High Performance
Communication Networks
Introduction, Part II
Introduction, Part II
Chapter goal:
get context,
overview, feel of
networking
more depth, detail
later in course
approach:
descriptive
use Internet as
example
Overview:
whats the Internet
whats a protocol?
network edge
network core
access net, physical media
performance: loss, delay
protocol layers, service models
backbones, NAPs, ISPs
history
today
ATM network
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Oops!
I said something outrageously wrong last time!!
Looks like stocks will
keep rising indefinitely!
What was it?
I said that TCP doesnt provide a data integrity check.
It does.
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Delay in packet-switched networks
packets experience delay
on end-to-end path
four sources of delay at
each hop
transmission
nodal processing:
check bit errors
determine output link
queueing
time waiting at output link
for transmission
depends on congestion
level of router
propagation
nodal
processing
queueing
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Delay in packet-switched networks
Transmission delay:
R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
time to send bits into
link = L/R
transmission
Propagation delay:
d = length of physical link
s = propagation speed in
medium (~2x108 m/sec)
propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very
different quantities!
propagation
nodal
processing
queueing
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Queueing delay (revisited)
R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
a=average packet arrival
rate
traffic intensity = La/R
La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small
La/R -> 1: delays become large
La/R > 1: more work arriving than can
be serviced, average delay infinite!
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Protocol Layers
Networks are complex!
many pieces:
hosts
routers
links of various
media
applications
protocols
hardware, software
Question:
Is there any hope of
organizing the structure
of a network?
Or at least our discussion
of networks?
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Organization of air travel
check baggage
claim baggage
board at gate;
load bags on plane
de-plane at gate;
unload bags
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
a series of steps
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Organization of air travel: a different view
baggage check
baggage claim
bags
(load)
people
(load)
people
(unload)
bags (unload)
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
Layers: each layer implements a service or services
via its own internal-layer actions
relying on services provided by layer below
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Layered air travel: services
check-in-counter-to-baggage-claim delivery
people transfer: loading
gate to arrival gate
bag transfer: belt at
check-in counter to
belt at baggage claim
runway-to-runway delivery of plane
airplane routing from source to destination
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
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baggage (check)
baggage (claim)
gates/bags (load)
gates/bags (unload)
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
arriving airport
departing airport
Distributed implementation of layer functionality
intermediate air traffic sites
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
11
Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification, relationship of
complex systems pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
change of implementation of layers service
transparent to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest
of system
layering considered harmful?
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
12
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network
applications
ftp, smtp, http
transport: host-host data transfer
tcp, udp
network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination
ip, routing protocols
link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements
ppp, ethernet
application
transport
network
link
physical
physical: bits on the wire
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
13
Layering: logical communication
Each layer:
distributed
entities
implement layer
functions at
each node
entities perform
actions,
exchange
messages with
peers
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
14
Layering: logical communication
E.g.: transport
take data from
app
add addressing,
reliability check
info to form
datagram
send datagram
to peer
wait for peer to
ack receipt
analogy: post
office
data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
ack
data
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical
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Layering: physical communication
data
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
data
application
transport
network
link
physical
16
Protocol layering and data
Each layer takes data from above
adds header information to create new data
unit
passes new data unit to layer below
source
M
Ht M
Hn Ht M
Hl Hn Ht M
destination
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
Ht
transport
Hn Ht
network
link
Hl Hn Ht
physical
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
M message
M segment
M datagram
M frame
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Internet structure: network of networks
roughly hierarchical
national/international
backbone providers (NBPs)
e.g. BBN/GTE, Sprint, AT&T,
IBM, UUNet
interconnect (peer) with each
other privately, or at public
Network Access Point (NAPs)
regional ISPs
local
ISP
regional ISP
NBP B
NAP
NAP
NBP A
regional ISP
connect into NBPs
local
ISP
local ISP, company
connect into regional ISPs
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
18
National Backbone Provider
e.g. BBN/GTE US backbone network
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
19
Internet History
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packetswitching
1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets
1967: ARPAnet
conceived by Advanced
Reearch Projects Agency
1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
1972:
ARPAnet demonstrated
publicly
NCP (Network Control
Protocol) first host-host
protocol
first e-mail program
ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
20
Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii
1973: Metcalfes PhD thesis
proposes Ethernet
1974: Cerf and Kahn architecture for interconnecting
networks
late70s: proprietary
architectures: DECnet, SNA,
XNA
late 70s: switching fixed length
packets (ATM precursor)
1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Cerf and Kahns internetworking
principles:
minimalism, autonomy - no
internal changes required to
interconnect networks
best effort service model
stateless routers
decentralized control
define todays Internet architecture
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
21
Internet History
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of
TCP/IP
1982: smtp e-mail protocol
defined
1983: DNS defined for
name-to-IP-address
translation
1985: ftp protocol defined
1988: TCP congestion
control
new national networks:
Csnet, BITnet,
NSFnet, Minitel
100,000 hosts
connected to
confederation of
networks
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
22
Internet History
1990s: commercialization, the WWW
Early 1990s: ARPAnet
decomissioned
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on
commercial use of NSFnet
(decommissioned, 1995)
early 1990s: WWW
hypertext [Bush 1945,
Nelson 1960s]
HTML, http: Berners-Lee
1994: Mosaic, later
Netscape
late 1990s:
commercialization of the
WWW
Late 1990s:
est. 50 million
computers on Internet
est. 100 million+ users
backbone links running
at 1 Gbps
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
23
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode nets
Internet:
todays de facto standard
for global data networking
1980s:
telcos develop ATM:
competing network
standard for carrying highspeed voice/data
standards bodies:
ATM Forum
ITU
ATM principles:
small (48 byte payload, 5
byte header) fixed length
cells (like packets)
fast switching
small size good for voice
virtual-circuit network:
switches maintain state for
each call
well-defined interface
between network and
user (think of telephone
company)
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
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ATM layers
ATM Adaptation
Layer (AAL):
interface to
upper layers
end-system
segmentation/re
assembly
ATM Layer: cell
switching
Physical
application
TCP/UDP
IP
AAL
ATM
physical
application
TCP/UDP
IP
AAL
ATM
physical
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
Wheres the application?
ATM: lower layer
functionality only
IP-over ATM: later
ATM
physical
application
TCP/UDP
IP
AAL
ATM
physical
application
TCP/UDP
IP
AAL
ATM
physical
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Chapter 1: Summary
Covered a ton of
material!
You now hopefully
have:
context, overview,
feel of networking
more depth, detail
later in course
Internet overview
whats a protocol?
network edge, core,
access network
performance: loss,
delay
layering and service
models
backbones, NAPs,
ISPs
history
ATM network
Lecture #2:10
th
March 2007
26
Questions?
Lecture #2:10th March 2007
27
