Alphabetical List of Minerals

Agate

Alabaster

Alexandrite

Amazonite

Amber

Amethyst

Andalusite

Apatite

Aqua Aura

Aquamarine

Aragonite

Autunite

Aventurine

Azurite

B
Barite

Beryl

Bloodstone

Blue Lace Agate Blue Lias

Bluestone

Calcite

Carbuncle

Carnelian

Cassiterite

Celestine

Cerussite

Chalcedony

Chalcopyrite

Chalk

Chert

Chiastolite

Chromite

Chrysoberyl

Chrysoprase

Cinnabar

Citrine

Cobalto-calcite

Columbite

Copper

Cornelian

Corundum

D
Diamond

E
Emerald

Dioptase

F
Feldspar

Ferruginous Quartz

Flint

Fluorite

G
Galena

Garnet

Geode

Goethite

Gold

Granite

Graphite

H
Halite

Hawk's Eye Herkimer Diamond

Heliotrope

Hematite

I
Iceland Spar

Iris Quartz

J
Jacinth

Jade

Jadite

Jasper

Jet

K
Kunzite

Kyanite

L
Labradorite Lapis Lazuli

Leopard Skin Agate

Limestone

Limonite

Hyacinth

Gypsum

M
Magnetite

Malachite

Manganit
e

Marble

Marcasite

Mica

Molybde Moonsto Moss

N
Nephrite

O
Obsidian

Olivene

Onyx

Pearl

Peridot

Opal

Orpiment

P
Peacock Ore

Plasma

Pumice

Pyrite

Q
Quartz

R
Rhodochrosi
Realgar
te
Rhodonite Rock crystal

Rose
Quartz

Sandston Sapphi
re
e

Selenite

Ruby

Rutilated
Quartz

Serpentine

Silver

Rutile

Sard

Sardony
x

Sarsen

Slate

Smoky
Quartz

Sodalite

Sphen Sphaleri
e
te

Spinel

Steatite

Staurolit
e

Stibnite

Sulphur

Sunstone

T
Talc

Tiger's Eye Titanite

Topaz

Tourmaline

Turquoise

Turritella Agate

U
Ulexite

V
Vanadinite

Z
Zincite

Zircon

Minerals sometimes have more than one name, or there are different forms of the same mineral with different
names.
Synonym
s

Spinel
Balas Ruby

Chalcopyrit
e
Copper
Pyrites

Hematite
Red Ochre

Goethite
Pyrite
Limonite
Iron Pyrites
Yellow Ocre

Flint
Chert

Peridot
Olivene
Chrysolite

Andalusite
Chiastolite

Kunzite
Spodumene

Kyanite
Disthene

Tiger's Eye Rock crystal

Smoky
Quartz
Morion

Cornelian
Carnelian

Bloodstone
Heliotrope

Titanite
Sphene

Calcite
Iceland Spar
Aragonite

Cassiterite
Tinstone

Gypsum
Desert Rose
Satin Spar
Selenite
Alabaster

Zircon
Hyacinth
Jacinth

Talc
Steatite
Soapstone

Corundum
Ruby
Sapphire

Chrysoprase
Halite
Plasma
Rock Salt

Jade
Nephrite
Jadeite

Fluorite
Blue John

Peacock
Emerald
Ore
Beryl
Bornite
Aquamarine
Erubescite

Aluminum: Is the most abundant metal element in the Earths crust. Bauxite is the main source of aluminum. Aluminum is used in the
United States in packaging, transportation, and building. Guinea and Australia have about one-half of the worlds reserves. Other
countries with major reserves include Brazil, Jamaica, and India. --More information -Bauxite: A general term for a rock composed of hydrated aluminum oxides. It is the main ore of alumina to make aluminum.
Also used in the production of synthetic corundum and aluminous refractories.
Antimony: A native element, antimony metal is extracted from stibnite and other minerals. Antimony is used as a hardening
alloy for lead, especially storage batteries and cable sheaths, also used in bearing metal, type metal, solder, collapsible tubes and
foil, sheet and pipes, and semiconductor technology. -- More information--

