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Physics Project On:-: Transformer

The document is a student's physics project on transformers. It includes sections on the certificate, acknowledgements, principle, introduction, construction, introduction of transformers, theory and working of transformers, energy losses, uses of transformers, and bibliography. The key points are that a transformer works on the principle of mutual induction to convert alternating voltages from high to low or low to high. It has primary and secondary coils wound around an iron core, and the ratio of voltages depends on the ratio of turns in the coils. Transformers are used widely in power transmission and applications requiring different voltages.

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Gitesh Wasson
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
101 views

Physics Project On:-: Transformer

The document is a student's physics project on transformers. It includes sections on the certificate, acknowledgements, principle, introduction, construction, introduction of transformers, theory and working of transformers, energy losses, uses of transformers, and bibliography. The key points are that a transformer works on the principle of mutual induction to convert alternating voltages from high to low or low to high. It has primary and secondary coils wound around an iron core, and the ratio of voltages depends on the ratio of turns in the coils. Transformers are used widely in power transmission and applications requiring different voltages.

Uploaded by

Gitesh Wasson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics Project on:-

TRANSFORMER

Submitted to:
by:

Submitted
Anant Singh Gambhir

Certificate

This is to certify that____________, student of Class XII, Faith


Academy School has completed the project titled Transformer during the
academic year 2015-2016 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the
Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2016, and submitted satisfactory
report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

(SIGNATURE)

Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
physics TEACHER MRS. ______________ , for hER

vital

support, guidance and encouragement,

without which this project would not have come


forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to
the OTHER staff of the Department of Physics for
their support during the making of this project.

TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLE
A

Transformer

Principle

based

on

the

of mutual induction according to

this principle, the amount of magnetic flux


linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil.

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage.

CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron
core made of laminated sheets, well insulated
from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2
are wound on the same core, but are well
insulated with each other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of
alternating

e.m.f

is

connected to p 1p2,

the

primary coil and a load resistance R is connected


to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open
switch S. thus there can be no current through
the sec. coil so long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the


resistance of the primary & secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to
magnetic the iron core is also negligible.

INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built
in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called
a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.

voltages is called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is,

therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low


current circuits.

THEORY AND
WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1p2, an alternating
current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as
well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if E p and Es be the instantaneous values of
the e.m.f.s induced in the primary and the secondary and N p and Ns are
the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
D / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the
coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np d/dt

-----------------(1)

Es = -Ns d/dt

----------------- (2)

And

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,


we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np

----------------(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil


p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E
Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by
Ip

= E Ep / Rp

E Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be neglected so
therefore
E Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np


If

Ip =

And

Is

value of primary current at the same instant t


value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t

Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant

Es I s

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then


Input power = output power
Ep I p =
Es / Ep

Or

Es I s
Ip / Is

Or
=

In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we
lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency:-

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the


input power. i.e.
=

output power / input power =

Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, = 1. But


in actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES:Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of
a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S 1S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization
and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air


conditioner etc.

In the induction furnaces.

A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.


A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.

A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays


and NEON advertisement.

Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized


power supplies.

Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over


long distances.

Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,


loud speakers and electric bells etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Physics for class XII by pradeep
2.www.yahoo.com
3.www.google.com

4.www.live.com
5.www.rediffmail.com

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