Focus: Independent Living and Political

Participation
International study on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities

Content
ACRONYMS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FOREWORD
Martin Essl, Founder, Essl Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Authors:
Silvia Balmas
Michael Fembek
Vincent Hauquier
Ingrid Heindorf
Wilfried Kainz
Clara Pitzinger
Amelie Saupe
Jessica Vilela
Zero Project Director:
Michael Fembek
This publication was developed with contributions from Ingrid Heindorf (Policy
research), Silvia Balmas and Jesica Vilela (Indicators research), Doris Neuwirth
(coordination), Christoph Almasy & Paul Leichtfried (design), and John Tessitore
(editing).
ISBN 978-3-200-03988-9
Essl Foundation, January 2015. All rights reserved.
First published 2015. Printed in Austria.
Published in the Zero Project Report series:
Zero Project Report 2014: Accessibility
Zero Project Report 2013: Employment
Disclaimers
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of
the Essl Foundation or the Zero Project. The designations employed and the
presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatso
ever on the part of the Essl Foundation concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its
frontiers or boundaries.
For more information on the report, to download versions, and for further analysis
of the Zero Project, visit www.zeroproject.org
For information or copies, contact: [email protected]
Essl Foundation, Aufeldgasse 17-23, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria

WORLDMAP
Innovative Practices and Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

SOCIAL INDICATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
INNOVATIVE PR ACTICES 2015
Key findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Factsheets of all Innovative Practices, listed by country AZ . . . . . . . 37
Innovative Practices of former Zero Project Reports, Updates . . . . . 76

INNOVATIVE P OLICIES 2015

Key findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Factsheets of all Innovative Policies, listed by country AZ. . . . . . . . . . 82
Innovative Policies of former Zero Project Reports, Updates . . . . . . 104

ANNEX
Questionnaire of Social Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Table: Main results of Social Indicators by question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Table: All results of Social Indicators by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Table: Overview of Innovative Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Table: Overview of Innovative Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Zero Project Research Network 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

For a World without Barriers

FOREWORD BY MARTIN ES SL
Founder, Essl Foundation

I can hardly believe that it has been eight years since my wife, Gerda, and I started
the Essl Foundation. It seems both a lifetime ago and yet only yesterday.
And so much has happened in just the year since I wrote the Foreword to the Zero
Project Report 2014.
The Zero Project itself has grown by leaps and bounds. The Zero Project Conference is just one example. In February last year we held our first ever conference
at the headquarters of the United Nations here in Vienna. At the three-day event,
focusing on accessibility, we were honoured to welcome 360 delegates from 50
countries around the world. This year, again at the UN, over 400 experts and other
concerned individuals joined us from 60 countries to focus on Independent Living
and Political Participation, and to discuss the newest set of Innovative Policies
and Innovative Practices for persons with disabilities.
This is a special year for the Zero Project for another reason: co-funding by the
PROGRESS program of the European Union enables us for the first to carry the
Zero Project to local decision-makers in Austria, the projects home country. Over
the coming months we will organize nine Zero Project Austria conferences throughout the country, will produce a separate report that is targeted towards the Austrian
situation, and will create a website dedicated exclusively to the Austrian context.
Next year we will complete our first circle of research: After researching Employment (2013), Accessibility (2014) and Independent Living and Political Participation
(2015), in 2016 the focus of our research will be Education. After that, we will
re-visit Employment, giving us also the opportunity to analyse change and change
processes for the first time. With the Social Indicators that we have been researching since the beginning of the Zero Project, we have the right tools at hand.

List of Acronyms
AAT . . . . . . . . . Applied Assistive Technologies
ADAP. . . . . . . . Accomodating Diversity for Active Participation
ANED. . . . . . . . Academic Network of European Disability Experts
API. . . . . . . . . . Association for Promoting Inclusion
DCYP. . . . . . . . Disabled Children and Young People
DMH. . . . . . . . . Department of Mental Health
DPI. . . . . . . . . . Disabled Peoples`International
DPO. . . . . . . . . Disabled Peoples Organizations
DRPI. . . . . . . . . Disability Rights Promotion International
EASPD . . . . . . European Association of Service Providers
EBU. . . . . . . . . European Blind Union
ECS. . . . . . . . . Environmental Control Systems
EDF . . . . . . . . . European Disability Forum
EEG. . . . . . . . . European Expert Group on the Transition from Institutional
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .to Community Based Care
ENAT. . . . . . . . European Network of Accessible Tourism
ENIL. . . . . . . . . European Network for Independent Living
e.V. . . . . . . . . . . eingetragener Verein (registered Association)
FRA . . . . . . . . . Federal Rights Agency (of the European Union)
GAATES. . . . . Global Alliance on Accessible Technologies and Environments
GmbH . . . . . . . Gesellschaft mit beschrnkter Haftung (registered company)
ID . . . . . . . . . . . Intellectual Disability
IDA. . . . . . . . . . International Disability Alliance
IE. . . . . . . . . . . . Inclusion Europe
IFES. . . . . . . . . International Foundation for Electoral Systems
IL. . . . . . . . . . . . Independent Living

ILO. . . . . . . . . . International Labour Organization

ISL . . . . . . . . . . Individual Supported Living
ITU. . . . . . . . . . International Telecommunication Union
Ltd.. . . . . . . . . . Limited (registered company)
MIUSA. . . . . . . Mobility International USA
MP . . . . . . . . . . Member of Parliament
NGO. . . . . . . . . Non-governmental organization
NOUSPR. . . . . National Organization of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
OHCHR. . . . . . Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
PA. . . . . . . . . . . Personal Assistance
PAB . . . . . . . . . Personal Assistance Budget
PAS . . . . . . . . . Personal Assistance Services
PO . . . . . . . . . . Personal Ombudsman
RIADIS. . . . . . . Latin American Network of Non-governmental Organizations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .of Persons with Disabilities and their Families
SAVE. . . . . . . . Sexual Abuse Victim Empowerment
ULO. . . . . . . . . User-led organization
UN. . . . . . . . . . . United Nations
UN CRPD. . . . United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .with Disabilities
UN DESA. . . . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNHCHR . . . . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Human Rights
UNICEF. . . . . . United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund
WHO. . . . . . . . World Health Organization
WHOCC. . . . . World Health Organization Collaborating Centre

None of the work we do would be possible without our global network of experts.
Whereas last year these numbered in excess of 2,000 men and women around the
world, we are now in a position to benefit from the expertise and knowledge freely
shared with us by more than 3,000 disability experts in over 150 countries. To all
of them I convey, as always, my heartfelt thanks.
We continue to see our mission as promoting change change that will both
improve the lives of person with disabilities and, by helping advance the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, enable them
to take their rightful place in the world.
Our aim remains and will always be for a world without barriers.

Martin Essl
Founder, Essl Foundation | January 2015

Executive
Summary

The Zero Project

Social Indicators

The Zero Project, its organization and its vision of

a world without barriers.

Measuring the implementation of the UN Convention on the

Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 150 countries

Innovative Policies

Innovative Practices

11 laws and regulations by governments that have

an outstanding impact on Indepenent Living and Political
Participation

39 projects, programs or social enterprises that have

an outstanding impact on Indepenent Living and Political
Participation

About the Zero Project

The Zero Project was initiated by the Essl Foundation in 2010, and has run in partnership with the
World Future Council (WFC) since 2011 and with the European Foundation Centre (EFC) since 2013.
The mission of the Zero Project is to work for a world without barriers, according to the principles and
Articles of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD).

Innovative Practices and Policies

The project advances its mission by researching Innovative Practices and Innovative Polices worldwide
that help to improve the lives of persons with disabilities, as well as by researching social indicators that
measure the implementation of the UN CRPD and
the current situation in all countries of the world. The
most successful and most readily replicated practices and policies are then presented in the projects
annual report, with specific guidance as to how and

Independent Living
includes the opportunity to
make choices and
decisions regarding where
to live, with whom to live,
and how to live.
European Network of Independent Living

to what degree these can be expanded to other regions and countries. The annual report then guides a
wide variety of decision-makers and opinion-leaders
worldwide, including UN and EU bodies, national and
regional parliamentarians, organizations supporting
people with disabiliteis, service-providers, foundations, and academics.

Network approach
The Zero Project is the work of a small core team of
professionals from the Essl Foundation, the WFC, and
the EFC, whereas the expertise that supports the
projects work comes from a huge network of disability experts from around the world. Every year the
research focuses on a specific topic: In 20122013 it
was Employment; in 20132014 it was Accessibility;
in 20142015 it is Independent Living and Political
Participation; and in 20152016 it will be Education.
Zero Project conference, report, and website
The Zero Project team organizes the annual Zero Project Conference in Vienna every February. It publishes
an annual report, updates the Zero Project Website,
and presents its results in leading conferences and
congresses around the world.
Zero Project Austria
In 20142015 the Zero Project also conducted research on Innovative Practices and Policies that have
special relevance to Austria the country of the Zero
Project headquarters. In a separate research process,
all shortlisted nominations were selected exclusively
by Austrian experts in order to identify those that are
most relevant for the Austrian context.
The results of the Zero Project Austria are published in a separate report and on its own website (in
German). They will also be presented at a series of
conferences, one of which is held nationally as part
of the international Zero Project Conference in Vienna
as well as another nine conferences to be held in
the nine capital cities of the Austrian provinces. The
Zero Project Austria 20142015 is co-funded by the
PROGRESS program of the European Union.

The Right to Independent Living

and Political Participation
The focus of the Zero Project research for 20142015
is Independent Living and Political Participation
Independent Living
Article 19 of the UN CPRD sets out a right to live
independently and be included in the community,
recognising that disability results from the interaction
between persons with impairments and attitudinal
and environmental barriers that hinder their full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis
with others. (Choice and control: The right to independent living, a report published by the European
Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2012).
Two related articles of the UN CRPD should also be
taken into consideration when approaching the concept of Independent Living, as these address many
aspects of peoples lives:
Article 12: right to equal recognition before the law
Article 28: right to an adequate standard of living
and social protection
These jointly create a framework for the inclusion of
persons with disabilities in the community.
According to the European Network of Independent
Living,1 this means in practice that:
Independent Living is the daily demonstration of
human rights-based disability policies. Independent Living is possible through the combination of
various environmental and individual factors that
allow disabled people to have control over their own
lives. This includes the opportunity to make choices
and decisions regarding where to live, with whom to
live, and how to live. Services must be accessible to
all and provided on the basis of equal opportunity,
allowing disabled people flexibility in our daily life.
Independent Living requires that the built environment and transport are accessible, that there is
availability of technical aids, access to personal
assistance, and/or community-based services. It is
necessary to point out that Independent Living is
for all disabled persons, regardless of the level of
their support needs.
Political Participation
As noted in a 2014 report of the European Union
Agency for Fundamental Rights2:

FAC T S A B O U T T H E Z E R O P R O J E C T

3,000

650

Experts contributing
since 2011 (appx.)

Experts contributing
20142015 (appx.)

231

58

No. of nominated
Practices/Policies 2015

No. of nominating
countries 2015

50

150

No. of Innovative Practices/ Countries covered by

Policies 2015 (39/11)
Social Indicators (see below)

30

275

No. of Social Indicators

No. of questionnaires
respondents

450

Participants at the Zero Project Conference 2015

(registrations as of Feb 16, 2015)

ities take part in other types of political activity in

large numbers, including being members of political
parties, attending political meetings and contacting
elected officials. Providing more accessible information and processes, as well as better support and
reasonable accommodation that is, adjustments
to allow persons with disabilities to enjoy their
human rights on an equal basis with others can
further improve their participation.
Implications for governments are, according to
Inclusion International3:
Government policies and practices must ensure
persons with intellectual disabilities are registered
at birth to facilitate their civic participation to vote.
Governments must ensure voting processes are
accessible to allow persons with intellectual disabilities to contribute as equal citizens.
When required, supports and safeguards must be provided to allow persons with intellectual disabilities to
engage in political practices without outside influence.
1) Source: www.enil.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/FAQ_Independent_Living.pdf

Given an accessible and enabling environment,

persons with disabilities are active citizens keen to
be engaged in the political life of their communities.
As well as voting in elections, persons with disabil-

2) Source: http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014right-political-participation-persons-disabilities_en.pdf
3) Independent but not alone, 2014; http://inclusion-international.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Independent-But-Not-Alone.pdf

Researching Social Indicators, Innovative Practices, and Innovative

Policies: The network approach
of the Zero Project
The Zero Project engages its network of experts, including a high percentage of persons with disabilities,
in the nomination, research, and selection processes
of Innovative Policies and Innovative Practices as well
as in its Social Indicator research, which is based on a
questionnaire sent out to the expert network.
Participating in a kind of crowd intelligence system, these experts contribute their knowledge and
expertise to the identification of outstanding examples and replicable models that is, solutions that are
particularly innovative and effective in advancing the
implementation on the UN CRPD, compared to other
practices and policies that are in use.
This approach is in line with many scholars who work
in the area of justice and human rights. Amartya Sen,
for example, states in his book The Idea of Justice
that Justice-enhancing changes or reforms demand
comparative assessments, not simply an immaculate
identification of the just society (or the just institutions).
In 2014 more then 2,000 persons and organizations
from almost every country of the world were ap-

proached to join in the research process, and more

than 800 were requested to fill in the questionnaire
of the Social Indicators. A total of 650 experts from
more than 150 countries participated in this years
research (see Annex, Zero Project network).
During the research process, 231 nominations were
made by experts from 58 countries. Hundreds more
contributed in the selection process by commenting,
evaluating, and voting, based on such criteria as innovation, impact, scalability, and professional approach.
Ultimately, 39 Innovative Practices and 11 Innovative
Policies all of them addressomg Independent Living
and Political Participation were selected.
During the period SeptemberNovember 2014, 275
experts from 150 countries answered the Social
Indicators questionnaire. Almost half of these experts
(134) belong to the Disabled Peoples International
network, and the Zero Project is especially grateful
for its continuing support.

Key findings of the

Social Indicators
The Zero Project Indicators 2015 consist of 30 questions that can be split in two groups:

a. Independent Living (10 questions)

Equal recognition before the law
Personal rights
Community-based service and alternatives
to institutions
Legal and social protection
Assistance and support

One of eleven Innovative Policies: In Belgium (Flanders) persons with

disabilities can chose to receive a Personal Assistance Budget, which allows
them to fully control the support they receive.

10

people with disabilities have choice and control over the services they use? This world map is taken from the Zero Project website: Red indicates that the answer is no, orange indicates Yes with qualifications, and green indicates yes. The website gives you other opportunities
for research as well, like searching for names and explanations of respondents.

16 questions cover a range of key UN CRPD

Articles, and have been surveyed in a consistent
manner since 2011. These questions ask for details
on the implementation of the UN CPRD regarding
general issues, and specifically regarding built
environment, transport, emergencies, education,
data collection, employment, independent living/
political participation, and CRPD implementation
and monitoring.
1 4 questions are adapted to the annual theme of research. This year the theme is Independent Living
and Political Participation. Thus, the usual questions in these areas were augmented to include:

Credit: Onafhankelijk Leven vzw

Question 21 of the Social Indicators asks: If forms of residential care exists in your country, are there any alternatives to institutions and do

b. Political Participation (4 questions)

Access to justice
Access to information
Political rights
Access to voting procedures

Main results of quantitative analysis of all

Social Indicators
The question with the most Yes responses (green
lights): 52 percent of all respondents worldwide
claim that persons with disabilities are not discriminated against in their right to marry and have
children.
At the bottom end of the table, only 3 percent of respondents believe that the public transport system
in the main capital is accessible for all.
Only 6 percent of respondents state that there is
available data on the number of university graduates with disabilities.
Only 6 percent of the emergency alarm systems in
use are accessible to everyone.
93 percent of respondents believe that no satisfactory system of personal assistance services is
available in their country.
Within the group of indicators related to Independent Living, the best score is given to the availability
of services and technologies, but still only with
20 percent of respondents answering Yes.
Within the group of indicators related to political participation, availability of accessibility is worst with
only 18 percent of respondents answering Yes.

W H AT I S A N I N ST I T U T I O N ? 4
An institution is any residential care facility
where:
Residents are isolated from the broader community and/or compelled to live
together;
Residents do not have sufficient control over
their lives and over decisions that affect
them; and
The requirements of the institution itself
tend to take precedence over the residents
individual needs.

4) Source: http://deinstitutionalisationguide.eu/wp-content/uploads/CommonEuropean-Guidelines-on-the-Transition-from-Institutional-to-Community-basedCare-English.pdf (p. 10)

11

Main results of qualitative

analysis of the Social Indicators
on Independent Living
Insitutions still as predominant forms of care
In many countries, especially in Eastern Europe and
in the states of the former Soviet Union, institutions
still exist and people do not have an option but to live
there, since the government does not have the capacity to provide services to the community, as explained
by a respondent from Ukraine.
Community-based services and alternatives to
institutions
In some countries from the Global South, especially in
Africa, institutions do not exist, and it is mostly family
members who provide care (mentioned in Belize, Benin, Ghana, Suriname). In countries where instiutions
are present, alternatives might exist (as experts state
in the case of Ethiopia), but these are not considered
preferable. In both cases implementation of the UN
CRPD is still far from a reality.
Poor monitoring of institutions
In general, monitoring seems to be more common
in European countries as well as in other countries
with greater financial capability. But respondents
from the United States point out loopholes in the U.S.

