Homework #7 Solutions

Math 128, Fall 2013

Instructor: Dr. Doreen De Leon

HW #7(a)

1.1

p. 135: 1, 3

Use parametric representation of C to evaluate

f (z) dz
C

1. f (z) =

(z2 )
z

and C is

(a) the semicircle z = 2ei (0 )

Solution:

f (z) dz =
f [z()]z () d
C
0

(2ei + 2) i
=
2ie d
2ei
0

= 2i
(ei + 1) d
)
(0
1 i
= 2i
e + |0
i
(
(
))
1 i
1 i(0)
e +
e
+0
= 2i
i
i
(
)
1
1
= 2i +
i
i
(
)
2
= 2i +
i
= 4 + 2i .

(b) the semicircle z = 2ei ( 2)

Solution:

2
f (z) dz =
f [z()]z () d
C

2
(2ei + 2) i
=
2ie d
2ei

2
= 2i
(ei + 1) d

)
(
1 i
e + |2
= 2i

i
(
(
))
1 i2
1 i()
= 2i
e + 2
e
+
i
i
(
(
))
1
1
= 2i
+ 2 +
i
i
(
)
2
= 2i
+
i
= 4 + 2i .
(c) the circle z = 2ei (0 2)
Solution: Let C1 be the contour from part (a) and C2 be the contour from part (b).
Then C = C1 + C2 , so

f (z) dz =
f (z) dz +
f (z) dz
C

C1

C2

= (4 + 2i) + (4 + 2i)
= 4i .
3. f (z) = exp(z) and C is the boundary of the square with vertices at 0, 1, 1 + i, and i, the
orientation of C being counterclockwise.
Solution:

1
C4

C3 1 + i
C2
C1 1

So, C = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 , and a parameterization for the curves is

C1 : z(t) = t, 0 t 1 = z (t) = 1
C2 : z(t) = 1 + (t 1)i, 1 t 2 = z (t) = i
C3 : z(t) = (3 t) + i, 2 t 3 = z (t) = 1
C4 : z(t) = (4 t)i, 3 t 4 = z (t) = i

Integrate f (z) along each contour.

f (z) dz =
C1

=
=

f [z(t)]z (t) dt

et 1 dt

0
1
et 0

= e 1.
2
f (z) dz =
f [z(t)]z (t) dt

C2

exp((1 (t 1)i))i dt

ie e(t1)i dt
1
2

=e
ie(t1)i dt
(1
2 )


=e
e(t1)i 
1
(
)

i
=e 1e
=

= 2e .
3
f [z(t)]z (t) dt
f (z) dz =
2

C3

=
2

exp(((3 t) i))(1) dt
3

ei e(3t) dt
2
3
i (3t) 
=e
e

=

= 1 (1 e )

= e 1.
4
f (z) dz =
f [z(t)]z (t) dt

C4

exp((4 t)i)(i) dt

ie(t4)i dt
4

= e(t4)i 
(
)3
= 1 ei
=

= 2.

So,

f (z) dz =

f (z) dz +
C1

f (z) dz +
C2

f (z) dz +

C3

f (z) dz
C4

= e 1 + 2e + (e 1) 2
= 4e 4 = 4 (e 1) .

1.2

Problem 2

1
dz, where C is the circle of radius 2 centered at 1, traversed counterclockwise.
(z

1)
C
Solution: Parameterization of C : z() = 1 + 2ei , 0 2. Then, z () = 2iei . Therefore,
Evaluate

f (z) dz =
C

f [z()]z () d

=
0

1
2iei d
(1 + 2ei ) 1

i d

=
0

= i|2
0
= 2i .

1.3

Problem 3

Evaluate

z 2 dz along two paths joining 0 to 1 + i as follows:

(a) C is the straight line segment joining 0 to 1 + i.

