Introduction

The strongest growth in energy consumption comes from Asia, in particular from China and
India. These two countries according to the International Energy Agencys projections
will account for over 50% of the total growth in global energy demand to 2030.
Fossil fuels currently account for about 80% of primary energy demand and this figure is
expected to remain largely the same through to 2030.
Increasing of Using Energy such as fossil energy affect the climate change and increases the
global warming , so , the political discussions and international negotiations reached to :
Increase the production of renewable energy ( wind solar Geothermal )
Increase the efficiency of Energy conversion by using cleaner technologies.
Energy
Finite Resources (coal, crude oil, oil shale, natural bitumen & extra-heavy oil, and natural gas,
uranium and thorium).
Perpetual Resources or Renewable Energy (solar energy, wind power, bio-energy, geothermal
heat, marine energy tidal energy, wave power and ocean thermal energy conversion
(OTEC)).
OECD is : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , which aim to save
Energy and develop more efficient conversion of it ,rather than using of renewable energy, to
keep the consumption of Energy semi-constant along decades.
World energy consumption (1-oil -2- coal -3-N.G -4-Renewables -5-Nuclar)

World Energy Consumption

OECD
1973
61.3%
2009
43.3%
Note: OECD decreased due to their Technologies

Middle East
0.8%
4.8%

China
7%
18.7%

2008 -Total world Energy consumption = OECD (244.3)+ Non-OECD (260.5) = 504.7

CH (1) Energy In World

Coal

Coal was the first fossil fuel to be used on an industrial scale.

Economically recoverable reserves are reported to exist in some 75 countries and the global total
amount of coal at end-2008 of 860 billion tones.
Coal Producers (top three) : 1-China -2-USA -3- India.
Recoverable Coal reverse : 1-USA -2- Russian Federation -3- China
The biggest Consumption of Coal in Electricity then Industrial.
Coal Usage in Electricity generation : 1-South Africa -2- Poland -3- China 81%

Crude Oil & Natural Gas Liquids

The Middle East remains the principal location of oil reserves, with 61% of the global total,
follow ed by Africa with 11%, South America 10%, and Europe (including the whole of the
Russian Federation) 8%, followed by Asia and North America each at around 5%.
The largest source of world Energy Consumption is Oil.
2008 - Life time of oil = reserves (163) billion tones / Production (3) billion tones = 54 year
Oil reserves : 1- Middle East -2- South America -3- OECD Americans
Oil reserves by country : 1- Saudi Arabia 2- Venezuela -3- Canada
The biggest usage of Oil in transportation the industrial.
2010 Middle East Production = 30.4 %
Global usage of oil increased by 35% (1973 -2010).

Oil shale

Containing large amount of organic matter ( kerogen ) Good fuel for the future.
Total world resources of shale oil are conservatively estimated at 2.8 trillion barrels.
petroleum-based crude oil is cheaper to produce today than shale oil because of the additional
costs of mining and extracting the energy from oil shale.

Natural Bitumen and Extra Heavy Oil

Natural bitumen (tar sands or oil sands) and extra-heavy oil are characterized by their high
density and viscosity and high concentrations of nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur and heavy metals.
Canada have 70% of worldwide reserves of natural bitumen. provide more than 40% of
Canadas domestically-produced crude oil and bitumen.
Venezuela have 98% of presently recorded reserves. Of Extra Heavy Oil.
Production of upgraded extra-heavy oil from this deposit accounts for more than 20% of
Venezuelas oil production.

Natural Gas

Global gas reserves are equivalent to more than 54 years production at the 2008 rate.
The countries with the largest natural gas reserves are : 1- Russian Federation -2- the
Islamic Republic of Iran -3- Qatar.
Egypt occupies 17th place in the World reserves of N.G , and the problem is in the production
and Export processes.
The biggest Consumption of N.G is in Electrical Power then Industrial.
Most of Europe's Gas from Russia and Ukraine.
Biggest production of N.G is from OECD.
Middle East production raised from 2.1% to 14.4% of global production (1973-2010 ).
Africa production raised from 0.8% to 6.4 of global production .

Uranium and Nuclear Energy

Drop in 1995 was because accident in America and accident in Ukraine.

Peat

Peat has an intermediate between fossil and renewable fuels.

The total area of peat lands is about 4 million km2, or some 3% of the total land surface.
the principal producers (and consumers) of fuel peat are : 1- Finland -2-Ireland -3-Belarus, -4Sweden -5- the Russian Federation.