Innovative Policy from

Uganda: The country
legislated that elected

M A I N R E S U LT S O N E L E C T I O N S
Promising practices of alternative and assisted
voting and accessible elections:
postal vote applications (Australia, Luxembourg, and most other countries)
availability of a special phone number
(Australia)
home voting (Azerbaijan, Estonia, Serbia)
mobile voting booths (Bhutan, Cook Islands,
Czech Republic)
electronic voting (Estonia, Finland)
provision of wheelchair accessible polling
stations (Estonia, Mauritius, Netherlands)
possibility of voting at hospital or other institutions (Ireland)
assistants who are allowed to help blind
voters (Bangladesh, Finland, Iraq, Mauritius,
Nepal, Papua New Guinea, South Sudan)
training for election officials (Austria)
electorate information regularly available in
audio versions (Armenia)
TV broadcasts in sign language (Estonia)

legislative framework, especially regarding institutions

related to health (such as psychiatric hospitals) where
monitoring can only be done by health bodies that are
not independent (reported as well in The Netherlands
and Peru).

political bodies at all

levels must reserve a
minimum number of
seats for representatives of persons with
disabilities.
Hon. Asamo Hellen
Grace, one of Ugandas
parliamentarians representing persons with
disabilities of Eastern
Uganda in Parliament,
speaking at a conference on disability &

Assistance is very limited in most countries

In many countries, assistance and support are only
available for certain types of disabilities (Mauritius,
Moldova, Uruguay). Very often, persons with disabilities must rely on their own ability to pay for their personal assistance and assistive devices since assistive
technology or more specific devices are often difficult
to receive from public funding. This is due to either
a strict assessment of peoples needs (Canada),
limited public funding, availability from private sector
only (Germany, United States, Hungary), waiting lists
from government programmes, or availability for civil
servants only (as in Ghana).

Results of qualitative analysis of

the Social Indicators on Political
Participation
Restricted voting rights
Comments showed that in many countries there are
restrictions regarding the right to vote by secret ballot
in elections, especially for blind people or persons
with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities, who
need to vote through their assistant. These situations
clearly violate their right to confidentiality (Bangladesh, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Iraq, Ivory Coast,
Kyrgyzstan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Tanzania, Zimbabwe).
In many countries, intellectual disability is a criterion
that can affect an individuals eligibility to vote, which is
defined sometimes as limited capacity to vote (Ivory
Coast, Mauritius, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, Estonia and
FInland). Furthermore, in developing countries illiteracy
expecially among people with disabilities (for example, 96 percent in the Ivory Coast) is a determinant
barrier that prevents people with disabilities to vote.
In regards to the right to be elected, especially in developing countries, people with disabilities experience
cultural stigma within their society. Thus, despite the
absence of a specific legal framework that denies them
this right, they generally do not dare to present themselves for elections. In most countries, constitutional
texts clearly define sound of mind as a condition for
a person to be elected, thus preventing people with
intellectual disabilities to stand for most government
positions (Ireland, United States). According to experts,
Iraqi law prohibits people with intellectual disabilities
to hold government positions. In Pakistan, for example,
persons with disabilities other than intellectual disabilities have the right to be elected, but some posts are restricted, such as Prime Minister or President. The legal
framework differs from reality, however, where normally
no person with a disability is in Parliament.
Analysing data via the Zero Project website and
Open Source Data
The Annex includes two tables on the Zero Project
Indicators: A breakdown of all 242 analysed questionnaires and all 30 questions, and a summary of the
quantitative research.

HIV and AIDS, organized by National Union

of Disabled Persons of
Uganda.

Credit: NUDIPU

12

Where there is no state-sponsored assistance, civil

society plays an essential role. In many countries
in the Global South assistive device provision relies
heavily on NGOs, volunteering, social welfare,
and grassroots organizations (Bangladesh, Benin,
Bhutan, Cook Islands, Honduras, Moldova, Nigeria,
Liberia).

All data, including the names and organizations of

respondents, countries, and comments, can be best
viewed on the Zero Project website in the Indicators
section. Every answer can be viewed via world maps.
The complete open source data is also freely available for download on the website, enabling everyone to
conduct their own research.

THE STORY OF BREE-ANNA

This is my
Microboard!
My name is Bree-Anna,
and I am from British
Columbia, Canada. Due to
the physical and developmental challenges that I
face, I need assistance
with things such as my
daily life activities, transportation to college and
recreational venues, and
voting during elections. I also need assistance with
managing my paid support needs.
Over ten years ago my parents heard about Vela
Microboards. In British Columbia support to set
up a Microboard is available for free through Vela.
We thought it was a great idea to manage my
supports and services with assistance from family
and friends. My parents, along with my brother,
a number of our extended family members, and
several friends, created a non-profit organization
just for me! This is my Microboard.
The members of my Microboard know my wishes,
needs, and practical information, such as my
favourite foods, so I am sure they will support me
to make the best decisions for my life. What I like
most about my Microboard is the support that it
provides me to do fun things I enjoy, like tubing on
the lake in the summer, going out to eat, attending
parties, and exploring new adventures together. I
am really happy to have people I know and trust
helping me to manage my life.
Innovative Practice from Canada (British Columbia): A Microboard is a small group of family and
friends who join a person with disabilities to create
a non-profit organization so as to support the
person to create the life he or she envisions. The
network enhances supports that may previously
have been solely the responsibility of parents or
other relatives.

13

DEFINITION
O F A N I N N OVAT I V E P R AC T I C E
Innovative Practices of the Zero Project are
projects, programmes, social enterprises, etc.
that:
are creative, professional, successful, and
scalable
can be transferred or copied to other countries/regions/contexts and have a measurable impact
speed up the process of implementing the
UN CPRD

Innovative Practice from the United States: The three-week Womens Institute on Leadership and Disability (WILD) program of Mobility

THE STORY OF DUMITRIA

The five years I spent in

an institution for children
with disabilities in Moldova
felt like an eternity.
My name is Dumitria, and I am
a 14-year-old girl with disabilities and learning difficulties.
Support services did not
exist where I lived, and the
mainstream school would not
accept me. My family could
not afford the education and
care I needed, so I was placed in an institution for
children with disabilities. This place was far from
home, which made family visits very difficult. In the
institution I missed very much the love and care of
my parents and sister.

International USA (MIUSA) has trained more than 200 women with disabilities from over 80 countries on strate- gies for improving the lives of
women and girls with disabilities.

Key findings of
Innovative Practices
Assistance and Budget
Several Innovative Practices have developed models
on how to organize and finance personal assistance,
and how to organize personal budget models, where
financial support is given to persons with disabilities
themselves and not to service providers. In the employer model, for example, the person with a disability is the employer of her or his assistant(s), and an
organization hired by that individual then provides all
the services that are needed.
Community Living
Another group of Innovative Practices has developed models of community living, where persons
with disabilities, including those with intellectual and
multiple disabilities, have a real possibility to choose
where to live and with whom, which is a prerequisite
for deinstitutionalisation and a clear requirement of
the UN CRPD. Some of these Innovative Practices, for
example, use apartment sharing, Microboards, and
create affordable and efficient support systems for
families and care givers.

14

Peer support
Some practices work especially on peer support,
using the capabilities of persons with disabilities,
including those with intellectual disabilities and
learning difficulties. Their first-hand experience and
knowledge of many societal issues enables them to
be experts in their field. Peer support includes training
and teaching models, and it also creates jobs and
new professions.
Self-empowerment
A group of Innovative Practices concentrate on the
empowerment of persons with disabilities, training
them in communication, literacy, etc. Others initiate
and support groups of self-representatives and/or
work on self-representation and access to justice.
Quite outstanding work is done by those Innovative Practices that support groups of persons with
disabilities that are even more vulnerable, e.g., deaf
women in male dominated societies or victims of
sexual abuse.

Participation in public and political life

Combining issues of Independent Living and Political
Participation, several Innovative Practices train persons with disabilities, especially those with intellectual
disabilities and learning difficulties, in self-representation towards administrations, service providers, etc.
Such Practices often include political participation
so that the voices of persons with disabilities are
heard in the media, in political consultations, in public
speeches, and/or in consultation processes for new
policies. Some even work towards preparing persons
with disabilities to run for political office.
Accessible elections
A very distinct group works on the accessibility of
elections for all, which includes election tools (e.g.,
Braille ballots and election materials), training for
election staff, physical accessibility of polling stations,
access to information on elections, etc.

Being reunited with my family thanks to support

from Lumos was a dream come true! For two
years now I have been studying at the mainstream
school close to my home. Today, I feel like part
of the community. I am very happy living with my
family, all of whom love and support me. I also like
my new school, where I am doing well and where
my friends and teachers understand me. I am a
strong advocate for inclusive education in our
schools discussion group, and I speak out whenever I can. My dream is that all children with disabilities in Moldova can live with their families. I want to
help other children to return home and give them
confidence and hope for a better future.
Innovative Practice from the United Kingdom: Together with the Moldovan Government, the Lumos
Foundation has promoted an integrated policy and
programme of deinstitutionalisation and inclusive
education for children with disabilities. This allows
them to leave residential care and to return to their
families and communities while receiving education in a mainstream school.

15

Key findings of Innovative Policies

For different government levels and bodies
Innovative Policies 2015 are established at all levels of
government, from the local/municipal level (Swedens
Personal Ombudsmen) to the regional level (Upper
Austria and Flanders) up to the national level (Sweden, United Kingdom, etc.). Some policies concern
exclusively the most important legislative body at the
national level: e.g., the Parliament (South Africa, Japan, etc.). Others concern the mandate and operation
of an independent agency organizing and overseeing
elections: e.g., the Electoral Commission (New Zealand, etc.). In order to ensure the full implementation
of the rights of persons with disabilities, it is crucial to
mainstream their rights at all levels of policy-making.
For persons with all types of disabilities
Many existing policies include their own, restrictive
definition of disability or refer to a definition found in
another law, often the countrys antidiscrimination law.
However, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons

DEFINITION
O F A N I N N OVAT I V E P O L I CY
Innovative Policies have achieved identifiable
improvements on the ground, and have demonstrated a positive dynamic of change that can
be easily replicated in many countries to advance the implementation of the UN Convention
on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN
CPRD). Like all innovation, some policies may
be incomplete or dependent on other developments to maximize their impact. Some policies,
no matter how positive, may also contain
elements of old thinking. Since the implementation of the UN CRPD is a work in progress
for all countries, these elements are taken into
account in the overall assessment of innovation.

with Disabilities does not include a definition of disability, and states explicitly in its Article 1 that persons
with disabilities include those who have long-term
physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments.
Policies should be reformed accordingly. The overall
goal should be to avoid spelling out an unavoidably
restrictive definition of disability and instead to implement steps relevant for all regardless of disability,
as stated, for example, by New Zealands strategy for
electoral access.
Including the most excluded groups
There are persons with certain types of disabilities
that are more severely affected than others. These
include persons with extensive disabilities who need
daily assistance in order to be able to live independently in their familys or their own home. Sweden
is one of the few countries that have established a
right to a personal assistance budget.
Among the most neglected groups are also persons
with severe mental and psychosocial problems. In
such cases, the Personal Ombudsmen in Sweden
have proven to be true change makers in the lives
of many disabled persons. Similarly, in Upper Austria persons with disabilities who have psychiatric
experience can become qualified peer counsellors
who can then help other disabled persons currently in
psychiatric care.

THE STORY OF ADOLF R ATZK A

My assistants enable me
to work
My assistants enable me to work. One of their
most important functions is to accompany me
on trips as head of the Independent Living Institute. Since my wife has her own work she is an
occupational therapist we only travel together on
vacations. And then, too, I take an assistant along,
since I want to have the same role within my family
that I would have had without my disability. Money
for the costs of the accompanying assistants
airline tickets, hotel room, meals, etc. is part of the
monthly payment from the Social Insurance Fund.
Thus, I do not have to apply and fight for such
expenses every time I travel.

Persons who are placed under guardianship often

lose their legal rights, including their right to vote. A
spectacular 2013 court ruling in Japan established
that provisions that deprive persons under guardianship of their voting rights are unconstitutional, and the
repeal of such provisions led to the enfranchisement
of more than 136,000 people.
Dr. Adolf Ratzka encountered his disability as a result

Also, easy language users are another group that is

often neglected by policy-makers. An exception is this
years Innovative Policy that comes from New Zealand, where the national strategy aims for electoral
accessibility for all, including people with learning and
intellectual disabilities.

of contracting polio at the age of 17, and he has had to

rely on personal assistance ever since. He imported
the Independent Living movement to Sweden from the
United States and founded the Stockholm Cooperative
for Independent Living, which was behind the introduction of the Swedish law that established the right to a
personal assistance budget.

Question 30 of the Social Indicators: Is the official electorate information produced by the election management body accessible to all?
This world map is taken from the Zero Project website: red indicates that the answer is No, orange indicates Yes with qualifications, and
green indicates yes. Using www.zeroproject.org allows various kinds of in-depth analysis.

16

17

Innovative
Practices
and Innovative
Policies
ZERO PROJECT 2015

France/Czech Republic/United Kingdom

Guidelines for accessible elections in Europe
Inclusion Europe

United Kingdom
Funding for running for an elected office, 2012
Funding Agreement (Political Participation); Country Level
Helpline and platform on personalised care
Disability Rights UK

Luxembourg

Norway

Sweden

Funding a national disability information centre, 1993

Funding Agreement (Independent Living); Country Level

Personal assistance is custom-designed

Uloba

The right to a personal

assistance budget, 1993
Law (Independent Living);
Country Level

Belgium

Freedom School Training for an active role in society

Onafhankelijk Leven vzw
Stimulating political participation for persons with
an intellectual disability
Our New Future
Proefwonen fast access to affordable homes
Woonwinkel Zennevallei

Cheap equipment to make PCs accessible

Connect to Control (Scope, Beaumont College)

Study kit about citizenship and personal rights

Socialstyrelsen (National Board of Social Services)

User-led-organization teaching and inspiring others

SPECTRUM Centre for Independent Living

Innovative Policy

The all-round support program

MOBILE- Selbstbestimmtes Leben Behinderter e.V. for independent living
The employer model in
personal assistance
Rhein Main Inklusiv

Diverting EU funds towards

community-based care
European Expert Group

Offering individualised support and sharing lessons learned

National Federation of Voluntary Bodies Providing Services to
People with Intellectual Disabilities

Peer counselling as an approved profession, 2008

Law (Independent Living); Regional Level

Moldova
Returning children to their families and an inclusive environment
Lumos Foundation

Canada

Croatia
Living alone with individualized support
Association for Promoting Inclusion
Voting without legal capacity
Udruga za samozastupanje
(Association for Self Advocacy)

Spain
Voting and
participating in
the electoral process,
2007 & 2011
Decree (Political
Participation); Country Level

Strengthening electoral systems

to be inclusive and accessible
International Foundation for
Electoral Systems

Serbia
Online platform on community-based services
Youth with Disabilities Forum

Jamaica

Uganda

A business approach to
sustainable community living
Digicel Foundation Jamaica

Electoral quota for

persons with disabilities, 1995 & 1997
Law (Political Participation); Country Level

Italy
Regional network to promote legal capacity of
people with psychosocial disabilities
The Trust for the Americas/
Organization of American States

Deinstitutionalisation and
community living
since 1980
Trieste Mental Health
Department &
WHOCC
Creating careers from disabilities
The Living Link
Cheap tool to make
ballot papers accessible to the blind
Electoral Commission

18

Japan
Enfranchising people under guardianship, 2013
Law (Political Participation); Country Level

Free personal assistance

proves cost-effictive
ASPAYM

Argentina (and others)

Providing accessible candidate

lists and other election materials
for visually impaired persons
Finnish Federation of the Visually
Impaired

Austria

Microboards: Small non-profits for

supported decision-making
Vela Microboard Association

Womens Institute on
Leadership and Disability
Mobility International USA

Finland

Competition among students for innovative devices and software

UNIKATE

European Union

Ireland

United States (and worldwide)

Personal Ombudsmen, 2000

Policy (Independent Living);
Country Level

Persons with disabilities employing their assistants

VbA Independent Living e.V.

Denmark

A brokerage for short family vacations

Scope and Suffolk County Council

Innovative Practice

Germany

Flanders Personal Assistance Budget, 2000

Decree (Independent Living); Regional Level

Yemen

Nepal

Employment and inclusion

of rural girls with hearing
impairments
Al Saeeda Association

Training to actively engage in civic rights

International Foundation for Electoral Systems

Papa New Guinea

Inclusion of children and youths
with hearing impairments
Callan Services for Disabled
Persons

Israel
Supportive housing:
Helping young adults to
live independently
Israel Unlimited

South Africa
Ensuring equal access
for Members of Parliament, 2006 & 2009
Strategy (Political Participation); Country Level
Sexual abuse victim
empowerment programme
Cape Mental Health

New Zealand

Zimbabwe
Enfranchising people with disabilities
Jairos Jiri Association

Rwanda
Empowerment through peer-to-peer support
National Organization of Users and Survivors
of Psychiatry

Australia

Improving access to electoral

events, 2014
Strategy (Political Participation);
Country Level

Regional network to promote legal

capacity of people with psychosocial disabilities
School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University
Voting independently and privately
Scytl Secure Electronic Voting, S.A.

19

Key Findings
of the Zero Project
Social Indicators

20

Worldwide coverage

30 questions

Coverage of 150 countries worldwide makes the

Zero Project Social Indicators a unique wealth of data

Designed to focus on concrete implementations ofthe most

important rights granted by the UN CRPD

Qualitative analysis

Website

All available data has been analysed quantitatively but also

qualitatively by researching comments and explanations

The full set of data is available on www.zeroproject.org, best

to be seen on interactive world maps

21

Key Findings of
the Social Indicators

a. Independent Living
Equal recognition before the law
Personal rights
Community-based service and alternatives
to institutions
Legal and social protection
Assistance and support

WO R L DW I D E C OV E R AG E
Number of participating
countries of the
Zero Project

150
130

MEASURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UN CRPD WITH 30 QUESTIONS IN 150 COUNTRIES

The work of the Zero Project (first launched in 2011) is based on Social Indicators designed to
measure the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD). It was only later that Innovative Practices and Policies were added to the research.

The Zero Projects Social Indicators are designed to

complement the work of national monitoring bodies, federal bureaus of statistics, and international
organizations that measure the implementation of the
UN CRPD. They are based on questionnaires that are
completed by experts who assess the implementation
in their own country (or country state). The questions
are designed to focus on concrete implementations
of the most important rights granted by the UN CRPD,
as stated in its Articles.
The questions asked of expert panels can be answered by Yes, Yes, with qualifications, or No
illustrated with a traffic light system (green, yellow,
red) and every option explained. Respondents are
encouraged to comment on the answer they have
chosen.