Stibnite (the main ore of Antimony): The sample in the photo contains 71.8 percent antimony and 28.2 percent sulfur. It is
the most important ore for antimony. Stibnite is used for metal antifriction alloys, metal type, shot, batteries, in the
manufacture of fireworks. Antimony salts are used in the rubber and textile industries, in medicine, and glassmaking.
Asbestos: Because this group of silicate minerals can be readily separated into thin, strong fibers that are flexible, heat resistant, and
chemically inert, asbestos minerals are suitable for use in fireproof fabrics, yarn, cloth, paper, paint filler, gaskets, roofing
composition, reinforcing agent in rubber and plastics, brake linings, tiles, electrical and heat insulation, cement, and chemical filters. -More Information -Barium: Used as a heavy additive in oil-well-drilling mud, in the paper and rubber industries, as a filler or extender in cloth,
ink, and plastics products, in radiography ("barium milkshake"), as getter (scavenger) alloys in vacuum tubes, deoxidizer for
copper, lubricant for anode rotors in X-ray tubes, spark-plug alloys. Also used to make an expensive white pigment. -- More
Information -Beryllium: Beryllium alloys are used mostly in applications in aerospace, automobiles, computers, oil and gas drilling
equipment, and telecommunications. Beryllium salts are used in fluorescent lamps, in X-ray tubes and as a deoxidizer in
bronze metallurgy. Beryl is the source of the gem stones emerald and aquamarine. Sample in photo contains 14 percent beryllium
oxide. -- More Information -Coal: One of the worlds major sources of energy. In the United States, coal provides approximately 23% of all the energy
consumed. Coal is used to produce more than half of all the electrical energy that is generated and used in the United States. -More Information -Coal is a very complex and diverse energy resource that can vary greatly, even within the same deposit. In general, there are four basic
varieties of coal, which are the result of geologic forces having altered plant material in different ways. These varieties descended
from the first stage in the formation of coal: the creation of peat or partially decomposed plant material.
Lignite: Increased pressures and heat from overlying strata causes buried peat to dry and harden into lignite. Lignite is a brownishblack coal with generally high moisture and ash content and lower heating value. However, it is an important form of energy for
generating electricity. Significant lignite mining operations are located in Texas, North Dakota, Louisiana, and Montana.
Subbituminous Coal: Under still more pressure, some lignite was changed into the next rank of coal subbituminous. This is a dull
black coal with a higher heating value than lignite that is used primarily for generating electricity and for space heating. Most
subbituminous reserves are located in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Washington and Alaska.
Bituminous Coal: Even greater pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or soft coal. This is the type most commonly used for
electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or subbituminous, but less than that of anthracite.
Bituminous coal is mined chiefly in Appalachia and the Midwest. Also used to make coke.
Anthracite: Sometimes also called hard coal, anthracite forms from bituminous coal when great pressures developed in folded rock
strata during the creation of mountain ranges. This occurs only in limited geographic areas - primarily the Appalachian region of
Pennsylvania. Anthracite has the highest energy content of all coals and is used for space heating and generating electricity.
Chromite (chromium): Some 99 percent of the world's chromite is found in southern Africa and Zimbabwe. Chemical and
metallurgical industries use about 85% of the chromite consumed in the United States. -- More Information -Cobalt

: Used in superalloys for jet engines, chemicals (paint driers, catalysts, magnetic coatings, pigments, rechargeable
batteries), magnets, and cemented carbides for cutting tools. Principal cobalt producing countries include Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Canada, Cuba, Australia, and Russia. The United States uses about one-third of total world
consumption. Cobalt resources in the United States are low grade and production from these deposits is usually not economically
feasible. -- More Information -Columbite-tantalite group (columbium is another name for niobium): Columbite is a natural oxide of niobium, tantalum,
ferrous iron, and manganese. Some tin and tungsten may be present in the mineral. Columbium, in the form of
ferrocolumbium, is used mostly as an additive in steel making and in superalloys for such applications as heat-resisting and
combustion equipment, jet engine components, and rocket subassemblies, in cemented carbides, and in superconductors. Brazil and
Canada are the worlds leading producers. -- More Information --