(b) C is the union of the line segment joining 0 to 1, then joining 1 to 1 + i.
What do you observe?
Solution: Let f (z) = z 2 .
(a)
1+i
1

A parameterization of C is
4

z(t) = (1 + i)t, 0 t 1
= z (t) = 1 + i.
Then,

f (z) dz =
C

f [z(t)]z (t) dt

[(1 + i)t]2 (1 + i) dt
1
= (1 + i)
(1 i)2 t2 dt
0
1
= 2i(1 + i)
t2 dt
=

1
t3 
= 2i(1 + i) 
3 0
1
= 2i(1 + i)
3
2 2
=
i.
3 3
(b)

1
C2

C1

C1 : z(t) = t, 0 t 1 = z (t) = 1
C2 : z(t) = 1 + (t 1)i, 1 t 2 = z (t) = i Then,

f (z) dz =
C1

[t]2 1 dt

t2 dt

=
0

1
t3 
= 
3 0
1
= .
3

f (z) dz =
C2

[(1 + (t 1)i)]2 i dt

=i

(1 + (1 t)i)2 dt

(1 + 2(1 t)i (1 t)2 ) dt

(1
2 )

1
3
2
= i t (1 t) i + (1 t) 
3
1
(
)
1
=i 2i 1
3
)
(
2
i
=i
3
2
= 1 + i.
3
=i

Then,

f (z) dz =
C

f (z) dz +
C1

f (z) dz
C2

2
1
+1+ i
3
3
4 2
=
+ i.
3 3
=

The integrals in (a) and (b) yield different results.

independent.

2
2.1

Therefore, the integral is not path-

HW #7(b)
Problem 1

Find a number M such that




dz 

 z 2 + 2  M,
C

where C is the upper half of the unit circle.

Solution:


 1 
1


 z 2 + 2  |z 2 + 2|
1
2
|z (2)|
1
1

=
= 1.
2
2
||z| | 2||
||1| 2|
Therefore,




dz 

 z 2 + 2  1(length of C) = = M.
C
6

2.2

p. 141: 4

Let CR denote the upper half of the circle |z| = R (R > 2), taken in the counterclockwise direction.
Show that


2


2z 2 1
 R(2R + 1) .

dz

 (R2 1)(R2 4)
4
2
CR z + 5z + 4
Then, show that the value of the integral tends to 0 as R .
Solution:
Find an upper bound on 2z 2 1.
|2z 2 1| 2|z|2 + 1
= 2R2 + 1.
Find a lower bound on z 4 + 5z 2 + 4.
|z 4 + 5z 2 + 4| = |(z 2 1)(z 2 4)|
= |z 2 1||z 2 4|
||z|2 1|||z|2 4| = (R2 1)(R2 4).
Therefore,



 2z 2 1 
2R2 + 1


 z 4 + 5z 2 + 4  (R2 1)(R2 4) .

So,





CR



2z 2 1
2R2 + 1

dz
(length of CR )
z 4 + 5z 2 + 4  (R2 1)(R2 4)
=

R(2R2 + 1)
.
(R2 1)(R2 4)

As R ,




2z 2 1
R(2R2 + 1)
 lim

0 lim 
dz
 R (R2 1)(R2 4) = 0
R CR z 4 + 5z 2 + 4




2z 2 1

=0
= lim 
dz

R CR z 4 + 5z 2 + 4

2.3

p. 149: 1, 2

1. Use an antiderivative to show that for every contour C extending from a point z1 to a point
z2 ,

)
1 ( n+1
z n dz =
z2 z1n+1 (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ).
n+1
C

Solution:

z2

z dz =
C

z n dz

z1
z
z n+1  2


n + 1  z1

z2n+1
z n+1
1
n+1 n+1
)
1 ( n+1
=
z2 z1n+1 .
n+1
=

2. By finding an antiderivative, evaluate each of these integrals, where the path is any contour
between the indicated limits of integration.
i
2
ez dz
(a)
i

Solution:

i
2

+2i

cos

(b)
0

(z )
2

i
1 z  2
dz = e 

i
)
1 ( i( )
=
e 2 ei

1
= (i + 1).

dz

Solution:

+2i

cos
0

(z )
2

( z )+2i


2 0
(
)
+ 2i
= 2 sin
2 sin 0
2
(
)
= 2 sin
+i
[ (2 )
( )
]
= 2 sin
cos i + cos
sin i
2
2
= 2 cos i
)
( 2
2
ei ei
=2
2

dz = 2 sin

= e1 + e.
(c)