During the period September

November 2014, 275 experts
from exactly 150 countries
answered the Zero Project
Questionnaire.
Experts in all countries of the world are approached,
including representatives of grassroots organizations,
national umbrella and membership organizations,
service providers, academics, consultants, social
entrepreneurs, and others. Several organizations
support the research by forwarding the questionnaire

22

to its members. Disabled Peoples International (DPI)

takes a leading role in that respect, encouraging its
members from more than 100 countries to participate
in the survey.
Experts are selected by the Zero Project team,
based on experiences from former years and peer
recommendations of other members of the network,
and are approached by email. The questionnaire
can be answered online in any of four languages
(English, French, German, and Spanish), and is
also available in accessible MS Word documents in
seven languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
German, Russian, and Spanish) on the Zero Project
website. (The full questionnaire appears in English in
the Annex.)
2015: The implementation of the UN CRPD with a focus on Independent Living and Political Participation
Since 2013 the Zero Project Indicators have consisted of approximately 30 questions that can be split in
two groups:
1. Seventeen questions cover the range of key
Articles of the UN CRPD and have been posed in a
consistent manner since 2011. These questions ask
for details of the implementation of the UN CPRD
regarding built environment, transport, emergencies, education, data collection, employment,
independent living/political participation, and CRPD
implementation and monitoring.
2. All other questions are adapted to the annual theme
of research. This year the theme is Independent
Living and Political Participation. Thus, the usual
questions in these areas were augmented to
include:

b. Political Participation
Access to justice
Access to information
Political rights
Access to voting procedures
The scope of the survey 2015
During the period SeptemberNovember 2014, 275
experts from exactly 150 countries answered the
Zero Project Questionnaire. Almost half of those
experts 134 came from the DPI network, and the
Zero Project is especially grateful for its continuing
support.
Coverage of 150 countries worldwide makes the
Zero Project Indicators a unique wealth of data and
background information on the implementation of the
UN CRPD. This is especially true as the number of
participating countries has grown dramatically over
just five years:
2010: 15 countries
2012: 36 countries
2013: 55 countries
2014: 130 countries
2015: 150 countries
Countries with the highest response rate are the
United States (16), Ireland (13), and Belgium (10).
Countries still not covered in the survey include
Ecuador, Iceland, Iran, Mexico, and South Korea. Only
questionnaires where at least 15 questions were answered have been included in the analysis, reducing
the number from 275 to 242.
Regional breakdown:
Europe: 79 replies from 36 countries
Asia & Pacific (including central Asia and Middle
East): 52 replies from 37 countries
Northern Africa: 4 replies from 6 countries
Sub-Saharan Africa: 44 replies from 32 countries
Latin and Central America & the Caribbean: 34
replies from 26 countries
North America: 16 replies from 2 countries
Oceania: 13 replies from 11 countries
How data has been analysed
For this report, quantitative and qualitative analysis
based on both the responses (traffic lights) and the
comments of the experts has been made. The re-

55
36
15

2010

2012

2013

2014

2015

search team focused on clear patterns of responses

that were supported by the comments of the experts
as well.
The answers provided by the experts are purely
based on their experiences and perspectives. Due
to this limitation of the quality of data, the research
team did not use more than a basic set of averaging,
ranking, etc.
Using the Zero Project Indicators
Zero Project website: All data, including the names
and organization of respondents, countries, and
comments, can be best viewed on the Zero Project website in the Indicators section. Every single
question can be analysed via world maps. The maps
can be zoomed in and out. When clicking on a symbol,
the name of the respondent and additional remarks,
if available, are shown, making it easy to access and
compare data.
Open source data: The complete open source data
is also freely available for download on the website,
enabling everyone to conduct their own research.
The Austrian Barometer of Inclusion
In 2014 the Zero Project has, for the first time, conducted a survey together with Lebenshilfe sterreich
(Inclusion Austria) to analyse differences in Independent Living among the nine Austrian country states.
The results will be published in the Zero Project
Report: Austria 2015 and on the Zero Project Austria
website (starting April 2015).

23

O U T STA N D I N G FAC T S
The Annex includes two tables on the
Zero Project Indicators: A breakdown
of all 242 analysed questionnaires and
all 30 questions, and a summary of the
traffic light answers that were given.
Find some outstanding facts here:
The question with the most Yes
responses (green lights): 52 percent
of all respondents worldwide claim
that persons with disabilities are not
discriminated against in their right to
marry and have children.

All 150 countries

covered by
Social Indicators
covered
not covered

At the bottom end of the table, only 3

percent of respondents believe that
the public transport system in the
main capital is accessible for all.
Only 6 percent of respondents state
that there is available data on the
number of university graduates with
disabilities.
The same percentage claims that
emergency alarm systems that are in
use are accessible to everyone.
A meagre 7 percent believe that a
satisfactory system of personal assistance services is available in their
country.
Within the group of those indicators
that are related to Independent Living,
the best score is given to the availability of services and technologies, but
still only with 20 percent of respondents answering Yes.
Within the group of indicators related
to political participation, availability
of accessibility is worst with only
18 percent of respondents answering Yes, whereas 50 percent of all
respondents see no discrimination in
the basic right to vote and in the right
to be elected (see further analysis on
page 111).

24

25

Facts, comments, and quotes

from around the world
The qualitative analysis of the Social Indicators is based on a wealth of information on the situation in
mor than 100 countries of the world, Find a selection of interesting facts and comments here.

ON THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

(Questions 1 and 2)
Many governments especially in the EU have
adopted measures and time frames of up to five
years on average for existing buildings to be made
accessible.
Conflict with heritage protection legislation is often
used as an excuse for not improving building accessibility (as mentioned for Estonia, Portugal, and South
Africa)
All buildings built before 2002 also are under the
scope of the Building Act. It is advised to renovate
them as accessible as possible unless the cost is
too much and unsound or if heritage protection rules
forbid it. (Estonia)
The law applies fully to all buildings open to the
public, except when the means required to implement accessibility are disproportionately difficult, or
requires disproportionate economic and financial
means, or when they significantly affect cultural or
historical heritage. Moreover, the law is not enforced,
mainly by Portuguese state. (Portugal)
Raising awareness is considered of utmost importance: It is only now with the ratification of the CRPD
and through awareness and training sessions often
organized by DPOs and organizations for people
with disabilities and animated by CRPD experts that
the issue of accessibility has begun in a small way to
integrate into the discussions on disability. (Benin)
ON TRANSPORT
(Question 3)
From the questionnaire responses, the current
situation is particularly critical, with only 3 percent of
Yes responses. But respondents also highlight that
metros in Greece are 100 percent accessible. Buses
in The Netherlands are fully accessible, while trains
only partially.
It is commonly observed that either only new means
of transport or only certain types of transportation

26

are accessible. These are mainly found in urban

areas, whereas suburbs, rural areas, and also smaller
islands lack accessible transportation services.
Alternative means of transport (for example, private
vans and taxis) are not always available or are too
expensive for people with disabilities.
The lack of staff training was one of the major issues
reported by respondents, followed by the lack of
autonomous ability to use public transport: The Road
Transport Authority has no indicator or criteria in
their exam system to know the knowledge on disability of drivers. (Salma Mahbub, Protibonhi Nagarik
Shangathaner Parishad, Bangladesh)

ON DISASTER & EMERGENCY RISK REDUCTION

(Question 4)
Respondents emphasised that warning systems are
often only present in public buildings, some hotels, or
government buildings (such as in Iraq). Many comments also identified a lack of training in emergency
service staff. Still, there are some good and promising
practices as well, including:
Micronesia: Just this year the first ever Federated
States of Micronesia came together to develop a
Platform for Disaster Risk Management to Enhancing
Safety and Resilience from Disaster and Climate
Change Risks. (Nelbert Perez, President, Pohnpei
Consumer Organization, Micronesia)
Barbados: The department of emergency management and the district emergency organizations work
directly with DPOs and PWDs to include them in
disaster and early warning system preparedness.
Belgium: The Federal Public Service Interior siren
system uses a network to send alert messages to
the public in a crisis situation at a nuclear or chemical
site. Its new Be-Alert allows you to receive an SMS
when the sirens are activated.

ON EDUCATION
Questions 7 and 8
In most countries children with disabilities cannot be
legally refused an education, but they are gernerally
directed to separate specialised schools. As a consequence, a huge proportion of children with disabilities, in particular children with other than physical
disabilities, are still not integrated into the mainstream
education system (e.g., The Netherlands provides
no legal right for children with disabilities to attend
mainstream schooling; Singapore exempts obligatory
education for children with disabilities).
Some of the reasons for failing to integrate these
children into mainstream education are related to the
lack of resources, such as specialised training for
teachers and staff. In some countries, such as Estonia, experts have pointed out examples where teachers are not prepared or trained to socially integrate
children with disabilities, and thus are instead send
to specialized schools in order to spare the children
from episodes of discrimination, inaccessibility of
buildings, lack of funding and resources, non-adaptable school curriculums, or lack of representation on
school committees.
But there are promising practices mentioned by the
experts as well:
For the first time, Education Policy 2010 has
acknowledged the right to education of persons with
disabilities in mainstream schools in addition to special school . . . and if any teacher refuses to admit any
children with disabilities, he will be punished under
this law. (Salma Mahbub, Bangladesh)
The possibility of alternative testing methods for
persons with disabilities in university are generally
available, such as technology, software, allowing
testing in Braille, and training of staff (Thailand) and
special college programmes adapted to a students
needs (Philippines).

W H E R E I N F R A ST R U C T U R E
I S AC C E S S I B L E
Lahore, Pakistan: Lahore has recently launched a
new BRT system that is completely accessible with
tactile surfacing, Braille signage, ramps and spaces
allocated for wheelchair users, and LCD screens for
people with hearing impairments. The same system is
to be introduced in 2015 to the cities of Rawalpindi and
Islamabad. (Reem Khurshid, Network of Organizations
Working with People with Disabilities, Pakistan)
Budapest, Hungary: On the citys 270 bus lines there
are low-floor buses with a ramp, arriving every 3040
minutes, which is indicated on the timetable for each
bus stop. The new metro is fully accessible, as are trams
Number 4 and 6, including all stops. There are also many
low-floor buses with a ramp in the countryside
in towns and between towns and villages but there
should be more. The ramps, however, are not electric
but are mechanical, which means the driver must get
out, open the ramp, and help the person in a wheelchair
to get into and from the bus. (Eva Caesar, National
Federation of Disabled Persons Associations, Hungary)
Solo City, Indonesia: To enforce the national and local
regulation on accessibility, many local governments set
up a road map and annual budget plan to make urban/
public transports accessible for all persons with disabilities, including speech, hearing, and intellectual disabilities. (Sunarman Sukamto, Director, CBR Development
and Training Centre, Solo, Indonesia).

ON EMPLOYMENT
Questions 10, 11 and 12

One of the major issues reported by many countries

are the restrictions within legal frameworks in taking
actions to provide reasonable accommodation for
employees. For example, in Germany the provision of
reasonable accommodation is mostly applicable only
to existing employees who become disabled while on
the job.

The general situation related to employment issues

does not show a very promising picture, with 45.2
percent of respondents giving a red light.
The dire situation, especially in Europe, is often attributed to the economic crisis of recent years and the
relative limited employment available for persons with
disabilities. Budget cuts and high unemployment rates
have a direct consequence on the lack of adaptations
and the ethical recruitment of people with disabilities
made by employers (mentioned by Portugal and
Greece).

Some promising practices that are reported include

early retirement (Bangladesh), employment support
schemes and legal provisions applying to existing and
new employees (Ireland, Norway, Peru, Philippines),
or reimbursements for necessary measures taken by
the Flemish government (Belgium). In Portugal and
Serbia there are support schemes, incentives, and
competitions for architectural adaptations according
to the needs of employed persons with disabilities, reduced social security contribution rates, and salaries
that can be partly supported by the state.

27

Social Indicators on
Independent Living
Community-based services and residential care, legal and social protection, assistance and support
find the most outstanding results of the Zero Project Social Indicators on Independent Living in this
section.

COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES AND

RESIDENTIAL CARE

a better standard of living than home care, and also

provides more protection against discrimination.

Question 21: If forms of residential care exist in your

country, are there any alternatives to institutions, and
do people with disabilities have choice and control
over the services they use?
Question 22: If forms of residential care exist in your
country, is the number of persons with disabilities
living in institutional care decreasing due to the
increased availability of quality services in the community that are supported and funded by the state?

In other countries, especially in Eastern Europe and in

the states of the former Soviet Union, many institutions exist and people do not have an option but to
live there, since the government does not have the
capacity to provide services to the community, as
explained by a respondent from Ukraine.

Only 15.3 percent of respondents indicate the availability of community living services and alternatives
to institutions, primarily due to the lack of financial
resources and government austerity cuts.
In the poorest countries, institutions mostly do not
exist and it is only family members who provide
care (mentioned in Belize, Benin, Ghana, Suriname).
Alternatives might exist (as experts state for Ethiopia), but in such states most persons with disabilities
still prefer to stay in institutions, which guarantees

S O C I A L I N D I CATO R S O N
I N D E P E N D E N T L I V I N G : WO R L DW I D E AV E R AG E S
Yes

Partial No

NA

Community based-service and alter- 15.2% 31.2%

natives to institutions (Q21/Q22)

25.2% 28.3%

Legal & social protection

(Q23/Q24)

13.2% 53%

23.5% 10.1%

Assistance and support

(Q25/Q26)

13.6% 45.2% 30.3% 10.7%

Q = Question-Number of the Zero Project Questionnaire (see Annex)

28

Budget cuts on the provision of care givers and social

workers have limited the opportunity for other types
of care, and as a result most respondents noted that
the trend in their country is actually away from the
UN CRPD and community living, and that activities
sometimes are cut back to the most basic needs,
such as cleaning.
Private alternatives are often available but not affordable by persons with disabilities, as governments
(and private insurance schemes as well) often do not
fund them (e. g., personal care assistance) or such
services are not readily available: In Flanders the
personal assistance budget offers a better alternative
for institutional care, but due to waiting lists there is
no free choice (Peter Lambreghts, Policy Officer and
Regional Coordinator, Onafhankelijk Leven vzw/ENIL
(Europan Network for Independent Living), Belgium
see also section on Innovative Policies).
In Estonia some people with disabilities avoid being
institutionalized by sharing bigger apartments with
persons that are not disabled and who are paid in
return for their services. Often parents/family are
full-time care givers, living only on 19 per month
since care-giving prevents them from taking jobs
that are paid for. (Sven Kllamets, , Tallinn University
of Technology, Estonia see also several Innovative
Practices mentioned in this report).

Another model exists in France, where if a person

with disability wishes to live autonomously, he or
she can request accommodation by landlords and is
among the priority groups for the allocation of social
housing. Alternatively, persons with disabilities can
chose to live with host families, which are licensed
professionals and controlled by the General Council
(see www.seine-saint-denis.fr)

LEGAL & SOCIAL PROTECTION

Question 23: Are facilities and programs designed to
serve persons with disabilities effectively monitored by
independent authorities?
Question 24: Do measures and safeguards exist
to ensure the right of persons with disabilities to
an adequate standard of living for themselves and
their families, including adequate food, clothing, and
housing?
In almost all countries, monitoring procedures seem
not to be reliable or effective. Sunarman Sukamto,
Director at CBR Development and Training Centre in
Indonesia explains: There is a national scheme for
social protection with financial support of US$ 30 per
month per person, but only for persons with severe
disabilities. However, the budget is too small compared to the number of persons with disabilities in
Indonesia.
In general, monitoring seems to be more common in
European countries as well as in other countries with
greater financial capability. Respondents from the United States point out loopholes in the legislative framework, especially regarding institutions related to health
(such as psychiatric hospitals) where monitoring can
only be done by health bodies that are not independent
(reported as well in The Netherlands and Peru).

ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT

Question 25: Is personal assistance available in your
country?
Question 26: Is there public funding available to
ensure that people with disabilities have access to the
necessary assistive devices and technologies?
Results show that about half of all countries (45.2
percent) are currently providing personal assistance
and technological devices to help persons with disability to live independently.
In many countries, however, the assistance and support is only available for certain types of disabilities
(Mauritius, Moldova, Uruguay). Very often, persons

with disabilities must rely on their own ability to pay

for their personal assistance and assistive devices
(Bosnia-Herzegovina, Nepal, Zimbabwe).
In most countries personal assistance is limited by
the availability of public funding. In Italy, for instance,
the projects that can be implemented are in fact
self-managed or are indirect assistance projects,
but they are always bound by available funds. It is
therefore not rights based. The financial support of
these projects is constantly put at risk because the
funds made available are not specifically dedicated
to independent living and can be absorbed by public
or private structures, mainly for the elderly (Maria
Vincenza Ferrarese, President, Disabled Peoples
International, Italy).
In Canada individualised funding is available, but
there are restrictions that include a strict assessment
of peoples needs. As a consequence, a quarter of
families of children with an intellectual disability report
financial difficulties in meeting household and disability-related expenses. Further, 37 percent of parents
report that the services they lack are not available
locally (Tara Brinston, Canadian Association for
Community Living).
Budget cuts or lack of financial resources prevent the
provision of personal assistance in many countries (Ireland, Serbia, Singapore, and Slovenia have all highlighted this issue). Some comments also refer to complex
administrative processes and long waiting lists lasting
up to a year (Estonia, Ghana, Portugal, Senegal).
Often, new and efficient technology is not provided
by government funding, but is instead provided by the
private sector or by private health insurance (Canada,
Germany, Hungary, United States). A wheelchair
may be availablem but a motorized wheelchair may
not, unless the person can prove absolute inability to
operate a standard wheelchair. Rarely are laptops or
communication devices provided. Hearing aids and
glasses may have such a high co-pay to render them
inaccessible (Frances Purdy, Director, Family Support
Professional Association, United States).
In some instances assistive devices and personal
assistance are only available for those living in
institutions (such as South Africa). In some other
cases personal assistance is limited and given only to
people employed by the state (as in Ghana).
Where there is not state-sponsored assistance, civil
society plays an essential role. In many developing
countries assistive device provision relies heavily on
NGOs, volunteering, social welfare, and grassroots organizations (Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Cook Islands,
Honduras, Moldova, Nigeria, Liberia).