Copper: Used in electric cables and wires, switches, plumbing, heating, roofing and building construction, chemical and
pharmaceutical machinery, alloys (brass, bronze, and a new alloy with 3% beryllium that is particularly vibration resistant),
alloy castings, electroplated protective coatings and undercoats for nickel, chromium, zinc, etc., and cooking utensils. The
leading producer is Chile, followed by the U.S., and Indonesia. -- More Information -Feldspar: A rock-forming mineral, industrially important in glass and ceramic industries, pottery and enamelware, soaps,
abrasives, bond for abrasive wheels, cements and concretes, insulating compositions, fertilizer, poultry grit, tarred roofing
materials, and as a sizing (or filler) in textiles and paper. Albite is a feldspar mineral and is a sodium aluminum silicate. This form of
feldspar is used as a glaze in ceramics. -- More Information -Fluorite (fluorspar): Used in production of hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the electroplating, stainless steel, refrigerant,
and plastics industries, in production of aluminum fluoride, which is used in aluminum smelting, as a flux in ceramics and
glass, and in steel furnaces, and in emery wheels, optics, and welding rods. -- More Information -Gold: Used in dentistry and medicine, in jewelry and arts, in medallions and coins, in ingots as a store of value, for scientific
and electronic instruments, as an electrolyte in the electro-plating industry. South Africa has about half of the worlds
resources. Significant quantities are also present in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, and Russia. -- More Information -Gypsum: Processed and used as prefabricated wallboard or as industrial or building plaster, used in cement manufacture,
agriculture and other uses. -- More Information -Halite (Sodium chloride--Salt): Used in human and animal diet, food seasoning and food preservation, used to prepare sodium
hydroxide, soda ash, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, metallic sodium, used in ceramic glazes, metallurgy, curing of
hides, mineral waters, soap manufacture, home water softeners, highway de-icing, photography, herbicide, fire extinguishing, nuclear
reactors, mouthwash, medicine (heat exhaustion), in scientific equipment for optical parts. Single crystals used for spectroscopy,
ultraviolet and infrared transmission. -- More Information -Iron Ore: About 98% of iron ore is used to make steel one of the greatest inventions and most useful materials ever created.
While the other uses for iron ore and iron are only a very small amount of the consumption, they provide excellent examples of
the ingenuity and the multitude of uses that man can create from our natural resources.
Powdered iron: Used in metallurgy products, magnets, high-frequency cores, auto parts, catalyst. Radioactive iron (iron 59): in
medicine, tracer element in biochemical and metallurgical research. Iron blue: in paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics (eye
shadow), artist colors, laundry blue, paper dyeing, fertilizer ingredient, baked enamel finishes for autos and appliances, industrial
finishes. Black iron oxide: as pigment, in polishing compounds, metallurgy, medicine, magnetic inks, in ferrites for electronics
industry. Major producers of iron ore include Australia, Brazil, China, Russia, and India.
-- More Information -Kaolin: Also known as "china clay" is a white, aluminosilicate widely used in paints, refractories, plastics, sanitary wares,
fiberglass, adhesives, ceramics, and rubber products. -- More Information -Lead:
tubes,

Used in lead batteries, gasoline tanks, and solders, seals or bearings, used in electrical and electronic applications, TV
TV glass, construction, communications, protective coatings, in ballast or weights, ceramics or crystal glass, tubes or
containers, type metal, foil or wire, X-ray and gamma radiation shielding, soundproofing material in construction
industry, and ammunition. The U.S. is the world's largest producer and consumer of refined lead metal. Major mine
producers other than the U.S. include Australia, Canada, China, Peru, and Kazakhstan. -- More Information -Galena: A lead sulfide, the commonest ore of lead. Sample in photo contains 86.6 percent lead.
Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed mostly of the mineral calcite and comprising about 15% of the Earth's sedimentary
crust. Uses are numerous. Limestone is a basic building block of the construction industry (dimension stone) and the chief
materials from which aggregate, cement, lime, and building stone are made. 71% of all crushed stone produced in the U.S. is
either limestone or dolomite. As a source for lime, it is used to make paper, plastics, glass, paint, steel, cement, carpets, used in water
treatment and purification plants, in the processing of various foods and household items (including medicines). -- More Information
--

