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Bus Bar Protection: External Faults

Bus bar protection relies on Kirchoff's current law, which states that the sum of currents entering a node must equal the sum of currents leaving it. In normal conditions without faults, the currents from two connected equipments are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, resulting in zero differential current. During external or internal faults, non-zero differential currents allow the protection relay to operate and trip all connected equipment. The relay must account for any differences in current transformer ratios to ensure proper operation.

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368 views4 pages

Bus Bar Protection: External Faults

Bus bar protection relies on Kirchoff's current law, which states that the sum of currents entering a node must equal the sum of currents leaving it. In normal conditions without faults, the currents from two connected equipments are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, resulting in zero differential current. During external or internal faults, non-zero differential currents allow the protection relay to operate and trip all connected equipment. The relay must account for any differences in current transformer ratios to ensure proper operation.

Uploaded by

ChanderSinghWarkade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bus Bar Protection

Bus bar protection relays depends mainly on khirchoffs current law, which states that the sum of
current inter to any node must be equal to the sum of the currents leaving it.

Figure

(50)

direction

shows

of

two

current

equipments

connected to the same bus bar in


the

normal

condition

(without

faults), In this example one of the


equipments acts as a source to
the bus and the other is a load and
they have equal current magnitude
and opposite in direction. In this
case,

the

differential

current

through the differential relay is


zero and the relay is stable and dose not operate.
External Faults

This case is similar to the pervious healthy case in that the two current will increase to very high
values but still equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and the relay will not operate due to
the zero current in the differential relay coil as shown in figure (51).

Internal Fault

In the internal fault case shown in figure (52), There are two expected situation:
1.

Non redial system, then I2P has a non zero value. In this case the differential current is
equal to (I1S+ I2S) and this value is sufficient to operate the relay and trip all the equipments
connected.

2.

Redial system, then I2P= 0.0

In this case the differential current is equal to i1S and this value is also sufficient to operate the
relay and trip all equipments connected to the bus bar.
Note
All equipments current transformers must have the same transformer ratio, if different ratios are
exist Aux current transformers (matching current transformers) must be used to compensate
these difference. These matching may be internally in the relay (Taps) or externally by separate
matching current transformers.
There are different types of bus differential protection relays. Low impedance and high
impedance relays may be considered there is some difference between them, but it is not
considered in this study.

Practical Example Of Bus Bar Protection


Assume the following system shown in figure (53) which consists of two bus bars and four
equipments two on each bus and a bus coupler between the two buses.

Each

equipment

contains

one

current transformer. Connected on


it except the bus coupler which
contains two current transformers
one on each side of the circuit
breaker. For equilibrium, each bus
is stable in load condition (without
faults).

There are two cases:1- Case bus coupler is disconnected:I3+ I4=0


I5+ I6=0
2- Case2 bus coupler is connected
I1+ I3+I4=0
I2+ I5+I6=0
Note:

CT1 (of the coupler) is connected between circuit breaker and bus1 and for equilibrium it is
added to CT3, and Ct4 which are connected to bus2, and CT2 (of the coupler) is connected
between circuit breaker and bus2 and for equilibrium it is connected to CT5, CT6 which are
connected to bus1.

The advantage of these connections is to protect the zone between circuit breaker and current
transformer of the coupler. If one CT is installed for the coupler, the zone between circuit breaker
and current transformer is not protected by bus protection.

Tripping Circuit of Bus Bar Protection


A simple description of the tripping circuit and a connection diagram of it is shown in figure (54).
C3, and C4 are n.o. contacts. contact from bus isolator2 of equipments 3, and 4 respectively,
connected on bus 2 so contacts C3, C4 are closed and ready to transfer trip to trip coils of
associated circuit breakers if differential coil is operated by differential current. The tripping
process is executed through Aux contacts of isolators.

At fault, sum of I3+I4 not equals 0, so the differential coil will operate and transfer a trip signal to
a trip bus and so to trip coils of equipments connected to the same bus.A similar circuit for bus1
(equipment 5,and 6) is exist .
Note
The previous examples assumes that the coupler is not connected . If the coupler is connected
before fault occurrence, the circuit breaker of it is disconnected at the beginning of the fault to
isolate bus1 From Bus2 and then identify which bus from1 and 2 is faulted and then trip all
equipments connected to it and leave the healthy bus as it is.

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