29

Social Indicators on
Political Participation
Political rights and access to voting procedures find summaries of the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of the Social Indicators in this section.

POLITICAL RIGHTS
Question 27: Do persons with disabilities have the right
to vote by secret ballot in elections?
Question 28: Do persons with disabilities have the
right to stand for elections, to effectively hold office,
and to perform all public functions at all levels of
government?
Comments showed that in many countries there are
restrictions regarding the right to vote by secret ballot
in elections, especially for blind people or persons
with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities, who
need to vote through their assistant which violates
their right to confidentiality (Bangladesh, Belarus,

P R O M I S I N G P R AC T I C E S O F
A LT E R N AT I V E & A S S I ST E D VOT I N G
Among the reasonable accommodations and alter
natives suggested to assist voters with disabilities to
vote in secret are:
Postal vote applications (Australia, Luxembourg, and
most other countries)
Availability of a special phone number (Australia)
Home voting (Azerbaijan, Estonia, Serbia)
Mobile voting booths (Bhutan, Cook Islands, Czech
Republic)
Electronic voting (Estonia, Finland)
Provision of wheelchair accessible ramps (Estonia,
Mauritius, Netherlands)
Possibility of voting at hospital or other institutions
(Ireland)
Assistants who are allowed to help blind voters
(Bangladesh, Finland, Iraq, Mauritius, Nepal, Papua
New Guinea, South Sudan)
Training for election officials (Austria)
Electorate information regularly available in audio
versions (Armenia)
TV broadcasts sometimes have sign language (Estonia)

30

Bosnia-Herzegovina, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Kyrgyzstan,

Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Tanzania, Zimbabwe).
In some countries intellectual disability is a criteria
that can affect an individuals eligibility to vote (Ivory
Coast, Mauritius, Tanzania, Turkmenistan Other comments highlight that, due to stigmatisation, a person
with a disability is considered unable to make decisions and, as a consequence, will have their voting
rights denied (Nigeria, South Sudan).

S O C I A L I N D I CATO R S O N P O L I T I CA L
PA R T I C I PAT I O N : WO R L DW I D E AV E R AG E S
Yes

Partial No

NA

Access to justice
(Q5)

34.3% 32.2% 26.8% 6.6%

Political rights
(Q27/Q28)

49.5% 36.3% 3.5%

Access to voting
procedures (Q29/Q30)

25.8% 37.6%

10.5%

23.9% 12.6%

Q = Question-Number of the Zero Project Questionnaire (see Annex)

Associations de Personnes Handicapes du Bnin,

and Member, Disabled Peoples International, Benin).
Also, illiteracy of persons with disabilities harshly
limits the capacity of persons with disabilities to vote.
This is particularly so for persons with disabilities
standing for elections who, in addition, are often
stigmatised (Ivory Coast, Somalia).
ACCESS TO VOTING PROCEDURES

In some countries, such as Estonia and Finland, people with an intellectual disability or limited capacity to
vote (by definition, referring to people who do not understand the voting criteria) are excluded from voting,
including in the United States. The U.S. has not lifted
legal restrictions on the right to vote of people with
intellectual or psychosocial disabilities. In a majority
of U.S. states, if you are under guardianship, you
cannot vote. Also, in many states judges are able to
take the right to vote away (Virginia Atkinson, Access
and Inclusion Specialist, International Foundation for
Electoral Systems, United States).

Question 29: Are reasonable accommodations

available to assist voters with disabilities in voting on
their own and in secret in polling stations and public
spaces?
Question 30: Is the official electorate information produced by the election management body accessible to
all, including those with disabilities?

Legal Barriers for people with intellectual disabilities

also remain in Canada, India, Iraq, Ghana, Nigeria,
Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Serbia, South Africa,
and Yemen, and in many other countries mentioning
sound of mind in their constitution. Iraqi law prohibits people with disabilities to hold government positions. In Pakistan only posts such as prime minister
and president are not open for people with disabilities
to be elected.

Technology: No available Braille ballots or sound

system in electronic voting machines (Bangladesh).
The technology is not always working properly (Belgium). In the Netherlands and Nigeria accommodation for blind and deaf people is limited to the use of
personal assistants, thus violating the secrecy of the
ballot; there are no easy-to-read or Braille ballots.
Reasonable accommodations for blind people: Many
countries have reported that blind voting accommodations are limited to the use of personal assistants.
Inaccessible infrastructures of polling centres:
Polling centre are inaccessible for wheelchair
users; they often have multiple floors (Bangladesh,
Tanzania, Zimbabwe).
Training: Voting officers lack training to assist
people with disabilities (Bangladesh). Voting is often
only available in paper ballots despite the legal duty
to provide alternatives, and this is obviously inaccessible to visually impaired people.

There are several examples of restrictions of condition and eligibility criteria regarding the right to be
elected: For example, art. 44 of the Beninese Constitution of 11 December 1990 provides that no person
may be a candidate for the office of President of the
Republic if he [...] does not enjoy a state of complete
physical and mental well-being duly noted a panel
of three sworn physicians appointed by the Constitutional Court (Gronime Tokpo, Fdration des

Barriers related to the reasonable accommodation

of people with disabilities who wish to exercise their
right to vote still exist in many countries, and according to the comments they refer especially to:

In some cases when the government does not

provide accessible information, civil society organizes
itself to meet this need, as in the case of Indonesia:
The election bodies organized volunteer groups to
support people with disabilities to get information
about elections, the procedures, the candidates,
etc., and also to monitor and make notes and reports
about the possible barriers faced by people with
disabilities during the election. Then they conducted
an evaluation and provided recommendation for the
next election such that people with disabilities will
get better support and accommodation(Sunarman
Sukamto, Director, CBR Development and Training
Center, Solo, Indonesia).

W H AT E L E C T I O N CA N A DA D O E S TO M A K E
E L E C T I O N S M O R E AC C E S S I B L E
Elections Canada offers information, education, and
accessibility services to persons with special needs,
seniors, and those with limited reading and writing skills.
Material is available in multiple formats: large print,
Braille, DVD, and CD. Services and products include:
A polling site accessibility feedback process and
special ballot (vote by mail) registration form
A toll-free information line for those with a hearing
impairment
Documents written specifically for persons with disabilities and/or low literacy
A sign-language DVD with open- and closed-captioning for people who are deaf or hard of hearing
A voting template and large-print list of candidates
for those with a visual impairment
Language or sign-language interpreter services on
request
Transfer certificates on election day to permit persons
who use wheelchairs or who have other physical disabilities to vote at facilities that provide level access...
Assistance, at the voters request, with registration
and marking the ballot at the advance polls, the polling station, or the local Elections Canada office
Transportation of the ballot box from room to room
to facilitate voting in hospitals and certain residential
institutions
Mobile polling stations for certain institutions where
seniors or persons with disabilities reside
Voting at home in the presence of an electoral officer
and a witness, for electors who are registered

31

Innovative Practices
2015
Selection and Key
Findings

32

Key findings

Fact Sheets

How Innovatives Practices were researched and selected;

summaries and analysis

Factsheets from all Innovative Practices 2015, ranked by

country of origin

33

Key Findings of
Innovative Practices
ZERO PROJECT 2015

This year the Zero Project selected 39 Innovative Practices that positively impact the rights of persons
with disabilities to live independently and/or support their political rights. The Zero Project uses a clear
definition of Innovative Practice (and Innovative Policy as well, as noted in the next chapter), and
has developed a unique approach involving hundreds of experts worldwide in a kind of crowd intelligence methodology.

The Best Practice/Innovative Practice approach

According to wikipedia.org, a Best Practice is a
method or technique that has consistently shown
results superior to those achieved with other means,
and that is used as a benchmark. Eugen Bardach, in
A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, notes the criteria that define Best Practices, saying that they:
Identify clear and concrete behaviour
Solve a problem or achieve a goal
Are cost-efficient
The Best in Best Practices, however, connotes that
those practices (projects, methods, techniques, models, social enterprises, etc.) are as good as it can get.
Taking into account that the implementation of the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities (UN CRPD) is still in its early stages
and is an ongoing process that will continue for many
years, the Zero Project has chosen instead to use the
term Innovative Practice (and Innovative Policy).

W H AT A R E I N N OVAT I V E P R AC T I C E S?
Innovative Practices of the Zero Project are
projects, programmes, social enterprises,
etc. that:
are creative, professional, successful,
and scalable
can be transferred or copied to other
countries/regions/contexts and have a
measurable impact
speed up the process of implementing
the UN CPRD

34

Social innovation is needed to create the change that

the implementation of the UN CPRD requires. And
social innovation is a complex process that involves
various decision-makers and stakeholders; and that
takes notoriously long, since it has to break down
various barriers in organizations, regulations, and particularly popular opinion. The process of innovation
can, however, be accelerated; or sometimes it can
only start when existing solutions from other contexts
are used as prototypes that are studied and adjusted
to the local context.
Innovative Practices are very hard to find and identify, but they are among the most important tools to
accelerate the innovation process that is necessary
for the implementation of the UN CRPD. Governments
in more than 150 countries that have now ratified
the UN CRPD, as well as service providers and all
other stakeholders, are constantly on the lookout for
models that work.
The Zero Projects goal is precisely to identify those
working models. It has developed a system whereby
experts, including a high percentage of persons with
disabilities themselves, decide on what is (or would
be) a better practice, based on their personal knowledge and experience. This approach is in line with
many scholars who work in the area of justice and
human rights. Amartya Sen, for example, states in The
Idea of Justice that Justice-enhancing changes or reforms demand comparative assessments, not simply
an immaculate identification of the just society (or
the just institutions).
Crowd intelligence: Engaging a worldwide network
The Zero Project has developed its own unique way
to identify Innovative Practices: It engages its full
network of experts in the nomination, evaluation, and

selection process. In 2014 more than 2,000 persons

and organizations from almost every country of the
world were approached to nominate practices, projects, models, social enterprises, etc. In the following
steps, specific experts were engaged in commenting
on and evaluating the nominated practices, with more
than 100 taking part in the final selection process.
The Zero Project, thus, can also be considered a
system of crowd intelligence, whereby hundreds of
experts worldwide contribute pieces (Lego like)
to jointly create the set of Innovative Practices. In
this way, these experts are global leaders in implementing the UN CRPD, and particularly in the area of
this years Project theme: Independent Living and
Political Participation.
Using its methodology, the Zero Project research
also takes into consideration the fact that Innovative
Practices are highly dependent on context: What is
outstanding in Sweden may be very relevant to other
countries of the European Union, but may not be useful in South Asia. An Innovative Practice of Rwanda
may be highly relevant to many other sub-Saharan
countries, but not to other parts of the world.
By engaging experts from all over the world, and by
observing a quota of at least a third of experts and
selected Practices from the global South, a variety
of Innovative Practices with worldwide relevance has
been produced.
The nomination and selection process
In MayJune 2014 a call for nominations was made
to more than 2,000 experts and organizations
of the Zero Project network, using a nomination
form that was available in Arabic, Chinese, English,
French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish (all
nomination forms were and still are downloadable
from the Zero Project website). The nomination
forms in English and German were also available in
plain language versions.
Everyone was entitled to nominate every project
that in their opinion fit the criteria, including ones
own projects.
Several organizations that themselves have a large
membership or network of experts where encouraged to forward the nomination forms within their
networks. We are thankful in this respect to, among
several others, DPI, RIADIS, GAATES, Ashoka, Light
for the World, Lebenshilfe (Inclusion International),
Diakonie, Caritas, ENIL, Human Rights Watch, and
IFES.
231 nominations from 58 countries were received in
June and July 2014.
Initially, the Innovative Practices and Innovative Policies were separated, and the latter were researched
by the World Future Council subgroup, using a
similar and parallel procedure (see next chapter).

I N N OVAT I V E P R ACT I C E A N D I N N OVAT I V E P O L I CY

The Zero Project draws a clear line in its research process
between Innovative Practices and Innovative Policies,
based on the belief that they represent two very different
approaches, but that both have the ability to create change:
Innovative Practices: Operational projects or organizations,
mostly started by civil society or businesses. The research of Innovative Practices is inspired by the Ashoka
Innovators for the Public approach (www.ashoka.org)
for searching social entrepreneurs that have already
proven their ability to create change. The Zero Project
approach and criteria were developed together with the
Ashoka organization.
Innovative Policies: A law, regulation, standard, action
plan, programme, etc., issued by government, parliament,
or public administration at any governance level. The
research of Innovative Policies is inspired and undertaken
by the World Future Councils Future Just Lawmaking
Methodology.

In a first step of the shortlisting process those

nominations were discarded that did not meet the
formal criteria, e.g., projects that did not work on
Independent Living or Political Participation issues
or that could not give any evidence of their work or
impact.
In a second stage of shortlisting, a key expert group
was asked to comment on all the remaining nominations, especially on their potential impact, on their
innovation factor, and on their conformity with the
UN CRPD.
Based on these comments, 84 nominations were
shortlisted as Innovative Practices, considering also
a minimum quota for nominations from the global
South.
All shortlisted nominations where, in a third step,
clustered into three groups, including one group
on global South-only practices. Factsheets were
sent out to a total of 600 experts, who were asked
to vote for the better 50 percent of practices,
according to their own experience and knowledge,
again taking into account a quota for experts from
the global South.
A total of 102 experts worldwide voted within the
three groups, and based on the Better 50 percent
principle a list of 42 Innovative Practices was established. The Zero Project analysts contacted their
representatives, did further research, and produced
the fact sheets that are published in this report and
on the Project website.

35

 In the process of final research, three more Practices were discarded because they did not respond to
requests from Zero Project staff or their information
could not be verified. Consequently, the final list of
Innovative Practices of the Zero Project 2015 on
Independent Living and Political Participation is
exactly 39 entries long.
Themes of the 39 Innovative Practices
The 39 Innovative Practices have origins in 26 countries (plus one on the level of the European Union)
and from all six continents. Countries represented
most often are:
United Kingdom: 4
Belgium: 3
Germany: 3
South Africa: 3
The themes of these Innovative Practices can be
clustered as follows:
Assistance and budget
Several Innovative Practices have developed models
on how to organize and finance personal assistance,
and how to organize personal budget models, where
financial support is given to persons with disabilities
themselves and not to service providers. In the employer model, for example, the person with a disability is the employer of her or his assistant(s), and an
organization hired by that individual then provides all
the services that are needed.
Community living
A larger group of Innovative Practices has developed models of community living, where persons
with disabilities, including those with intellectual and
multiple disabilities, have a real possibility to choose
where to live and with whom, which is a prerequisite
for deinstitutionalisation and a clear requirement of
the UN CRPD. Some of these Innovative Practices, for
example, use apartment sharing, Microboards, and
create affordable and efficient support systems for
families and care givers.
Peer-support
Some practices work especially on peer-support,
using the capabilities of persons with disabilities,
including those with intellectual disabilities and
learning difficulties. Their first-hand experience and
knowledge of many societal issues enables them to
be experts in their field. Peer support includes training
and teaching models, and it also creates jobs and
new professions.
Self-empowerment
A group of Innovative Practices concentrate on the
empowerment of persons with disabilities, training

36

them in communication, literacy, etc. Others initiate

and support groups of self-representatives and/or
work on self-representation and access to justice.
Quite outstanding work is done by those Innovative Practices that support groups of persons with
disabilities that are even more vulnerable, e.g., deaf
women in male dominated societies or victims of
sexual abuse.
Participation in society and politics
Combining issues of Independent Living and Political Participation, several Innovative Practices
train persons with disabilities, especially those with
intellectual disabilities and learning difficulties, in
self-representation towards administrations, service providers, etc. Such Practices often include
political participation so that the voices of persons
with disabilities are heard in the media, in political
consultations, in public speeches, and/or in consultation processes for new regulations. Some even work
towards preparing persons with disabilities to run for
political office.
Accessible elections
A very distinct group works on the accessibility of
elections for all, which includes election tools (e.g.,
Braille ballots and election materials), training for
election staff, physical accessibility at voting places,
access to information on elections, etc.

T H E Z E R O P R O J E C T AU ST R I A
I N N OVAT I V E P R AC T I C E S & P O L I C I E S
In 20142015 the Zero Project conducted
research on Innovative Practices and
Policies that has special relevance to Austria
the home country of the Zero Project.
In a separate research stage, all shortlisted nominations were voted for exclusively by Austrian experts in order to
identify those that are most relevant for
the Austrian context.
The Zero Project Austria is published in
as
eparate report and on its own website.
It is also the topic of its own conferences,
which are held nationally as part of the
international Zero Project Conference in
Vienna as well as in nine more conferences
in the capital cities of the Austrian country
states. Zero Project Austria 20142015 is
co-funded by the PROGRESS Programme
of the European Union.

Regional network to promote legal capacity

of people with psychosocial disabilities
ARGENTINA (AND OTHERS) / THE TRUST FOR THE AMERICAS

Funded by the Open Society Institute, the project seeks to establish a network of five countries to
promote and raise awareness of the legal capacities of persons with psychosocial disabilities through
workshops and monitoring.

Problems targeted
Persons with psychosocial disabilities are systematically denied their right to recognition as persons
before the law and their right to legal capacity by their
own countries civil codes. The Trust for the Americas
works to raise awareness about Article 12 of the UN
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(CRPD), which recognizes those rights.