Lithium: Lithium compounds are used in ceramics and glass, in primary aluminum production, in the manufacture of lubricants
and greases, rocket propellants, vitamin A synthesis, silver solders, underwater buoyancy devices, batteries. -- More
Information -Manganese: Essential to iron and steel production. The U.S., Japan, and Western Europe are all nearly deficient in
economically mineable managanese. South Africa and the Ukraine have over 80% of the world's reserves. -- More Information
-Mica: Micas commonly occur as flakes, books, or sheets. Sheet muscovite (white) mica is used in electronic insulators (mainly
in vacuum tubes), ground mica in paint, as joint cement, as a dusting agent, in well-drilling muds, and in plastics, roofing,
rubber, and welding rods. -- More Information -Molybdenum: The two largest uses of molybdenum are as an alloy in stainless steels and in alloy steelsthese two uses
consume about 60% of the molybdenum needs in the United States. Stainless steels include the strength and corrosion-resistant
requirements for water distribution systems, food handling equipment, chemical processing equipment, home, hospital, and laboratory
requirements. Alloy steels include the stronger and tougher steels needed to make automotive parts, construction equipment, gas
transmission pipes. Other major uses as an alloy include tool steels, for things like bearings, dies, machining components, cast irons,
for steel mill rolls, auto parts, crusher parts, super alloys for use in furnace parts, gas turbine parts, chemical processing equipment.
Molybdenum also is an important material for the chemicals and lubricant industries. Moly has uses as catalysts, paint pigments,
corrosion inhibitors, smoke and flame retardants, dry lubricant (molybdenum disulfide) on space vehicles and resistant to high loads
and temperatures. As a pure metal, molybdenum is used because of its high melting temperatures (4,730 F) as filament supports in
light bulbs, metal-working dies and furnace parts. Major producing countries are China, Chile, and the U.S. -- More Information -Nickel: Vital as an alloying constituent of stainless steel, plays key role in the chemical and aerospace industries. Leading
producers include Australia, Canada, Norway and Russia. Large reserves are found in Australia, Cuba, New Caledonia, Canada,
Indonesia, the Philippines, and Russia. -- More Information -Platinum Group Metals (includes platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium): They commonly occur
together in nature and are among the most scarce of the metallic elements. Platinum is used principally as catalysts for the
control of automobile and industrial plant emissions, as catalysts to produce acids, organic chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. PGMs are
used in bushings for making glass fibers used in fiber-reinforced plastic and other advanced materials, in electrical contacts, in
capacitors, in conductive and resistive films used in electronic circuits, in dental alloys used for making crowns and bridges, in
jewelry. Russia and South Africa have nearly all the worlds reserves. The sample in the photo is Sperrylite; it is of very rare
occurrence but of interest as the only native compound of platinum -- More Information -Potash: Usually chloride of potassium. Used as a fertilizer, in medicine, in the chemical industry, and is used to produce
decorative color effects on brass, bronze, and nickel. Can also be potassium sulfate, potassium-magnesium sulfate, and
potassium nitrate. Is an essential mineral for vegetable and animal life. -- More Information -Pyrite: Used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide; pellets of pressed pyrite dust have been used to recover
iron, gold, copper, cobalt, nickel, etc.; used to make inexpensive jewelry. -- More Information -Quartz (Silica): As a crystal, quartz is used as a semiprecious gem stone. Cryptocrystalline forms may also be gem stones:
agate, jasper, onyx, carnelian, chalcedony, etc. Crystalline gem varieties include amethyst, citrine, rose quartz, smoky quartz,
etc. Because of its piezoelectric properties quartz is used for pressure gauges, oscillators, resonators, and wave stabilizers; because of
its ability to rotate the plane of polarization of light and its transparency in ultraviolet rays it is used in heat-ray lamps, prism, and
spectrographic lenses. Used in the manufacture of glass, paints, abrasives, refractories, and precision instruments. -- More Information
-Rare Earth Elements: Industrial consumption of rare earth ores is primarily in petroleum fluid cracking catalysts, metallurgical
additives, ceramics and polishing compounds, permanent magnets, and phosphors. Rare earth elements are lanthanum, cerium,
praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium,
ytterbium, and lutetium. -- More Information -Silicon or Silica (commonly called quartz): Used in manufacture of special steels and cast iron, aluminum alloys, glass and
refractory materials, ceramics, abrasives, water filtration, component of hydraulic cements, filler in cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals, paper, insecticides, rubber reinforcing agent - especially for high adhesion to textiles, anti-caking agent in foods,
flatting agent in paints, thermal insulator. Fused silica is used as an ablative material in rocket engines, spacecraft, silica fibers used in
reinforced plastics. -- More Information --