Hydropower

Hydro-electric power is the largest perpetual Energy resources.

Five (Brazil, Canada, China, Russia and the USA) account for more than half of global
hydropower production.
Consumption of hydroelectricity & renewable Energy : 1- OECD Americans -2- USA -3Canada.

Bio Energy
Biomass supplies some 50EJ globally, which represents about 10% of global annual primary
energy consumption.

Bio fuels ethanol and biodiesel , It is estimated that world production of ethanol in 2006
was equivalent to about 1.1 EJ, of which the USA accounted for 40% and Brazil for 37%.

Solar

There are two basic types of device currently used to capture and utilise solar radiation:
- Solar thermal collectors, which are used to heat air, water or other liquids, depending on the
application.
- Photovoltaic (PV) collectors, which convert sunlight directly into electricity.

Geothermal

Geothermal utilization is commonly divided into two categories: electricity generation and
direct use

Wind

Wind energy is being developed in the industrialized world for environmental reasons and it has
attractions in the developing world as it can be installed quickly in areas where electricity is
urgently needed.
Wind energy accounts for around 20% of total electricity consumption.

Tidal Energy

The tides give rise to water currents which constitute a potential source of power.
There are two basic approaches to tidal energy exploitation: one exploits the cyclic rise and fall
of the sea level through entrainment, whilst the other harnesses local tidal currents.
Sites of particular interest include Canada, which has a mean tidal range of 10 m; the Severn
Estuary between England and Wales, with a mean tidal range of 8 m and northern France with a
mean range of 7 m.

Wave Energy

Winds generated by the differential heating of the earth pass over open bodies of water,
transferring some of their energy to form waves. (The amount of energy transferred)

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

is a means of converting into useful energy the temperature difference between the surface water
of the oceans

Electricity

the highest production of electricity from thermal stations

2035 Increasing in generating Electricity of N.G and Nuclear.
OECD Europe is the biggest producers for Electricity by using nuclear.

Consumption

Total world Energy consumption =504.7 Btu

Chemicals is the biggest consumer of Energy ( Electricity)
Transportation is the biggest consumer of Liquids fuels .

CH (2) Energy in Egypt

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids

Reverses = 4200 million barrels

2008 daily production = 722000 barrel/day
Life time = R/P = 15.9 year
Year of first Commercial Production is 1911
Egypt has the sixth largest proved oil reserves in Africa.
The main producing regions are in or alongside the Gulf of Suez and in the Western Desert.
Egypt is a member of OAPEC, its crude oil exports account for less than 10% of its production.
( Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries )

Oil shale

Oil shale was discovered adjacent to the Red Sea in the Safaga-Quseir area of the Eastern
Desert- New Valley , concentrated on the phosphate belt.
The Red Sea area was estimated to have about 4.5 billion barrels of shale oil
the Abu Tartour area contained about 1.2 billion barrels.
The studies concluded that the oil shale rocks in the Red Sea area were only accessible by
underground mining methods and would be uneconomic for oil and gas extraction.
Burning of oil shale and using it as fuel for power production is feasible, but only became
economic when heavy fuel oil and coal prices rise to significantly higher levels.

Natural Gas

Reserves = 2170 bcm ( billion cubic meter )

Production = 48.3 bcm
Life time = R/P = 41.1
Year of first Commercial Production is 1964
The largest estimates of reserves which made in Egypt of natural gas were in 2011.
Egypts estimated natural gas reserves increased by 18.7 trillion cubic feet over the 2010
estimate.
Egypts proved reserves of natural gas are the third largest in Africa, after Nigeria and Algeria.
The major producing area is the Mediterranean Sea region. although output of associated
gas from a number of fields in the Western Desert and the Red Sea region is also important.
( but the production of oil in this region is more than N.G )
production has grown steadily in recent years and is now the second largest in Africa.
The main outlets at present are power stations, fertiliser plants and industrial users such as the
iron and steel sector and cement works.
The main usage Consumption of N.G : 1- Electricity Plants ( power station ) -2- Residential
N.G Exporting = 30.3 % of the total Production.

Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil

Discovered oil = 500 million barrels.

Reserves = 50 million barrels.
Many fields containing heavy oil are found in Egypt, but very little of this is extra-heavy. The single extraheavy oil accumulation is undeveloped.

Uranium

Exist on Sinai and Eastern Desert .

Hydropower

Actual Generation, 2008 = 15510 GWhr.