The project raises awareness about

the rights of people with psychosocial
disabilities to be recognized as
persons before the law and their right
to legal capacity, which leads to greater
self-empowerment.
Felipe RAMOS, Technical Coordinator,
The Trust for the Americas

Solution & Methodology

The project was launched in two phases. The first
phase (JanuaryApril 2012) focused on mapping the
state of affairs of the Legal Capacity of Persons with
Psychosocial Disabilities in six countries: Argentina,
Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. During
the second phase (November 2012December 2013)
a series of workshops was held in Argentina, Chile,
Colombia, Mexico, and Peru to provide participants
with a solid understanding of disability paradigms, the
CRPD, and specific situations identified during the
mapping.

Credit: The Trust for the Americas

Members of the Peruvian justice system attend a project

workshop at the Congress of the Republic of Peru.

Outlook & Transferability

To ensure the continued impact and legacy of the
project, a Network of Organizations and Individuals
with Psychosocial Disabilities was created to monitor
the legal and practical aspects of the implementation
of CRPD, and to advocate for the rights of the people
with psychosocial disabilities. The project can also be
transferred and replicated in other countries, following the guidelines found in the Trusts Legal Capacity
Advocacy Toolbox.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
10 multisector, knowledge-sharing, and
strategy-planning workshops were held in
Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and
Peru.
5 workshops were directed to members
of the justice sector and 5 to civil society
leaders from organizations of persons with
psychosocial disabilities.

Mr. Felipe RAMOS, The Trust for the Americas

1889 F Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, USA
Phone: +1-202-370-0768 [email protected]
www.oas.org

A total of 355 key stakeholders were trained

during the workshops.

37

Individual Supported Living in Australia

Voting independently and privately

AUSTR ALIA / SCHOOL OF OCCUPATIONAL THER APY AND SOCIAL WORK

AUSTR ALIA / SCY TL SECURE ELECTRONIC VOTING, S. A .

From the outset, this research project closely involved all key stakeholders, including people with
disabilities, family members, policy makers, and service providers. Their knowledge and experiences
developed the guidelines that will provide the opportunity for many people to deepen their understanding of Individual supported living (ISL). The project focused on adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities, but the guidelines adopted principles with universal application to the provision of
supported living to other vulnerable groups, including other expressions of disability, elderly people,
and people with mental illness.

eVoting improves voter access for the visually impaired as well as for the illiterate, those who cannot
read English, and citizens living abroad. Voters with visual impairments have the option of using an
audio device at an election kiosk or casting their votes by phone.

Problems targeted
Australian policy and practice support people with
disabilities to live in their own home in the community, but a substantial proportion live in large, formal,
congregate care settings. In 20112012, 63 percent
of people with disabilities who received government
funding lived in private residences, frequently with
an ageing parent, thus foreshadowing substantial
demand for supported living - the highest growth area
of government- funded services.

Persons with disabilities have the

opportunity to choose their place of
residence and where and with whom
they live on an equal basis with
others and are not obliged to live in
a particular living arrangement.
Article 19 of the UN CRPD Optional Protocol
Solution & Methodology
The research project uses the term individual
supported living (ISL) to define a situation in which a
person with a disability is provided with the support
necessary for him/her to live in their own home of
their own choosing. Consistent with Article 19 of the
Optional Protocol of the UN Convention on the Rights
of People with Disabilities, the project is based on the
assumptions that all people with the right supports
can live in an ISL arrangement, they do not have to
live alone or be fully independent, and they do not
have to live with other people with disabilities unless
it is their choice. Beginning in 2008, using qualitative
methods that involved key stakeholders including
people with disabilities, the first two stages of this

Curtin University - School of Occupational Therapy & Social Work

[email protected] www.curtin.edu.au

38

project have developed a descriptive framework of

ISL and then operationalized that framework into
a set of guidelines to evaluate the quality of ISL
arrangements. The third stage of the project, which
began in November 2014, has now been funded
by an Australian Research Council Linkage Grant,
and will explore how high quality ISL arrangements
contribute to social and economic participation and
relationships. It will also gather information on formal
and informal costs of ISL options and on decision
pathways that led to their adoption.
Outlook & Transferability
In Australia and several other countries services
have developed in recent years that focus primarily
or even entirely on ISL alternatives. The emphasis of
ISL is cost-effectiveness in providing alternatives that
support rights and choice and reflect fidelity to an
explicit set of underpinning principles. The project has
particular relevance in Australia, which has begun to
implement the National Disability Insurance Scheme.
Based on a model of social insurance, the Scheme
provides direct funding to people with disabilities and
their families based on choice and control, which undoubtedly will accelerate the take-up of ISL options.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
The third stage of the project incorporates
a partnership of three Australian universities and more than 10 NGOs. It will evaluate
the quality of 150 ISL arrangements across
three states and provide training for over
500 project participants.
Outcomes of the project will be disseminated
through NGOs, disability advocacy groups,
and government agencies across Australia.

Problems targeted
Prior to this project visually impaired voters were unable to vote in private, as they required the assistance
of a sighted person.

This project was a trial of an eVoting

solution to bring the privacy and security
of voting to visually impaired voters.
Sam CAMPBELL, Operations Manager, Asia Pacific, Scytl

Solution & Methodology

The Victorian Electoral Commission implemented
measures to allow visually impaired citizens to vote
on an equal basis with their peers: independently,
privately, and with the highest security standards. The
voting software was customized to support 12 languages, and included several zoom and contrasting
options on the kiosk screen and an audio interface. It
also offered such additional features as headphones
and a specially selected keyboard. In addition to the
technology, Scytl Secure Electronic Voting, S.A. customized the voting system, provided training materials
for poll workers and election officials, and completed
the on-site support during the election.
Outlook & Transferability
In cooperation with Scytl and Hewlett Packard
Australia, the voting system was expanded in terms of
functionality, voting channels (including phone voting),
and geographical reach (including Victorian citizens
residing in the UK or in other Australian states). The
state of New South Wales (Australia) and the state
of Gujarat (India) have already contracted Scytl to
improve their voter accessibility. The Victorian projects were run as trials and supported by legislation.
Moving beyond the trial status is expected to increase
awareness of the solution via media outreach.

Mr. Sam CAMPBELL, Scytl

Suite 104, 4 Columbia Court, 2153 Baulkham Hills, Australia
Phone: +61 417 012 591 [email protected]
www.scytl.com

In the elections of 2014, the City of Toronto offers voters wth

disabilities Scytls solutions for internet and telephone voting

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
In the 2006 trial, the first of its kind in
Victoria, 6 voting super centres where set
up to host 36 electronic voting terminals.

In 2010 the system was enhanced to

support the use of 12 languages and
deployed to 101 early voting centres.

For the 2010 state election the Victorian

Electoral Commission set up over 250 internet-linked phones at 101 locations.

39

Competition among students for

innovative devices and software

Proefwonen fast access to

affordable homes

AUSTRIA / UNIK ATE

BELGIUM (FL ANDERS) / WOONWINKEL ZENNEVALLEI

UNIKATE is a competition among a wide variety of students to solve every-day problems of persons
with disabilities and the elderly. UNIKATEs mission is to use the creative potential of these students to
invent tools and devices that support the specific needs of these persons, with the goal of constructing prototypes of the most promising ideas.

Through Proefwonen, housing and social service providers collaborate to facilitate rental access for
people with intellectual disabilities and/or mental health problems. Rather than having to register for
housing on the regular social-service waiting list, Proefwonen allows these clients to apply for faster
access to an affordable home. A steering group matches available housing with the candidate-tenants
through a consensus process. The project has also resulted in a number of adaptations to the legal
framework in Flanders, lifting legal barriers for intersectional collaboration.

Problems targeted
Technical innovations play a decisive role in supporting persons with disabilities to lead a full and independent life, but unfortunately persons with disabilities are seldom the target group of technology and
software development. Thus, there is an urgent need
for awareness-raising and innovation in this area.

UNIKATE brings together the individual

needs of disabled persons and
creativity of university students to find
solutions to specific personal problems.
Irmgard BAUER, Project Coordinator

Solution & Methodology

The idea is to combine the innovation, creativity, and
technical knowhow of university students with the
individual needs of people with disabilities and the
elderly, thereby creating a win-win situation for everyone involved. Students are supported by their teachers up to the implementation stage. The submitted
ideas are evaluated by a body of experts and nominated for support in the form of prize money, which is
paid out in two parts: the first part as recognition for
the idea, the second after a successful implementation. School and university students receive support
from AAT and AR upon completion of their work.
UNIKATE is organized by sterreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr Rehabilitation (AR); TU Wien, Institut fr Gestaltungs- und Wirkungsforschung (IGW);

Credit: UNIQA

The photo shows the practical application of Handcam,

a 2011 competition winner.

Zentrum fr Angewandte Assistierende Technologien

(AAT); and UNIQA Insurance Group.
Outlook & Transferability
The concept of organizing student competitions can
be developed in several different ways and in virtually
any institution, and it can be done in a cost-effective
manner with the help of outside support.

Problems targeted
Proefwonen aims to address several difficulties that
hinder successful cooperation between welfare and
social rental services:
the unpredictable timing associated with the
waiting lists of social housing services can hinder
the smooth transition of a person with intellectual
and/or psychological problems from an institutional
setting to an independent life with support;
there are few options to try out independent living
and to take a step back, if necessary two conditions for de-institutionalization;
housing providers are faced with vulnerable clients,
but do not have the means to support them. In
some cases, this may lead to eviction.

Inclusion of persons with intellectual

disability and/or mental health needs
in rented housing can only be accomplished by adopting a multilateral
consultation model between care and
housing providers. To match a certain
individual with a certain house requires
careful consideration.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
In 2014 the third annual UNIKATE
competition was held.

Solution & Methodology

The social housing provider informs the welfare
partners when a house is available for the project,

A total of 16 projects have been nominated

over the three competitions.
Irmgard BAUER
AR Oesterreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr Rehabilitation
Stubenring 2/1/4, 1010 Wien
Phone: +43 1 5131533-213 [email protected]
www.oear.or.at/UNIKATE

40

5 prizes have been awarded for the

roduction of prototypes, none of which
were already on the market.

Ms. Mieke SCHROOTEN & Mr. Joris VAN PUYENBROECK

Phone: +32 2 609 81 86 [email protected]
Hogeschool Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
www.huisvesting-regio-izegem.be/proefwonen/
www.woonwinkelzennevallei.be

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
24 candidate-tenants have entered the program over a period of three years. More than
5 percent of the approximate 450 total local
allocated homes were reserved for persons
with intellectual and/or mental health issues.
11 program participants have been interviewed about their experiences and each
one has evaluated their new living environment positively.

sharing information on the characteristics of the

home and the living environment. After a process of
exploring the housing and support needs of a client,
a care provider can register the client for the project.
The matching process is performed in consensus by
a local, intersectorial steering committee. Accepting
support is a condition of participation in this program.
One of the key features of the project is the possibility it offers to people with mild to moderate intellectual
disabilities/learning difficulties and/or mental health
problems to move from residential care to independent living.
Outlook & Transferability
Following a positive evaluation of the project in
the city of Halle, the regional Flemish government
is developing a legal framework for its structural
implementation. This legal framework also encourages other cities throughout Flanders to take similar
initiatives. Because the homes available for the project were part of the existing housing capacity of the
social housing providers, project costs were limited to
additional administrative time (internal staff costs) and
facilitation of the experimental procedures (paid for
by a grant by the Flemish government).

41

Training for an active role in society

BELGIUM (FL ANDERS) / ONAFHANKELIJK LEVEN VZW

Freedom School is a five-day training course for people with disabilities. This interactive summer
course with 18 disabled participants (plus personal assistants) focused on developing talents and skills
for self-advocacy and implementing personal projects that can contribute to the better participation
and self-determination of people with disabilities. The aims of this training are to strengthen the Independent Living movement by attracting more volunteers/activists, to improve the skills and capacities
of current volunteers, and to create future leaders.

Problems targeted
Because people with disabilities often do not get the
same opportunities as others, the focus of the training course is on learning about and discovering the
talents of the disabled, and developing these talents.
Following the training, participants play an active role
in public life and have the skills to organize their own
projects independently, creating a positive impact and
greater societal awareness regarding the needs and
abilities of disabled people.

After five days of Freedom School I

am so full of energy and ready to go
home for action! The group feeling
was great and the support we got from
Onafhankelijk Leven was amazing.
Project participant
Solution & Methodology
The philosophy behind the Freedom School training
course is to let the participants see that they can
make a real difference in their community. Building
confidence and experiencing personal success with
self-chosen projects is facilitated, such that the
trainees come to see themselves not just as participants, volunteers, or clients but as real experts and
future leaders. They have the responsibility to realize
change in society.
Outlook & Transferability
The Freedom School concept can easily be copied
and adjusted to local differences and preferences

Mr. Mathias VAN HOVE, Onafhankelijk Leven

Sint Amandsberg Groot Begijnhof 31, 9040, Belgium
Phone: +32 471 71 51 97 - [email protected]
www.onafhankelijkleven.be

42

Trainees come to see themselves not just as participants,

volunteers, or clients but as real experts and
future leaders.

(e.g. the specific expectations and knowledge level of

participants). Costs depend mostly on the availability
of accessible accommodation and external trainers.
Cost efficiency: The training gives social return in
improving inclusion, strengthening the IL movement
and delivering future leaders.

Stimulating political participation

for persons with an intellectual disability
BELGIUM (FL ANDERS) OUR NEW FUTURE

Self-advocates of Our New Future explore the possibilities and barriers to participating in local and
regional political meetings. They identify existing barriers to their political participation.. Self-advocates
and advisors work both on accessibility of the intellectually disabled in the political process and on tools
to support the councils, policy bodies, and advisors to better provide support for their participation.

Problems targeted
Research showed that no people with an ID were
participating politically in Flanders, and there was a
profound interest in addressing this shortcoming. The
Flemish governmental organization for equal opportunities wanted to involve people with an ID in decisions
concerning their lives and their environment, and
urged ONT to do something with the results of their
research. ONT then identified 10 people with an ID
who had a powerful desire to participate in the policy
of their own city. During the first year, however, it
became clear that there was a mismatch between the
desires of the persons and the expectations of participation (vocabulary, long hours that would undermine
their focus, the need for a lot of preparation, difficult
subject matter, etc.), and that more had to be done.

We want to make decisions or to participate in making those decisions. In that

way we keep control over our own life.
We find it important that people listen to
us as well.
Stan, program participant

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
18 people have completed the training.
5 self-chosen projects have been created
and are being followed-up.
7 participants are now volunteers at
Onafhankelijk Leven vzw, some of whom
are active as ambassadors of the
organization. As such, they represent
the organization at various external
meetings and are the core of the volunteer force.

Solution & Methodology

Our New Future (ONT), a self-advocacy movement
for people with an intellectual disability (ID), set out to
evaluate the proper level of support for people with
an ID: Where did they want to participate? How could
they enter the process? What was necessary in order
for them to follow the meetings? Once entered into
the process, it was very important to follow them to

Mr. Didier PELEMAN

Mr. Matthijs VAN TRIGT
Our New Future, Jaspisstraat 1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
Phone: 0032 498 56 96 95 [email protected]

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Whereas there were no persons with an ID
participating in policy making in Flanders
four years ago, today there are 11.
Much effort has been put into awareness-raising through the concrete documentation of the various political trajectories of
people with ID: booklets, a film, a game, and
other public materials
117 participants attended a day-long meeting
to review the ONT results for 2013.

see how their participation could be improved. ONT

collected stories of people with an ID in order to
dispel prejudices and stereotypes concerning their
political participation. At the same time, self-advocates identified the thresholds that people with an ID
encounter. ONT offers concrete tools and information
addressing both the strengths and weaknesses of
political participation for people with an ID, for policy
makers, and for professionals and organizations who
work with people with intellectual disabilities.
Outlook & Transferability
People with an intellectual disability who have participated in the project have grown in confidence and
have developed a stronger self-image. This at first
appeared to be a slow and challenging process, but
taking into account the strength that people with an
intellectual disability have demonstrated effective
and long-term development is in sight. It has also
been noticed that policy participation is an individual
process, different for each person. The whole process
demands personalized support for every person with
an intellectual disability from his or her ONT advisor
and from the councils or policy bodies where they
participate.

43

Microboards: Small non-profits for

supported decision-making

Voting without legal capacity

CANADA /BRITISH COLUMBIA / VEL A MICROBOARD AS SOCIATION

Human Rights Advocacy through Learning by Doing is a successful advocacy project for legislature
change that promotes the right to vote for persons deprived of their legal capacity. Project activities
were carried out using a networking advocacy approach, which included wide cooperation with other
self-advocate groups, members of the Croatian self-advocacy network, relevant state institutions, the
academic community, the media, and Platform 112 Croatias largest civil society network.

A Microboard is a small group of family and friends who join a person with disabilities to create a nonprofit organization so as to support the person to create the life he or she envisions. The network
enhances supports that may previously have been solely the responsibility of parents or other relatives.

Problems targeted
In the late 1980s British Columbia was a leader for
deinstitutionalization in Canada. However, a sizable
number of people with complex disabilities remained
in institutions, as it was widely believed they could not
live successfully within a community setting. This did
not deter their families and friends from advocating
for their return to community living.

Microboards are ensuring that

persons with disabilities can lead
a good and fulfilling life.
Linda PERRY, Executive Director, Vela Canada
Solution & Methodology
Vela created a process for their agency to engage
with and assist disabled individuals, their families,
and Microboards. Some assisted people cannot use
speech to communicate, and Microboard members
commit to helping them to communicate their needs
and wishes to the community. Microboards meet
together to learn with and from each other, discuss
their respective processes, and support one another.
If Microboard members provide services for a fee,
they work with funders to do so.
Outlook & Transferability
The concept of the Microboard has proven to be very
successful, and is currently working well in several
countries in communities large, small, and even
remote. It is easily transferable due to a clear philosophy and set of guidelines that are freely accessible.
Vela is prepared to provide assistance and consultancy on how to set up such a support organization.

