegacy.
Intheancienttimes,therewerepoetswhowrotethelyricsofpoemsandsongsthatweresungtorousethereligiousfeelingsofpeople.Itwasbythe11th
centurythatthemusicofOdisha,intheformofTriswari,Chatuhswari,andPanchaswari,underwenttransformationandwasconvertedintotheclassical
style.
FolkmusiclikeJhumar,YogiGita,KendaraGita,DhudukiBadya,PrahalladNatak,Palla,Sankirtan,MogalTamasa,Gitinatya,KandheiNacha,Kela
Nacha,GhodaNacha,DandaNachaandDaskathiaarepopularinOdisha.Almosteverytribalgrouphastheirownuniquedistinctsongsanddancestyles
inOdisha.
TheanthemofOdishais"BandeUtkalaJanani"(defacto)writtenbyKantakabiLaxmikantaMohapatra.WhenOdishabecameindependenton1April
1936,thispoemwasmadethestateanthemofOdisha.

Structuralart
OtherculturalattractionsincludetheJagannathaTempleinPuri,knownforitsannualRathYatraorCarFestival,theuniqueandbeautifulapplique
artworkofPipili,silverfiligreeornamentalworksfromCuttack,thePattachitras(palmleafpaintings),famousstoneutensilsofNilgiri(Balasore)and
varioustribalinfluencedcultures.TheSuntempleatKonarkisfamousforitsarchitecturalsplendouranderoticsculpture,whilethe'Sambalpuritextiles'
equalsitinitsartisticgrandeur.ThesariofOdishaismuchindemandthroughouttheentireworld.ThedifferentcoloursandvarietiesofsareesinOdisha
makethemverypopularamongthewomenofthestate.ThehandloomsareesavailableinOdishacanbeoffourmajortypestheseareIkat,Bandha,
BomkaiandPasapalli.Odishasareesarealsoavailableinothercolourslikecream,maroon,brownandrust.Thetieanddyetechniqueusedbythe
weaversofOdishatocreatemotifsonthesesareesisuniquetothisregion.ThistechniquealsogivesthesareesofOdishaanidentityoftheirown.

Tourism
Odishaismainlyknownforitsrichcultureandtheenormousnumberofancienttemples.ThetemplesofOdisha
conformtotheIndoAryanNagarastyleofarchitecture,withdistinctivefeaturesspecifictothisregion.Thebest
knownofthesearetheLingarajaTempleatBhubaneswar,JagannathTemple,PuriandtheKonarkSunTemple.
RaghunathTempleinthetownofOdagaon,Nayagarhdistrictisanimportantpilgrimagecentre.Thetemplesof
Odishaexhibitamajesticgrandeur.AnOriyatemple(deula)usuallyconsistsofasanctum,oneorseveralfront
porches(Jagamohana)usuallywithpyramidalroofs,adancinghall(natamandira)andahallofofferings(bhog
mandira).
TheLingarajaTempleatBhubaneswarhasa150foot(46m)highdeulawhiletheJagannathTemple,Puriis
about200feet(61m)highanddominatestheskyline.OnlyaportionoftheKonarkSunTemple,thelargestof
thetemplesofthe"HolyGoldenTriangle"existstoday,anditisstillstaggeringinsize.Itstandsoutasa
masterpieceinOdishaarchitecture.MaaSaralaTempleatTirtoltownisalsooneoftheholiestplaceinOdisha&
amajortouristattraction.MaatarinitemplesituatedinKendujhardistrictisalsoafamouspilgrimagedestination.
EverydaythousandsofcoconutsaregiventoMaaTarinibydevoteesforfulfillingtheirwishes.[114]

KonarkSunTemplebuiltbythe
EasternGangadynastyisaUNESCO
WorldHeritageSite.

OdishaisalsowellknownforitsBuddhistandJainpilgrimagedestinations.NortheastofCuttack,about10km(6mi)fromBhubaneswar,thereare
BuddhistrelicsandruinsatthethreehilltopcomplexesofUdayagiriandKhandagiriCaves,whichbearwitnesstoBuddhism'sfruitfultrystwiththis
regionuntilwellintothe13thcentury.ThereisDhauliwithalargestatueofBuddhawhichbringsinternationalBuddhisttouriststoOdisha.

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Odisha'svaryingtopographyfromthewoodedEasternGhatstothefertileriverbasinhasprovenidealfor
evolutionofcompactanduniqueecosystems.Thiscreatestreasuretrovesoffloraandfaunathatareinvitingto
manymigratoryspeciesofbirdsandreptiles.BhitarkanikaNationalParkisfamousforitssecondlargest
mangroveecosystem.ThebirdsanctuaryinChilikaLake(Asia'slargestbrackishwaterlake)andthetigerreserve
andwaterfallsinSimlipalNationalParkareintegralpartsecotourisminOdisha,arrangedbyOdisha
Tourism.[115]Daringbadi,knownas"KashmirofOdisha,"isahillstationintheKandhamaldistrictofOdisha.
TheGharialSanctuaryatTikarpadaandtheoliveridleyseaturtlesinGahirmathaTurtleSanctuaryareonthelist
ofavidnaturewatchers.ThecitywildlifesanctuariesofChandakaandNandankananZoologicalParkaremust
visitsitesforthelessonstheyteachinconservationandrevitalisationofspeciesfromthebrinkofextinction.

NandankananZoologicalPark

Odishaisblessedwitharound500km(311mi)longcoastlineandhassomeofthemostbeautifulbeachesinthe
world.ChilikalakeprovidesahavenformillionsofbirdsandisoneofthefewplacesinIndiawhereonecan
viewdolphins.ThelushgreenforestcoverofOdishaplayshosttoawidevarietyoffloraandfauna,includingthe
famedroyalBengaltiger.Amidstthepicturesquehillsandvalleysnestlebreathtakingwaterfallsandrivuletsthat
attractvisitorsfromallover.OdishabeachesincludeChandipurBeach,GopalpuronSea,KonarkBeach,
AstarangaBeach,TalsariBeach,PataSonapurBeach,SatpadaBeach,BaleshwarBeach,ParadeepBeach,
SatabhayaBeach,GahirmathaBeach,PuriBeach,RamachandiBeach,MaludBeach,BaliharachandiBeach
etc.[10]

Seealso

RaghunathTemple,Odagaon

OdishaGovernmentSchemesList
India
OutlineofIndia
IndexofIndiarelatedarticles
BibliographyofIndia
IndiaWikipediabook
Odishatourismportal(http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/)

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Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.odisha.gov.in)

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mediarelatedtoodisha.

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