Biomass

Municipal solid waste ( raw available = 2.4 million Tons )

Sugar cane bagasse ( raw available = 1.4 million Tons )
Rice straw ( raw available = 3.4 million Ton )
Animal Dung (raw available = 6 million Tin )
Cotton stalk (raw available =1.2 million ton ) . Wood processing too

Solar energy

Egypt is located in the world's solar belt and has an excellent solar availability.
90% of the Egyptian territory has an average global radiation greater than 2 200 kWh/m2/yr.
Photovoltaic (PV) solar systems are presently considered economically advantageous only in
remote applications of low power demand. The main applications are water pumping,
desalination, rural clinics, telecommunications, rural village electrification, ice-making,
billboards and cathodic protection.
Egypts first concentrating solar power (CSP) plant is approaching completion at Koraymat, 90
km south of Cairo.

Wind Energy

Egypt is endowed with an excellent wind energy potential, especially in the Red Sea coast area
where a capacity of 20 000 MW could be achieved,
the annual average wind speed is around 10 m/s.
1992 - 5 MW wind capacity has been in service at Hurghada.
2008 - 360 MW of installed capacity at Zafarana on the Red Sea coast. 2010 capacity is
expected to total 545 MW
The area of Gabal El-Zayt on the Suez Gulf, some 150 km south of Zafarana, has been identified
as being suitable for the installation of some 3000 MW of wind farms.

Notes :

Oil (45.3%) and N.G (49.7% ) is the biggest sources of Energy in Egypt
Hydro ( 1.5%) , biofuels+ waste ( 2.1%) , coal/peat (1.2%) , Renewable (0.1% )
Total Energy Production = 88186 Ktoe
Total Energy (TPES ) = 72105 Ktoe Total Primary Energy Supply (consumption)
Oil Production is decreasing , but Natural Gas production is Increasing .
Egypt international Bunkers ( the difference between Export and Import ) is -15167 , ( losing )
Electricity Generation : - increasing by Natural Gas
-Constant by Hydro
-small increasing by Oil
Electrical Consumption for Residential is bigger that Industrial , but in the total Energy
Consumption Industrial is bigger that Residential because of Consuming more Petroleum
Products.
The financial Support of Energy in Egypt ( Subsidy ) is about 4990 Million EGP (5 milliard )

CH (3) Energy Conservation

Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption, and raising of
the Conversion efficiency.
Energy conservation can result in: 1- increased financial capital. -2- Environmental quality.
3- National security.
-4- Personal security.

5-Human comfort.
The Energy Pyramid ( to increase efficiency and maximize profit )
Divide the pyramid for three sections , from up to down
1- Renewable Energy : increasing the usage of it .
2- Energy Efficiency : use high efficient devices.
3- Energy Conservation : to reduce the consumption of Energy ( finite Energy )

Industry

Industry uses a large amount of energy.

Many industrial processes require large amounts of heat and mechanical power, most of
which is delivered as natural gas, petroleum fuels and as electricity.
Energy services that are widely used in many industries :
- Conventional electricity generation is about 30 percent efficient, whereas combined heat
and power (co-generation) converts up to 90 percent of the fuel into usable energy.
- Advanced boilers and furnaces can operate at higher temperatures while burning less
fuel. These technologies are more efficient and produce fewer pollutants.
- US manufacturers using of Energy to generate steam can be reduced 20% by insulating
steam and condensate return lines, stopping steam leakage, and maintaining steam traps.
- Control the Motor output at variable speeds to match the required load, this achieves
energy savings ranging from 3 to 60 percent.
- Industry uses pumps and compressors, the efficiency improvements can be made by
implementing better process control and better maintenance practices.
(Optimizing compressed air systems by installing variable speed drives, along with
preventive maintenance to detect and fix air leaks, can improve energy efficiency 20 to
50 percent.)

Vehicles
How to Conserve Energy in Vehicles?
1- Using improved aerodynamics to minimize drag.
2- Reducing vehicle weight. ( Q: why composite materials are widely used in car bodies? )
3- Decreasing tire to road friction and rolling resistance. (Improving 3.3% by keeping tires
inflated to the correct pressure)
4- Replacing a clogged air filter. improving 10%
Note: On newer vehicles (1980's and up) with fuel-injected, computer-controlled engines, a
clogged air filter has no effect on mpg but replacing it may improve acceleration by 6-11
percent.
Energy-efficient vehicles may reach twice the fuel efficiency of the average automobile.
The mainstream trend in automotive efficiency is the rise of electric vehicles
Hybrids use regenerative braking to recapture energy that would dissipate in normal cars.
Plug-in hybrids have increased battery capacity, which makes it possible to drive for limited
distances without burning any gasoline. (for around 64 km purely on electricity without
recharging)
The Tesla Roadster sports car is the only high-performance all-electric car currently on the
market.