Ms. Linda PERRY, Vela Microboard Association

#100 - 17564 - 56A Av. Surrey, B.C V3S 1G3, Canada
Phone: +1-604-575-2588 [email protected]
www.velacanada.org

44

CROATIA / AS SOCIATION FOR SELF ADVOCACY

Problems targeted
According to data from the national Disability
Ombudsman, there are more than 19,000 persons
deprived of legal capacity in Croatia, of whom some
16,000 are completely deprived of their legal capacity.
Other targeted problems that have impeded the active participation of persons with intellectual disabilities in political and public life are the lack of accessible, easy-to-read information on election procedures
and candidates programs, and public prejudice that
views people with intellectual disability as incapable
of participation in democratic processes.
Microboards make an important difference by supporting
people with disabilities through family and friends to lead
self-directed lives. Also see the story of Bree-Anna on
page 13

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
As of September 2014 more than 900 active
Microboads were set up in British Columbia.
There are currently over 4,500 voluntary
Microboard members.
Over the past 15 years Vela has supported
Microboard development in 3 other provinces of Canada and 4 other countries.
Velaboards have also been implemented in
Australia, Northern Ireland, the Republic of
Ireland, and the United States.

By the end of 2012 the combined efforts

of the Association for Self-Advocacy, the
organization GONG, and Platform 112
resulted in a change in the Voters Register Act making it possible for more than
16,000 Croatian citizens who are fully
deprived of their legal capacity to realize
their active voting right.
Mr. Damjan JANJUEVI, Association for Self Advocacy

Solution & Methodology

The main objectives realized by the project were
making changes to the Voters Register Act, which
now provides persons with intellectual disabilities with
the right to vote, and raising public awareness. The
project brought together self-advocates and a variety
of civil society organizations to raise public aware-

Mr. Damjan JANJUEVI ([email protected])

Mr. Mladen KATANI ([email protected])
Association for Self Advocacy / Udruga za samozastupanje
Bleiweisova 15, Zagreb 1000, Tel: +385 091 161 42 13

ness on the rights of persons with disabilities among

the general population and to provide workshops on
democratic and voting procedures for self-advocates
in local communities.
Outlook & Transferability
The project provides an innovative and successful
example of inclusive practice in advocating for legislature changes and the public promotion of the right to
vote for persons with intellectual disabilities. As such,
the project methodologies, expertise, and experince
gained and the principle of inclusion of persons with
intellectual disabilities in carrying out the advocacy
activities is fully transferable and applicable to
any other social or societal contexts. The project of
course incurred implementation costs, but it imposed
no additional costs for the state or any other institution or organization.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Since the new Voters Register Act came into
effect, persons with intellectual disabilities
have successfully voted on local and regional elections and two state referendums.
Self-advocacy groups from 14 local communities that are members of the Croatian
self-advocacy network as well as people in
two residential institutions were educated on
their democratic rights, including their right
to vote, and were provided with the necessary knowledge to participate in political
and public life. More than 600 persons have
received training on voting procedures and
participation in public and political life.
Public awareness on the right to vote for
persons deprived of their legal capacity
was raised via a broad public TV and radio
campaign.

45

Living alone with individualized support

CROATIA (ZAGREB) / AS SOCIATION FOR PROMOTING INCLUSION (API)

The Association for Promoting Inclusion (API) is a non-governmental organization established in 1997
in Zagreb, Croatia. Its mission is to promote the development of a society in which people with intellectual disabilities have equal opportunities, their contributions are valued, and their human rights are
respected. The focus of APIs work has been to develop models of community-based services, such
as supported housing and specialized foster family care, to enable children and adults with intellectual
disabilities to move from large residential institutions to a life in the community.

Problems targeted
Traditionally, persons with intellectual disabilities
have been placed in institutions without their consent
and without respect for their personal needs and
desires. Instead, parents, social workers, and other
professionals have made decisions on their behalf.
In general, these institutions have been violating the
basic human rights of people with disabilities, keeping
them isolated, segregated, and stigmatized.

Our mission is to promote the devel

opment of a society in which people
with intellectual disabilities have
equal opportunities, their contributions
are valued, and their human rights
are respected.
Prof. Borka TEODOROVI, President, API

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Established community-based supported
housing services for 250 people with intellectual disabilities in 8 cities in Croatia.
Supported work activities and day programs
for over 150 people in 8 cities.

Outlook & Transferability

Over the years API has strived to increase the capacity for community-based service in Croatia and
in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and
the former Soviet Union. To date, it has supported the
establishment of subsidiaries in several cities in Croatia
and has shared its models of community-based
services with organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Serbia, and Macedonia.

46

DENMARK / NATIONAL BOARD OF SOCIAL SERVICES (SOCIALST YRELSEN)

The study kit is an educational program for people with cognitive disabilities to acquire knowledge
about citizenship and personal rights. The objective of the program is to develop and test methods,
tools, and information materials that provide people within the target group with knowledge of their
personal rights, and to give the target group concrete tools for practicing these rights.

Problems targeted
The project focuses on improving the chances of
people with cognitive disabilities to live an independent life and contribute to a democratic society on
equal terms with others. This is achieved by developing and testing methods, tools, and information
materials that provide people within the target group
with knowledge of their personal rights and by giving
them concrete tools for practicing these rights.

The study kit contributes to giving

people with cognitive disabilities the
opportunity to acquire knowledge
of citizenship and personal rights, as
well as concrete tools for exercising
citizenship by participating in society
and democracy.
Socialstyrelsen

Solution & Methodology

API offers supported housing services to persons
with intellectual disabilities in rented apartments. In
2000, API negotiated the recognition of supported
housing as a social welfare service for persons with
intellectual disabilities, and identified a loophole in
the Social Welfare Law that enabled it to register its
program as a residential institution offering services
in the community. In 2003 the law was amended,
and organized housing was introduced as a new
type of service. In 2008 the Ministry of Social Policy
and Youth developed the regulatory mechanism for
organized housing, and API has continued to provide
services, including employment and volunteering
activities.

Slavenka MARTINOVI, Director

Validus, Centre for Adult Education
[email protected]

Study kit about citizenship and

personal rights

Solution & Methodology

The program takes into account the specific cognitive
educational needs of the individual and provides educators with the tools for teaching the target group.
Exercises are based on activities, pictures, role-playing, and visits, making the themes recognizable and
part of the participants daily life. The aim is to provide
participants with increased knowledge as well as an
opportunity to practice the use of this knowledge.
The colors red, yellow, and green are used to mark
and illustrate different levels of decision-making.

API offers supported housing services to persons with

intellectual disabilities in rented apartments.

Mrs. Janina Gaarde RASMUSSEN

E-mail: [email protected]
SOCIALSTYRELSEN Kognitive handicap og hjerneskade
Landemrket 9, 1119 Kbenhavn K
Phone: + 45 72 42 37 00 www.socialstyrelsen.dk

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
The study kit has been developed in collaboration with educational institutions and has
been tested by approx. 150 young people
and adults.
The kit has been presented to 320 leaders and professionals within the field, and
information has been sent to all national
municipalities and relevant professionals
throughout the country.

Educators work with the participants also beyond the

four-week program.
Outlook & Transferability
Based on positive experiences with the study kit, a
project has been initiated in 2014 to extend access
to the kit to a wider target group of adults with more
severe cognitive disabilities. This project will test
and spread out an adjusted kit 10 municipalities. Kit
materials are compiled in various formats that make it
possible for the individual educator to further specify
the materials for his or her participants.

Example from the study kit

47

Diverting EU funds towards

community-based care

Providing accessible candidate lists for

visually impaired persons

EUROPEAN UNION / EUROPEAN EXPERT GROUP (EEG)

FINL AND / FINNISH FEDER ATION OF THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED (FF VI)

The European Expert Group (EEG) includes a wide range of stakeholders, providing training, guidance, and tools to EU officials, political representatives, and governments to inform them about the need
of community-based care and the risks of institutional care for persons with disabilities. It has been
initiated jointly by Lumos Foundation, European Disability Forum (EDF), Eurochild, Metal Health Europe, Inclusion Europe, UNHCHR, UNICEF, European Network for Independent Living (ENIL), European
Social Network, and Coface.

During the Finnish parliamentary elections in 2011 the Ministry of Justice, in cooperation with the
Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired (FFVI), for the first time financed the production of accessible candidate lists for visually impaired persons, including audio and Braille. The Ministry also funded
the production of other accessible election-related materials, such as information on voting procedures. The FFVI was responsible for the production and distribution of all accessible materials.

Problems targeted
More than 1 million children and adults live in institutions in the European Union. Evidence shows that
institutional care leads to social exclusion, segregation, and can negatively affect brain development in
very young children. The EU plays an important role in
shaping social policy within Europe through the provision of several funds, which need to be diverted from
institutional care to community/family-based services.

The EEGs unique collaborative approach

was instrumental in convincing the
EU to put a stop to its funds being used
on harmful institutions.

Outlook & Transferability

The success achieved in the EU has initiated a process of review by the United States, World Bank, and
other international donors to explore how they can
ensure that their own funds are used appropriately
with regard to institutionalisation. The EEG guidelines
and toolkit provide a model for other types of donors
related to the eradication of institutional care. Currently, the EEG is exploring with the European Foundation
Centre and others if revised versions tailored to private
trusts and other grant-giving bodies would be useful.

Georgette MULHEIR, Chief Executive, Lumos Foundation

Common European Guidelines on

Solution & Methodology

The EEG was established to support the EU in
promoting care reform across Europe. It provides
guidance and tools, raising awareness and lobbying for
the regulation of the EUs 367 million structural and
investment funds in order to divert them away from
institutions and towards family-based care. The Expert
Group consists of organizations representing children, families, persons with disabilities, persons with
mental health problems, public and non-profit service
providers, public authorities, and international non-governmental organizations. EEG activities have resulted
in more people with disabilities accessing basic and
universal services in their own communities, and in EU
officials and governments of EU members being more
aware of the vulnerabilities of people with disabilities.

Ms. Georgette MULHEIR, Lumos Foundation

Gredley House, 1-11 Broadway, Stratford, London, E15 4BQ, UK
[email protected]
www.deinstitutionalisationguide.eu http://wearelumos.org

48

the Transition from Institutional to

Community-based Care

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
The program was established in 2009 by
the then Commissioner for Employment and
Social Affairs, Vladimir pidla.

Problems targeted
Prior to 2011 the list of candidate in Finnish elections
were not accessible to everyone, as they were only
published in print or on the Internet.

The voting experience

should be independent, from
beginning to end.
Maria FINSTRM, Organization Secretary,
Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired

Solution & Methodology

The practice of producing candidate lists in audio
and Braille formats is a simple way to significantly
enhance the political participation of visually impaired
people. The visually impaired have been directly
involved in both the planning and implementation of
the project, as the FFVI has been responsible for the
projects practical work.
Outlook & Transferability
Depending on the election system, the practice is
easily transferable to other countries. Notably, the
Finnish Ministry of Justice deems this a cost-efficient
practice.

Credit: Juha Tuomi/kuvatoimisto Rodeo

A voter reads a list of candidates in Braille.

A program report published in 2009 highlighted the problem of institutional care.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S

Guidelines and a toolkit were created in

2012, providing practical advice on promoting the transition from institutional to
community-based care.
Materials have been translated into
14 languages and disseminated in every
EU country and in Brussels.

In 2014 the Ministry produced 13,500 lists

in audio format and 250 in Braille.
Maria FINSTRM
Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired
Marjaniementie 74, FIN-00030 IIRIS Finland
Phone: +358 9 3960 4669 [email protected]

Since 2011 these visual aids have been

available in every election on all levels in
Finland.

49

Guidelines for accessible elections

in Europe

Persons with disabilities employing

their assistants

FR ANCE/CZECH REPUBLIC/UNITED KINGDOM (SCOTL AND) INCLUSION EUROPE

GERMANY / VBA INDEPENDENT LIVING E .V.

The Accommodating Diversity for Active Participation in European Elections (ADAP) project tries to
overcome the voting obstacles faced by people with intellectual disabilities and older people by raising
awareness about this problem at both the national and European level. The project outcomes include
developing recommendations for accessible elections in Europe in both regular and easy-to-read
versions in 21 languages covering legislation on legal capacity, accessible information, training, support for decision-making in voting, and access to the voting process.

The associations work is focused on counselling persons with disabilities in planning and leading an
independent life and supporting them in self-employment. It offers a payroll accounting service for employers with disabilities, an internet-based platform for assistance, and a travelling service for wheelchair users.

Problems targeted
People with intellectual, sensory, or physical disabilities as well as older people are often excluded
from voting processes due to a lack of accessibility.
Moreover, through targeted questionnaires, Inclusion
Europe discovered that this is a problem, of which
many European politicians are unaware, and thus take
no steps in addressing. Furthermore, these groups
lacked the knowledge and means to advocate for
their voting rights, or did not understand the value of
political participation.

For us, persons with intellectual disabilities,

exercising the right to vote means that we
are citizens, that we belong to our country,
and that we can give our opinions on who
runs the country and what they should do.
Corinne CLERMONT, Vice President, Nous Aussi (France)
Solution & Methodology
A first phase analysed the situation within EU member states, focusing specifically on the European
elections of June 2009. A second phase provided
information, good practices, and civic education to
politicians, NGOs, and people with disabilities or older
persons in order to break down the barriers to their
participation in the election processes.
Project partners identified three target groups when
implementing the two phases: 1) political parties, 2)
national electoral bodies organizing the elections,
and 3) European Union citizens at risk of encountering problems when attempting to participate in

Mr. Cdric MAMETZ

Phone: 01 44 85 50 50 [email protected]
Nous Aussi - BP 310 - 75867 Paris Cedex 18
www.nousaussi.org

50

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Three publications have been developed
and widely disseminated (in 21 languages)
as well as a collection of good practices
for accessible elections from 27 European
countries (in 3 languages).
Partners have met with 11 members of
Parliament as well as several national-level politicians in France, Scotland, and the
Czech Republic. They have also participated
in EU-level conferences and cooperated
with intergovernmental bodies.

elections. All project deliverables were developed in

consultation with the persons at risk, and people with
intellectual disabilities from three countries tested all
materials to ensure accessibility.
Outlook & Transferability
The ADAP project has been followed-up by both Inclusion Europe (IE) and by project partners. IE has further
disseminated ADAP publications on its new voting-forall.eu website, and has included ADAP project outcomes in a manifesto for the 2014 European Parliament
elections. French partner and member Nous Aussi has
published a poster explaining how to vote, which has
been placed in the area of Dunquerque for the 2014
city council and European elections. French members
Nous Aussi and Unapei have participated in an official
hearing for a report commissioned by the French Prime
Minister on how to make elections more accessible,
where they further referred to and mentioned the
ADAP publications. The International Foundation for
Electoral Systems has also requested the collaboration
of Inclusion Europe on accessibility of elections and
disability issues. The project could easily be copied and
reproduced throughout the European Union.

Problems targeted
Living an independent life is based on, among other
things, self-representation towards government and
social security authorities as well as service providers and/or providers of health insurance. It includes
paying taxes and getting tax benefits, applying for
subsidies, gaining employment, etc. People with
disablities are often afraid of managing an independent life because they do not know how to begin and
where to get support to manage complex tasks.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Approximately 750 consultations have taken
place over the last 3 years.
Over 140 new entries are added to the
assistant database each month.
65 percent of entries are successful matches between the employer and assistant.

Nothing about us without us

is the ultimate goal of our work.
Andreas VEGA, Project Coordinator
Solution & Methodology
The VbAs methodology is based on peer support,
whereby councillors who are themselves persons
with disabilities accompany and support their peers.
The councillors skills include psychology, empathy,
patience, and expertise in diverse fields of work. In
the employer model, all decisions are made by the
persons with disabilities. They look by themselves for
people who want to assist in their households and
they conduct the job interviews. Assistants work under the instructions of the employer. VbA provides the
employer with payroll services and/or a job exchange
internet platform listing vacant posts.
Outlook & Transferability
Already several independent living centres exist in
Germany, which are primarily funded by the government and donations. The counselling is free of charge.
The organization is continuing to grow due to the
many requests and needs of people with disabilities.

Andreas VEGA, VbA-Selbstbestimmt Leben e.V.

Westendstrasse 93, 80339 Mnchen
Phone: +49 1714170765 [email protected]
www.vba-muenchen.de

Credit: VbA Independent Living e.V.)

Personal assistance allows people with disabilities to

discover new possibilities!

51

MOBILE, an all-round support program

GERMANY / MOBILE

MOBILE is building a network of support and assistance for persons with disabilities living out of
institutions, including their parents, allowing them to lead an independent life.

Problems targeted
For the most part, persons with disabilities still live
in institutions, and government support is primarily
directed towards these institutions. Independent living
in accessible apartments is very rare because few
such apartments exist and community services are
not widely available.

Equal rights, equal opportunities, equal

chances, and equal duties
thats the heart of independent living.
Dr. Birgit ROTHENBERG, Executive Member
MOBILE Honorary Steering Committee

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
MOBILE began to support persons with
disabilities in 1983, to provide a service of
assisted living in 1992, to support parents
with disabilities in 2005, and to provide personal assistance to people with disabilities
in 2009.
Costs for assisted living are in most cases now covered by the Westfalen-Lippe
authorities, and according to official figures
1,829 persons are now using this service in
this area.
MOBILE currently supports 195 people,
including 13 families with parents who have
intellectual disabilities and their 25 children.

Solution & Methodology

Originating in the Independent Living movement,
MOBILE allows persons with disabilities to analyse
their own living situation and conditions, partly using
the skills of trained pedagogics. They themselves define their needs for support and develop perspectives
on how to live independently in the future. MOBILE
informs persons with disabilities about their rights,
improves their self-confidence, and assists in the
transition process. Depending on the individual needs,
pedagogical support, peer counselling, and other
low-threshold support is provided.