Silver: Used in photography, jewelry, in electronics because of its very high conductivity, as currency - generally in some form
of an alloy, in lining vats and other equipment for chemical reaction vessels, water distillation, etc., catalyst in manufacture of
ethylene, mirrors, electric conductors, batteries, silver plating, table cutlery, dental, medical, and scientific equipment, electrical
contacts, bearing metal, magnet windings, brazing alloys, solder. Silver is mined in approximately 56 countries. Nevada produces over
one-third of the U.S. silver. Largest silver reserves are found in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Peru, and China. -- More Information -Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash or Trona): Used in glass container manufacture, in fiber glass and specialty glass, also used in
production of flat glass, in powdered detergents, in medicine, as a food additive, photography, cleaning and boiler compounds,
pH control of water. -- More Information -Sulfur: Used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, fertilizers, chemicals, explosives, dyestuffs, petroleum refining, vulcanization
of rubber, fungicides. -- More Information -Tantalum: A refractory metal with unique electrical, chemical, and physical properties that is used mostly as tantalum metal
powder in the production of electronic components, mainly tantalum capacitors. Alloyed with other metals, tantalum is also
used in making cemented carbide tools for metal working equipment, and in the production of superalloys for jet engine components.
Australia, Brazil, Canada, Congo (Kinshasa), Ethiopia, and Rwanda are leading tantalum ore producers. There is no tantalum mine
production in the United States. The sample photograph is tantalite, a source for tantalum. -- More Information -Titanium: Titanium is a strong lightweight metal often used in airplanes. When titanium combines with oxygen, it forms
titanium dioxide (TiO2), a brilliant white pigment used in paint, paper, and plastics. Major deposits of titanium minerals are
found in Australia, Canada, India, Norway, South Africa, Ukraine, and the United States. The sample in the photo is a mineral
collectors specimen of titanite (or sphene). However, it is not typical of the black sands often used to produce titanium metal or TiO2
pigment. -- More Information -Rutile: Titanium dioxide. Used in alloys, for electrodes in arc lights, to give a yellow color to porcelain and false teeth. -More Information -Tungsten: Used in metalworking, construction and electrical machinery and equipment, in transportation equipment, as
filament in lightbulbs, as a carbide in drilling equipment, in heat and radiation shielding, textile dyes, enamels, paints, and for
coloring glass. Major producers are China, Korea, and Russia. Large reserves are also found in the U.S., Bolivia, Canada, and
Germany. -- More Information -Vanadium: Used in metal alloys, important in the production of aerospace titanium alloys, as a catalyst for production of
maleic anhydride and sulfuric acid, in dyes and mordants, as target material for X-rays. Russia and South Africa are the
worlds largest producers of vanadium. Large reserves are also found in the U.S., Canada, and China. The sample photo is vanadinite,
an ore of vanadium and lead. -- More Information -Zeolites: Used in aquaculture (fish hatcheries for removing ammonia from the water), water softener, in catalysts, cat litter, odor
control, and for removing radioactive ions from nuclear plant effluent.
Zinc: Used as protective coating on steel, as die casting, as an alloying metal with copper to make brass, and as chemical
compounds in rubber and paints, used as sheet zinc and for galvanizing iron, electroplating, metal spraying, automotive parts,
electrical fuses, anodes, dry cell batteries, fungicides, nutrition (essential growth element), chemicals, roof gutters, engravers' plates,
cable wrappings, organ pipes, in pennies, as sacrificial anodes used to protect ship hulls from galvanic action, in catalysts, in fluxes, in
phosphors, and in additives to lubricating oils and greases. Zinc oxide: in medicine, in paints, as an activator and accelerator in
vulcanizing rubber, as an electrostatic and photoconductive agent in photocopying. Zinc dust: for primers, paints, sherardizing,
precipitation of noble metals, removal of impurities from solution in zinc electrowinning. Zinc is mined in about 40 countries with
China the leading producer, followed by Australia, Peru, Canada, and the United States. In the U.S., mine production mostly comes
from Alaska, Tennessee, and Missouri. The sample photo shows sphalerite, a zinc sulfide.