Appliances

Such as refrigerators, freezers, ovens, stoves, dishwashers, and clothes washers and dryers.
Use less energy than older appliances.
Current energy efficient refrigerators use 40 % less energy than conventional models.
If all households in Europe changed their more than ten year old appliances into new ones, 20
billion kWh of electricity would be saved annually, hence reducing CO2 emissions by almost 18
billion kg.
Modern power management systems also reduce energy usage by idle appliances by turning
them off or putting them into a low-energy mode after a certain time.

Building Design

A buildings location and surroundings play a key role in regulating its temperature and
illumination. For example, trees, landscaping, and hills can provide shade and block wind.
In cooler climates, designing buildings with a south facing windows increases the amount of sun
entering the building, minimizing energy use.
Tight building design, including energy-efficient windows, well-sealed doors, and additional
thermal insulation of walls, basement slabs, and foundations can reduce heat loss by 25 to 50 %
Dark roofs may become up to 39 C (70 F) hotter than the most reflective white surfaces, and
they transmit some of this additional heat inside the building.
Lightly colored roofs use 40%less energy for cooling than buildings with darker roofs.
Proper placement of windows and skylights and use of architectural features that reflect light
into a building can reduce the need for artificial lighting.
Compact fluorescent lights use two-thirds less energy and may last 6 to 10 times longer than
incandescent light bulbs.
Effective energy-efficient building design can include the use of low cost Passive Infra Reds
(PIRs) to switch-off lighting when areas are unoccupied.
lux levels can be monitored using daylight sensors linked to the building's lighting scheme to
switch on/off.
Building Management Systems (BMS) link in one centralized computer to control the whole
building's lighting and power requirements.
The choice of which space heating or cooling technology to use in buildings can have a
significant impact on energy use and efficiency.
Ground source heat pumps can be even more energy efficient and cost effective.
- Usage: Refrigeration Cycle & be reversed in summertime and operate to cool the air by
transferring heat from the building to the ground.
The disadvantage of ground source heat pumps is their high initial capital cost, but this is
typically recouped within 5 to 10 years as a result of lower energy use.

CH (4) Energy Management and Energy Auditing

What is the Difference between Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation?
-

Every Energy Efficiency Process Achieve Energy Conservation, but not every
Conservation Process achieves Energy Efficiency.
- Ex: Using of Modern Air conditioner which work in conserve Energy is Energy
Efficiency Process, but Switching Air conditioner off where there is no persons in room
this is Energy Conservation Process.
Definition & Objectives of Energy Management.
- The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to
reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs
of producing the output from these systems.
- Objective: 1- minimizes energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality.
2- Minimize environmental effects.

 Energy Audit
-

The verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical
report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit
analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption.
- Energy Audit is the key decision-making in the area of energy management.
- It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the
energy streams in a facility.
- It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions.
- Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy
management program.
Summary ( making Report of the General plan of Energy Cycle in the Industry to know best Required
Quantity and its stream for Reducing Consumption and Coasts of Energy , then this Report send to
Management Department ) this is Permanent Process to check its Validity

Need For Energy Audit

-

Audit helps to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in any industry, and
identifying the areas where waste can occur and scope for improvement exists.
In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy, labor and
materials.
Energy is the most related component to management for cost saving.

Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending technically

feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a
specified time frame.
Types of Energy Audit
123-

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:

Function and type of industry.
The objective of audit Process.
Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired.

Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types:
i) Preliminary Audit
ii) Detailed Audit
Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology
is a relatively quick exercise to:
Establish energy consumption in the organization.
Estimate the scope for saving.
Identify the easiest areas for Energy Aduting.
Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
Set a reference point
Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement.
Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data (bill charges).
Detailed Energy Audit Methodology.
A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan.
The most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost.
It considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major
equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.
One of the key elements is the energy balance. (Comparing between calculations of energy
use in the operating Condition and the utility bill charges).
Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases:
Phase I - Pre Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase
Phase III - Post Audit Phase

CH (2) Review the Table of Electricity for 2009/201 . And general overlook for table
CH (4) .. Overlook how of the Steps of how to write audit Report ( table )

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