The employer model

in personal assistance
GERMANY / RHEIN MAIN INKLUSIV

This project offers case management support

for persons with disabilities who use personal
assistants, and encourages them to organize
these assistants themselves even to being
their employer.
Problems targeted
Many people with disabilities who are dependent on personal support are still living in institutions against their will,
or they are dependent on help from their families (parents,
partners, etc.), with little control over their own lives.
Solution & Methodology
Counselling and support are offered by a team of experts (psychologists, social education workers, lawyers,
business administrator, and entrepreneurs) who have
many years of experience dealing with the employer
model. Advice is given in the all relevant areas, including
personal budget counselling, cost calculations/monitoring, finding and hiring assistants, organizing work
schedules, managing assistants, and mediation in cases
of employer/assistant conflict.
Outlook & Transferability
The financial incentive for the government to provide
personal assistance using the employer model is that it
reduces costs both for persons currently living in as well
as out of institutions. The model requires no administration costs or additional investments.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Outlook & Transferability
The public funding that is available for the employer
model of personal assistance (described by MOBILE)
is constantly increasing in response to the improved
quality of life of persons who use assisted living or
other MOBILE services. MOBILE is also offering a
training program for organizations interested in implementing this model in their own services.

Credit: MOBILE - Selbstbestimmtes Leben Behinderter e.V.

A MOBILE team visits another people first group in Scotland

After a certain period of time, the level of experience and self-confidence becomes strong
enough for the new employers to continue
managing their assistants on their own.
The project oversees more than
200 consultations per year.
Many new projects are being initiated in
2015, including online course for managing
assistants.

Dr. Birgit ROTHENBERG

MOBILE Selbstbestimmtes Leben Behinderter e.V.
Rosegger Strae 36, 44137 Dortmund
Phone: +49 231 / 9 12 83 75 [email protected]
www.mobile-dortmund.de

52

Credit: MOBILE - Selbstbestimmtes Leben Behinderter e.V.

MOBILE organizes a demonstration at a railway station

under the theme of Access for all.

Dr. Corina ZOLLE, Rhein-Main Inklusiv

Bergstrae 12, 55262 Heidesheim
+49 6132 657188 [email protected]

STORY OF STEPHANIE

Finally, I could leave the house,

see my friends, and do household tasks all with the support
of my personal assistants.
I have cerebral palsy. As a regular school was
deemed impossible for me due to my physical
disability, I had to spend most of my life in special
institutions. After my apprenticeship I went back to
my parents home, hoping to find a job. Unfortunately, it did not really work out neither finding a job
nor living with my parents.
Thats when I decided to ask my municipality how I
could live independently. In my small town there was
only a very traditional organization for people with
disabilities. They offered me a one-room apartment
and a couple of hours of their service for my personal hygiene, but they could not provide me with the
kind of assistance that I really needed. After a while
I became depressed because I could not leave the
house or meet my friends. The local state-appointed
social worker sent me to a psychologist because he
thought I just couldnt come to terms with my disability and that I was too demanding.
It was in summer 2013 that I first heard about a new
organization, Rhein-Main Inklusiv (RMI), that helped
people with disabilities to organize their personal
assistance on their own. Corina Zolle from RMI was
completely outraged about the situation I was in.
We applied for a personal budget so that the money
from the municipality would be sent directly to me
as the employer of my personal assistants rather
than to the traditional service provider. By organizing everything on my own and with a little help from
RMI, I got many more hours of assistance with the
same amount of money than before. Finally, I could
leave the house, see my friends, go shopping, and
do household tasks all with the support of my personal assistants. A few weeks later I started going
to the local university. Today I am in my third year
at the university and I have moved to an apartment
in the city where I am studying. Also, with the help
of a lawyer I finally succeeded in having assistance
around the clock. Now I am already thinking about
what might happen to me after finishing my studies
and finding a job as a social worker!

53

Offering individualised support and

sharing lessons learned

Supportive Housing: Helping young adults

to live independently

IREL AND / NATIONAL FEDER ATION OF VOLUNTARY BODIES

ISR AEL (WESTERN GALILEE) / ISR AEL UNLIMITED

Members of the Next Steps project provide individualized support to people with intellectual disabilities so that they can live a life of their choosing. Notably, the project supports people to move from
congregated settings into community-based settings.

The Supported Housing program initiated by Israel Unlimited the American Jewish Joint Distribution
Committees strategic partnership with the Israeli Government and the Ruderman Family Foundation
assists young adults with intellectual disabilities to become involved in community and social activities.
Once they are transitioned into their own apartments, they are also provided with a care coordinator and a
mentor who teach them to live independently and who are continuously involved in their overall well-being.

Problems targeted
National policy recommends that people with intellectual disabilities are fully included in their communities,
and individualised support enables such people to live
full lives as equal citizens. However, this requires the
provision of a flexible range of support services that
are tailored to the needs of the individual, and that
are primarily determined by the disabled person him/
herself.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Currently, 23 organizations are participating
in the project.
242 individuals with intellectual disabilities
have participated to date.
The project works across all four health-
service regions in the Republic of Ireland

I have found the Next Steps meetings

excellent for learning and reflection, and
I look forward to 2015.
Project participant, November 2014

Solution & Methodology

Next steps aims to identify both supports and barriers
to the progress as service providers move to offer
more individualised assistance so that the people
they support can live a life of their choosing. Through
the project the National Federation has developed a
community of learning, connecting the member organizations and key stakeholders with each other and
enabling cooperation as they develop more innovative
community-based support. One of the first actions of
the Next Steps project was for the participating organizations to agree on a vision for individualised support,
and this vision remains at the centre of the initiatives
that the members are continually working towards.

new types of support in line with the agreed vision. Initiatives are monitored regularly, and every two months
the participants come together to share the lessons
learned with all key stakeholders. The Next Steps
Community of Learning is currently reviewing progress
to date in order to inform the work plan for 2015 and
to continue developing and sharing what is learned.
Organizations have shared information through
study visits, case study presentations, and two major
national conferences. The findings of the project
may be relevant for other countries, and the National
Federation already collaborates at a European level on
shared learning through the European Association for
Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities
(www.EASPD.eu).

Outlook & Transferability

Each of the participating organizations is working with
one or more persons on an individual basis, developing

Ms. Alison HARNETT

National Federation of Voluntary Bodies
Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore Galway, Ireland
Phone: +353 -91 792316 [email protected]
www.fedvol.ie www.informingfamilies.ie

54

Members of the Next Steps project take part in an exercise

on inclusive recruitment.

Problems targeted
Today there are approximately 1 million people of
working age (1865) with disabilities in Israel, many
who suffer from more than one disability. Given the
lack of government support for independent living,

Israel still has long way to go to allow disabled people to live with dignity, but we
are starting with supported housing. We
need to work with the families to make
them believe in the project.
Shira RUDERMAN, Israel Director, Ruderman Family Foundation
many young adults with disabilities end up in institutions or without adequate services in the community.
Those who wish to live independently face many
difficulties, such as accessing public buildings, finding
suitable accommodations, receiving family support,
learning independent living skills, developing a group
of friends, and finding appropriate employment.
Solution & Methodology
To ensure a successful transition to independent living, each young adult is assigned a mentor who works
with him or her on an individual basis to help define
goals and to build a plan for reaching these goals.
In addition to personal development, mentors help
connect these young adults with existing services in
the community. Mentoring also includes helping to
find an apartment; to navigate the complex process
of receiving all appropriate governmental subsidies,

including those from the Ministry of Housing; reaching

out to employment services; opening a bank account;
and managing household responsibilities.
Outlook & Transferability
Israel Unlimited, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committees strategic partnership with the Israeli
Government and the Ruderman Family Foundation
works in partnership with the government, and
therefore programs are only piloted with the consent
of the government and the agreement that they will
be implemented on a national level once deemed
successful. Moreover, Israel Unlimited works closely
with the Ministry of Welfare to make the program sustainable and to eventually become part of the formal
service system in Israel.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
There are currently three regions that have
implemented the program, and to date more
than 40 young adults with disabilities have
received assistance, support, and guidance
and are now living independently within the
community.
The American Jewish Joint Distribution
Committee (JDC) will be quadrupling the
scope of Supported Housing, with nine new
locations already identified.

Mrs. Orly FRUCHTER & Avital SANDLER-LOEFF

Phone: +972 54 220 3966 [email protected]
JDC Hill, P.O. Box 3489, Jerusalem, 9103401 Israel

55

De-institutionalisation and community

living since 1980

A business approach to sustainable

community living

ITALY / TRIESTE MENTAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT & WHOCC

JAMAICA / DIGICEL FOUNDATION JAMAICA

Since 1980 the city of Trieste has closed psychiatric hospitals and set up a network of 24-hour community mental health centres capable of dealing with the most severe conditions and of supporting
clients in their daily life, with a view towards recovery and social inclusion.

Mustard Seed Communities, a project of the Digicel Foundation Jamaica, facilitates the development
of minimum assisted-living communities and provides employment for persons with disabilities by
offering housing solutions and economic viability via skills training and equipment. The skills training
provided in craft and furniture-making increases the employability of people with disabilities, while the
provision of fishery, egg, and chicken materials increases the self-reliance of their assisted living facilities via enterprise development.

Problems targeted
Persons with mental health issues used to be held,
treated, and categorized as inmates, kept in a locked
institution, and excluded from families and community.

As a result of the community mental

health centres, deep changes have also
occurred in the attitude of communities
towards mental health issues.
Roberto MEZZINA, Director, MH Dept / WHOCC of Trieste

Solution & Methodology

As a result of the Italian Mental Health Reform Law
(1978), psychiatric total institutions (e.g., asylums,
large psychiatric hospitals) were closed and replaced
by regional Mental Health Departments over a period
of two decades. These offer a wide range of services,
such as community mental health centres, small units
in general hospitals, day-care centres, and community residential solutions for supported housing.
Inpatient beds were closed and patients discharged
to their original families, to independent living, or to
group-homes. The Trieste Mental Health Department
represents the pioneer and most successful example of this reform effort. Beneficiaries can now use
services without losing any rights, such as community
membership, employment, and the full respect of
their human rights.

Outlook & Transferability

The practice was recognised as an experimental pilot
area of mental health de-institutionalisation by the
World Health Organization in 1974, became a WHO
Collaborating Centre in 1987 and is reconfirmed as
such until 2018. This means assisting WHO in guiding
other countries in de-institutionalisation and development of integrated and comprehensive Community
Mental Health services, contributing to WHO work
on person centred care and supporting WHO in
strengthening Human Resources for Mental Health.
Because de-institutionalisation was so successful
in Trieste, the community-based approach has been
implemented in the whole Friuli Venezia Giulia region
and is acting as inspiring model for services, organisations and countries in more than 30 countries
- so far particularly in Europe, Asia, South America,
Australia and New Zealand.

56

Our goal is to build an ICT-enabled

and sustainable community to support
independent living for persons with
special needs.
Samantha CHANTRELLE, CEO, Digicel Jamaica

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
The Trieste DMH manages 4 community
mental health centres, each open 24 hours/
7 days a week, with 48 beds.
The mental health system includes a rehabilitation and residential support service, with
45 beds in group-homes, as well as a network of 15 social cooperatives, that integrate
persons with mental health issues and other
disabilities as full members of a social firm.
Each year 160 clients receive a personal
budgeted plan of care.

Mr. Roberto MEZZINA

Dipartimento di Salute Mentale Administration
via Weiss, 5, 34125 Trieste, Italy
Phone: +393488710355 [email protected]
www.triestesalutementale.it

Problems targeted
An estimated 60 percent of Jamaicas population
with disabilities are between 18 and 65 years old, and
the majority of these adults are unable to find gainful
employment. Furthermore, despite the existence of
a national strategy, the transition from institutional
care to services that allow persons with disabilities
to live within his or her own community and/or family
environment is still not a reality in Jamaica.

About 180 people are in professional training

on work grants, 2025 of whom find employment in the Trieste job market annually.

Solution & Methodology

The project focuses on the development of a minimum assisted-living community for adults with
mental and physical disabilities, the sustainability
of which is achieved through the development of
social enterprise initiatives and the construction of
a formal skills-training facility. The project is based
on two pillars: housing is constructed for those living
with special needs; and the self-sufficiency of these
individuals is ensured through the provision of the
necessary infrastructure, equipment, and training.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Mustard Seed Communities (MSC) is an
international organization with 12 residential
centres throughout Jamaica catering to
some 400 abandoned children and adults
with disabilities.
MSC employs nearly 400 local workers,
including many with disabilities.
The Digicel Jamaica Foundation has
invested $247,000 in the program to date.

opment via food security initiatives that are currently

underway. Through the MSC Business Unit, increased
technical assistance will be provided to ensure that a
business model is created to further reduce monthly
operational expenses by growing the necessary food
materials to raise chickens and fish. Linkages are being
created between the ICT training facility and other
Special Needs Centres of Excellence in Jamaica, the
Caribbean, and other territories. The strategy has
proven successful and can easily be adapted and used
in other educational institutions across the country.

Outlook & Transferability

Mustard Seed Communities has thirteen properties catering to vulnerable children and adults, some of which
have sufficient land to scale-up the enterprise devel-

Ms. Judine HUNTER, Digicel Foundation Jamaica

14 Ocean Blvd, Kingston, Jamaica
Phone: 876-619-5500 www.digiceljamaicafoundation.org
[email protected]

Credit: Digicel Foundation Jamaica

The production and sale of unique handicrafts by the

residents provides income for both the community and the
individuals involved.

57

Returning children to their families

and an inclusive environment

Training to actively engage in civic rights

MOLDOVA / LUMOS: DE-INSTITUTIONALISATION AND DEVELOPING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

The project advocates for the rights of persons with disabilities to actively participate in the electoral
and political process through training and awareness-raising campaigns. Persons with disabilities are
empowered to participate in community groups, such as womens groups, school management committees, youth clubs, cooperatives, etc.

NEPAL / INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR ELECTOR AL SYSTEMS

Together with the Moldovan Government, Lumos has promoted an integrated policy and program
of de-institutionalisation and inclusive education for children with disabilities. This allows them to
leave residential care and to return to their families and communities while receiving education in a
mainstream school.

Problems targeted
Persons with disabilities are isolated and excluded
from mainstream civic, political, and electoral activities in rural areas of Nepal, where disability is taken
as a health issue. Consequently, the political participation of those with disabilities is seldom considered
at the decision-making level. In addition, there are
still legal restrictions preventing persons of unsound
mind from voting.

Problems targeted
In 2007 approximately half of all children in institutions were those with disabilities living in residential special schools, separated from their families
because the only education for such children was
provided in segregated schools. When the government initially started a deinstitutionalisation program,
it mainly focused on children without disabilities.

Five years in an institution seemed

like an eternity. Now I live with my
parents and sister, and I want to
be here forever!
Dumitria, 14, child from Moldova
read Dumitrias story on page 15
Solution & Methodology
Lumos, in cooperation with local authorities, put in
place community-based social services making it
possible for children with disabilities in institutions
to go home to their families or be placed in foster
care. Simultaneously, it developed inclusive schools
to make it possible for these children to be educated in mainstream schools, alongside their peers.
The program also assisted the Ministry of Finance
and Ministry of Education to put in place a law that
ensures that government funds that had been going
to institutions to support disabled children are transferred with the children to community social services
and inclusive schools (for additional support teachers,
adaptations to buildings, etc.). To strengthen the
capacity of teachers and stakeholders, training and
awareness-raising was held for 15,000 professionals.
Lumos is also monitoring and evaluating the impact of
the transition.

Ms. Irina MALANCIUC, Lumos Moldova

14/1 Banulescu Bodoni Str., 2012 Chisinau, Moldova
Phone: +373 22 210 240 [email protected]

58

Credit: Lumos

Author J. K. Rowling, founder and President of Lumos, meets

14-year-old Dumitria (with glasses), who lived for five years
in an institution in Moldova. With Lumos support, Dumitrita
was reunited with her family and enrolled in a mainstream
school, and is now an active promoter of inclusive education
for all children.

Outlook & Transferability

The project is completely scalable within Moldova
because it has been proven in a number of regions
and because the legislation frees up funding from
institutions to finance community-based services.
The project has demonstrated that it is considerably
cheaper per child to support them in a family context
and to have them receive an inclusive education in
their own community than it is to keep them in an
institution. It has also been shown that the increase in
developmental and educational outcomes of children
living at home with their families is significant.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
The number of children in institutions has
been reduced from more than 11,500 to less
than 4,000 during the period of 20072013.
The number of children with disabilities in
inclusive schools reached nearly 4,500 in
2013.

Reaching out to grassroots communities

not only provides persons with
disabilities with new opportunities but
it creates a spirit of engagement
and compassion among all involved.
Elizabeth COTE, Country Director,
International Foundation for Electoral Systems

Credit: Suraj SIGDEL, International Foundation for Electoral Systems

A women with a physical disability casts her mock ballot in

Solution & Methodology

In this project the civic, political, and electoral participation of persons with disabilities is not just the
responsibility of self-help groups but includes other
community groups as well. Working together, persons
with disabilities and community groups jointly identify
issues, create advocacy plans, and execute them.
This has boosted the confidence of persons with
disabilities and has encouraged community members
to take on disability issues as their own.
Outlook & Transferability
The project can be easily and inexpensively replicated
since it is based on advocacy and awareness-raising.
If self-help groups lead the advocacy process in collaboration with other community groups, it empowers
everyone involved.

Mr. Suraj SIGDEL

International Foundation for Electoral Systems
Lazimpat, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: +977 (1) 4415630 [email protected] www.ifes.org

an accessible environment.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
1 national and 6 district-level disabled
peoples organizations as well as
120 disability-inclusive groups received
training, and are now actively promoting
civic, political, and electoral rights.
Approximately 1,200 persons with disabilities are members of ward citizen forums,
and thus participate in local decision-making
processes.
More than 1,050 persons with various
disabilities are now registered through the
regular voter registration process.