(z 2)3 dz
Solution:
1

3

1
4
(z 2) dz = (z 2) 
4
1
1
1
4
= (3 2) (1 2)4
4
4
= 0.
3

HW #7(c)

3.1

p. 160: 1(b), (c), (f )

Apply the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem to show that

circle |z| = 1, in either direction, and when

f (z) dz = 0, where the contour C is the unit

(b) f (z) = zez

Solution:
f (z) = zez is entire = f is analytic on and inside the contour C. Therefore,

zez dz = 0.

1
+ 2z + 2)
Solution: f (z) is analytic for all z except where z 2 + 2z + 2 = 0 = z = 1 + i, 1 i.
Neither of these points is on or inside C. Therefore, f is analytic on and inside the contour
C

z
dz = 0.
=
2
C (z + 2z + 2)

(c) f (z) =

(z 2

(f) f (z) = Log (z + 2)

Solution: Log (z) is analytic everywhere except the set {(x, y)|x 0 and y = 0}, and
w = z + 2 is entire. Note that w = (x + 2) + iy. Therefore, Log (z + 2) is analytic everywhere
except the set
{(x, y)|x + 2 0 and y = 0} = {(x, y)|x 2 and y = 0}.
The set where f is not analytic is not on or inside C = f is analytic on and inside C

=
Log (z + 2) dz = 0.
C

3.2

p. 161: 2(a), (c)

Let C1 denote the positively oriented boundary of the square whose sides lie along the line x =
1, y = 1 and let C2 be the positively oriented circle |z| = 4. Show that

f (z) dz =
f (z) dz,
C1

C2

where
(a) f (z) =

1
+1

3z 2

Solution:

4
C2
C1

-1

-4

f (z) =

1
is analytic for all z except where 3z 2 + 1 = 0 = f is analytic for all
+1

3z 2

1
z = .
3
So, f is analtyic on C1 and C2 and between C1 and C2 . Therefore, by the Path Deformation
Principle,

1
1
dz =
dz.
2
2
C1 3z + 1
C2 3z + 1
z
1 ez
Solution: f (z) =

(c) f (z) =

z
is analytic for all z such that
1 ez
1 ez = 0
= ez = 1

But,
ez = 1
= ex eiy = 1ei0
= x = ln 1 and y = 0 + 2n, n Z.
Therefore, f is analytic for
z = 2ni, n Z.
So, f is analytic for z = 0, 2i, 4i, . . . = f is anlytic on C1 and C2 and between C1
and C2 . Therefore,

z
z
dz
=
dz.
z
1

e
1

ez
C2
C1

3.3

Problem 3

Evaluate the following

(z 3 + 3) dz, where C is the upper half of the unit circle traversed counterclockwise.

(a)
C

10

C1
-1
-1

So,

(z 3 + 3) dz =

1(z 3 + 3) dz

1
z4

1

=
+ 3z 
4
1
= 6 .

(z 3 + 3) dz, where C is the unit circle traversed clockwise.

(b)
C

Solution: f (z) = z 3 + 3 is entire, and so is analytic on and inside C. Therefore, by the

Cauchy-Goursat theorem,

(z 3 + 3) dz = 0.
C

e z dz, where C is the circle of radius 3 centered at 1 + 5i traversed counterclockwise.

(c)
C

1
is analytic for all z = 0 and ez is entire. z0 = 0 is not on
z
1
or inside C, so e z is analytic on and inside C. Therefore,

1
e z dz = 0
1

e z is analytic for all z = 0, because

by the Cauchy-Goursat theorem.

)
(

1
dz, where C is the unit square with corners at 0, 1, 1 + i, and i, traversed
(d)
cos 3 +
z3
C
clockwise.
Solution:
11

C
1

(
f (z) = cos 3 +

)
1
is analytic for all z = 3 = f is analytic on and inside C. So, by the
z3
Cauchy-Goursat theorem,
(
)

1
cos 3 +
dz = 0.
z3
C

12