59

Personal assistance is custom-designed

NORWAY / ULOBA

Uloba, Independent Living Norway, is a cross-disability organization that has developed the concept of
personal assistance based on the Independent Living ideology. Five disabled entrepreneurs founded
the organization in 1991 with the goal of achieving equality for disabled people by providing them with
personal assistance and the opportunity to live independently and join the work force on an equal basis with others. Uloba is organized as a cooperative society owned by its members all disabled.

Problems targeted
Disabled people in Norway have been at the mercy
of institutions, home care services, and various
measures based on the medical model of disability.
They have not been considered as a discriminated
group with the same right as others to enjoy human
rights and participate in society, nor have they viewed
themselves in such a perspective. The medical
approach to disability is still strong in the health care
and assistant service sectors.

Uloba puts the Independent Living

ideologys vision into practice.
Vibeke Mary MELSTRM, CEO and co-founder, Uloba

Solution & Methodology

Since Uloba was founded disabled people have come
to believe that personal assistance (PA) is the best
way to achieve participation in society and full human
rights. Under the PA scheme, disabled people learn
to supervise their own assistance. They are given
responsibility and freedom of choice, and they learn
how to use it. Uloba has also developed the assisted
work leader scheme to give people who cannot
lead their assistance without support access to
user-controlled personal assistance. This was mainly
developed to give children and people with social or
intellectual impairment the same access to Independent Living as everybody else who needs assistance.
Outlook & Transferability
The Uloba concept has great transfer value for countries where disabled people are fighting for equality
and an independent life. Notably, this form of assistance involves no additional expense, but is simply a

Tove Linnea BRANDVIK, Uloba

Box 2474 Strms, 3003 Drammen
+47 32205910 [email protected] www.uloba.no

60

Inclusion of children and youths with

hearing impairments
PAPUA NEW GUINEA / CALL AN SERVICES FOR DISABLED PERSONS

Since 2008, Callan Services for Disabled Persons has provided nationwide educational and
vocational training to children and youths with hearing impairments, as well as capacity-building to
school teachers on a local level to facilitate the inclusion of these young people in general education
institutions.

Problems targeted
Child deafness, often a consequence of malaria or
other infection, is widely spread in Papua New Guinea.
Approximately 67 percent of all children have ear
and hearing problems, and up to 48 percent suffer
hearing loss. This hidden disability is a leading cause
of school drop-out, exclusion, and malnutrition, thus
contributing to the cycle of child poverty.

Under the PA scheme, disabled people learn to supervise

their own assistance.

matter of shifting funds from institutions and homecare services to personal assistants and to teaching
and facilitating people to work. Our system also
entails savings in public administration costs relating
to counselling, training, and work supervision.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Half of Ulobas administrative staff consists
of disabled people.
Some 2,900 disabled people in 150 Norwegian municipalities currently make use of
personal assistance.

Callans support to mainstream

education and vocational training
leads to greater participation
and inclusion of hearing impaired
and deaf persons.
Kevin RYAN, Director

Solution & Methodology

Children and youths in all provinces are regularly
screened on ear and hearing problems in local
institutions. In cases of severe problems, referral to
further medical support is facilitated. These children
are then prepared for and included in the regular education system through the development of individual
education plans. Children and youth with hearing
impairments are included in community initiatives and
events to give them an opportunity to illustrate their
skills and gain acceptance in society.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Since the beginning of the project Callan
Services has reached over 100,000 children
and adults.
The project currently has 20 people directly
employed by Callan Services.
Nationwide, a minimum of 60 additional
teachers employed by the Department of
Education are directly linked to the project.

Outlook & Transferability

Several manuals have been distributed, and Callan
Services is currently working with Light for the World
on a lessons learned guide for similar approaches
to national hearing health and education projects in
other countries.

There are 1,100 members and 5,700 assistants on the Uloba payroll.
Uloba played a key role in implementing a
new law making personal assistance a legal
right for individuals who need assistance for
more than 25 hours a week and are under
the age of 67.

Mr. Michael LULU

Callan Services for Disabled Persons
P.O. Box 5, Gerehu, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Phone: +675 72828734 [email protected]

Photo credit: Light for the World

Screening for hearing impairment is conducted in an

elementary school in Ningerum.

61

Empowerment through
peer-to-peer support

Online platform on community-based

services

RWANDA / NOUSPR

SERBIA / YOUTH WITH DISABILITIES FORUM

Through the collection of personal stories, the project aims at giving a voice to persons with psychosocial disabilities at the community, national, and international level. Peer-to-peer support, economic
empowerment, and advocacy lead to their full participation in political and public life and enable
self-determination and independent living.

Through an online database the project brings together and shares information among existing and
new community-based service providers for young people with disabilities in three areas: education,
employment, and social protection. Networking among individuals and organizations on the local level
helps to improve the quality of their services and to better assist the target group.

Problems targeted
Persons with intellectual disabilities face a lack of
social support from the state, limited education
and employment opportunities, and the absence of
sustainable livelihoods. In addition, verbal, physical,
and sexual abuse are commonly experienced in
institutional settings.

We advocate and provide persons

with psychosocial disabilities
with a platform for a unified voice to
enable them to access all necessary
services and opportunities.
Sam BADEGE, World Network of Users and
Survivors of Psychiatry

Solution & Methodology

Through peer-to-peer support, beneficiaries can
better manage and address their individual needs,
and families are trained to accommodate persons
with disabilities. Income-generating activities increase
their standard of living and enable them to contribute
financially to their families and communities, which
in turn leads to their being recognised as valuable
members of society. Such activities also address
feelings of low self-esteem and demonstrate to local
officials that, given the right support and encouragement, people with disabilities can contribute positively
to their community.

Mr. Sam BADEGE

National Organization of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
(NOUSPR), Rwanda
Phone: + 250 788 777 666 [email protected]
[email protected] www.nouspr.org

62

Problems targeted
Local governments lack the capacity to implement
laws and regulations to conform to the new national
Law on Social Protection. Also, there is an insufficient
number of active service providers, and there is no
sustainable mechanism for long-term implementation
of community-based services.

NOUSPR takes delivery of a new sewing machine, which

will enable this self-help group to start and run a small-scale
tailoring business.

Outlook & Transferability

NOUSPR plans to build the capacity of a national
office and at least three district offices such that it
will be able to represent the entire countrys psychiatric care users and survivors. The movement will
be built from the bottom up, with NOUSPR working
with communities in various districts. Currently, such
a national umbrella organization does not exist, but
it will be an important step towards networking and
further cooperation among stakeholders and disabled
peoples organizations.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S

Solution & Methodology

A survey and research were undertaken on the current situation in Serbia regarding community-based
service providers and policy advancement, with the
objective of providing solid evidence on the necessity
to enlarge and strengthen these areas. In the second
phase, an info portal was developed to provide insight
into the development of support services and their
territorial representation, and to serve as a guide on
available support for current and potential donors as
well as for service providers. Finally, five community-based services were newly established to cater
to the needs of young people with disabilities and

The final users are directly involved in

making future plans, which is one of the
most important aspects of the programs
sustainability.
Sladjana LEVIC, Project Coordinator

The Rwanda office is composed of 4 paid

staff and 2 international volunteers, operating since 2009.
The program currently has some
1,200 members, 79 per cent of whom are
persons who have themselves experienced
mental health challenges.
14 self-help groups are actively leading an
independent life.

their families. In this process, cooperation of service

providers and local government was recognized as a
key factor for sustainability.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
59 questionnaires were completed in 4
local governments to collect information on
service providers capacities, accessibility,
human resources, type of service provider
(civil, public, private), sources of finance,
frequency and quality of services, and type
and number of beneficiaries.
According to research results, 21 new and
38 existing service providers were identified.
More than 40 service providers entered their
profiles on the projects online database.
The projects web portal is visited by up to
1,000 persons per month.
To date, 109 final users young persons with
disabilities and their families have benefitted from the services implementation.

Outlook & Transferability

The project initiated cooperation among local
stakeholders, which will enable continuous ongoing
consultation to improve the lives of persons with
disabilities at the local level. The programs developed
for capacity-building will be implemented in other
projects, in other cities and local communities, since
the need for such training programs was seen during
the project implementation.

Ms. Sladjana LEVI, Youth with Disabilities Forum

Terazije 23, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Phone: +38-1113220632 [email protected]
www.fmi.rs | www.servisipodrske.info

63

The Living Link: Creating Abilities from

Disabilities

An affordable tool to make ballot papers

accessible to the blind

SOUTH AFRICA / THE LIVING LINK

SOUTH AFRICA / ELECTOR AL COMMIS SION OF SOUTH AFRICA

The Living Link was founded in 2000 and aims to improve the lives of intellectually disabled adults by
developing and enhancing their true potential. This development happens through a one-year Adult
Integration Programme, which consists of (1) Teaching the essential work readiness and life-skills
needed for intellectually disabled adults to become independent and integrated members of society
(five months); (2) Providing work training and experience that enables these adults to be employable in
the open labour market (five and a half months); and (3) Attending a five-day Independent Living tour,
during which newly learned skills are applied and assessed.

The Universal Ballot Template (UBT) is a voting aid made of hard black plastic into which a ballot paper
is inserted. The right front of the template has a flap that has cut-out windows numbered in Braille and
in large, raised white print. When the ballot paper is inserted into the template, each window aligns to
a particular candidate or party, and the voter is free to make his or her secret and independent mark
accurately. This can be used by blind and partially-sighted people, low-vision users, people who are
dyslexic, the elderly, people with low literacy, and people with motor and nervous conditions that do
not allow for a steady hand.

Problems targeted
Due to the lack of life and work skills, there are
negative stereotypes of people living with disabilities,
leading to their disempowerment and exclusion from
society. As such, the program strives to provide them
with independence, work readiness skills, social
acceptance and integration, a better quality of life,
and employment.

Every child is gifted, they just unwrap

their packages at different times.
Anonymous
Solution & Methodology
The program uses the independent living principles
found in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United
States as adapted to the South African context. Further, The Living Link has developed its own methodologies to assist people living with intellectual disabilities to become employed and, if the possibility exists,
to live independently. Basic capabilities are developed
through work readiness and life-skills training, which
then lead to job sampling in order to get experience
and participation in the open labour market. With the
independent living tour comes a final assessment to
understand the individuals growth and capabilities
of newfound skills and competencies. This approach
is slowly breaking down long-standing stereotypes
and barriers that exist for people with intellectual
disabilities, and the South African work environment is
now slowly embracing the concept of employment of
people with disabilities.

Mr. Stanley BAWDEN, The Living Link

[email protected] [email protected]
Number 1, 17th Street, Parkhurst, Johannesburg 2193
South Africa
+27 83 992 9923/ +27 11 447 7183 www.thelivinglink.co.za

64

The program
strives to provide
them with independence, work
readiness skills,
social acceptance
and integration, a
better quality of life,
and employment.

Outlook & Transferability

Currently the organization is based only in the
Gauteng privince and is the only organization of its
kind. The Living Link focuses on adults who have an
intellectual disability, and refers candidates to other
organizations if they are found to be too low functioning. While there are other organizations that perform
similar work, The Living Link is alone in focusing
specifically on intellectual disability only. Thus, there
is an urgent need to extend the program to other
provinces. However, becasuse The Living Linke is a
non-profit organisation, it is unable to get credit from
South African banks, and must therefore explore
other sources of financing.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S

Problems targeted
The aim of the UBT is to assist voters with disabilities to vote independently without the assistance of
another person. Every person should have the right to
vote secretly, and this is only possible with the use of
the UBT.

The UBT is one of the best examples of

collaboration and partnering in the
pursuit of making voting and elections
easy and accessible to all our people,
especially the disadvantaged, the sick,
and those living with disabilities.
Mosotho MOEPYA, Chief Electoral Officer

Solution & Methodology

The UBT is aligned with the ballot such that each
candidate/partys voting block is aligned to a specific
hole on the template. In this way the voter can simply
look (through counting or reading) for the space of
their preferred candidate, thus minimizing the risk of
spoiling the ballot paper through human error. Importantly, the UBT also removes the need for assistance
by another person, thereby preserving the individuals
right to a secret ballot.

Over 400 students improved their skills

since the start of the programme.
Over 250 intellectually disabled adults have
been placed within the South African labour
market in the fields of mining, retail, hospitality, garden services, medical, IT, administration, logistics, manufacturing, and many
other industries.

Each party/candidate is aligned to a specific hole on

the Template, reducing the risk of error and the need for
assistance.

Outlook & Transferability

The concept can be easily copied and used by any
and all election management bodies. The most important design consideration is alignment with the ballot
design. The rest is a matter of training and familiarization as well as logistic considerations. Costs are
relative, and will depend on volume and manufacture.
In South Africa the UBT was manufactured at approximately $1 for the cardboard unit and $2 for the
plastic one.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
The UBT has been continuously used in
by-elections since June 2011, and since
then over 1,288 by-elections have been held
almost every month.

Mrs. Libisi MAPHANGA

Election House, 1303 Heuwel Avenue
Centurion 0157 South Africa
Phone: +27 12 622 5211 [email protected]
www.elections.org.za

In 2014, UBT was used in national and provincial elections in which more than 18.6 million voters had the option available to them.

65

Sexual Abuse Victim Empowerment program

SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE TOWN) / CAPE MENTAL HEALTH

Cape Mental Health runs a unique Sexual Abuse Victim Empowerment (SAVE) program that empowers
intellectually disabled victims of sexual abuse and provides them with access to justice. The program
helps survivors prepare for court proceedings and helps the legal system to understand their special
needs. Clinical psychologists administer psychometric tests to determine the complainants level of
intellectual functioning and ability to consent to sexual intercourse. They also assess the competence
of the complainant to act as witness and then make recommendations in a court report.

Problems targeted
People with intellectual disabilities are easy prey for
sexual predators, and cases of sexual abuse are
common.

The SAVE program attempts to offer

people with intellectual disabilities who
are victims of sexual abuse the same
access to justice as the general population and to ensure conviction of the
perpetrators.

Provide training and ongoing technical support to

mental health societies, clinical psychologists, and
related professionals across South Africa in order
to extend the program nationally.
Outlook & Transferability
In 20132014, SAVE was able to extend support
services to some 100 survivors on an annual budget
of SAR694,676 (approximately $87,000), which
testifies to its affordability. In April 2013 the Cabinet
of South Africa recommended that the SAVE model
be integrated into the public sector gender-based
violence intervention system and rolled-out across
the country.

Free personal assistance proves

cost-effective
SPAIN (MADRID) / ASPAYM

The Oficina de Vida Independiente (OVI Madrid) is a project run by the NGO ASPAYM-Madrid to provide free personal assistance services (PAS) to disabled people within the Madrid region. The project
has been funded by the Madrid local government since its founding in July 2006, and since September
2013 it has been co-funded by the European Social Fund. The services provided are designed to be
sufficient to fully support all areas of the participants lives, covering self-care, household care, study,
work, mobility, leisure, travel, etc. on a 365-days-a-year basis.

Problems targeted
Currently, personal assistant budgets are just
0.02 percent of total government services and
budgets provided by law, and personal assistance
is still widely unknown in Spain. The Madrid regional
government and ASPAYM-Madrid together launched
the OVI Madrid project in order to test how personal
assistance works in real life. Initially, it was designed
as a pilot project for 35 people, but it soon showed
its potential and was increased to 60. The primary
objective of the project is to provide sufficient personal assistance services to disabled people within
the Madrid region to allow them to live fully productive
and participatory lives.

Carol BOSCH, Project Manager, Cape Mental Health

Solution & Methodology

Provide psychological assessments of a victims
level of functioning, competence to act as a
witness, and ability to consent to sexual intercourse.
Provide court preparation, support, counselling, and
sex education and sexuality awareness for complainants and their families.
Provide expert witness by clinical psychologists as
required and act as a liaison with all relevant agencies, in particular the South African Police Services
and Justice Department.
Raise awareness among public prosecutors and
police when dealing with complainants with intellectual disability by training them in appropriate
interviewing skills.

Carol BOSCH
Cape Mental Health, 22 Ivy Rd, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town
Phone: 021-4479040 [email protected]
www.capementalhealth.co.za

66

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
SAVE achieved a 28.1 percent conviction
rate, greater than the 25 percent conviction
rate indicated by the Law Commission for
cases from the general population.
From just a few cases beginning in 1990, the
Department of Justice currently refers more
than 100 cases per annum to SAVE for psychometric assessment, court preparation,
case planning, and assistance.
In February 2007, SAVE received a Silver
Award from the Impumelelo Innovations
Award Trust for its pioneering work, and in
2010 it received an award from the South
African Federation for Mental Health for
Innovative Program in the Field of Intellectual Disability.

With enough and self-managed

personal assistance, we all can live
our lives our own way.
An OVI Madrid participant
Solution & Methodology
Following the Independent Living philosophy, each
participant is in charge of his/her PAS. In order to
determinate the number of hours of services needed,
each participant must complete a document known
as the PIVI (the Spanish acronym for Individual Plan
for Independent Living). This document gathers all the
activities for which personal assistance is needed as
well as the amount of time involved. Currently, not all
demand can be met, and there is a waiting list of
21 people.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
137,000 hours of PAS were provided and
paid for during 2013.
As a result, 59 people have been living their
own lives, wherever they choose, and all of
them are working, studying, and/or participating in social activities.
A social return of investment study conducted by an external consulting firm showed
that for every 100 of public funds invested
91.64 is returned to the government via
work and taxes.

Outlook & Transferability

OVI Madrid is the first project of this kind in Spain
and is regularly consulted by other projects that are
currently being established in the country. It follows
the Independent Living philosophy by allowing people
to take control of their own lives by using the human
tool called personal assistance. The demand for
personal assistance has been an issue all over Spain
for a long time. Although the current project is limited
to the Madrid region, it can be implemented easily
elsewhere. The collaboration between public administration (providing the funds) and an NGO (providing
the management of the project) results in a considerable reduction in costs (at OVI Madrid, 98 percent of
the investment goes to direct costs).

Mr. Javier ARROYO MENDEZ, Aspaym Madrid

Camino de Valderribas 115, 28038 Madrid
Phone: +34 91 478 70 31 [email protected]

67

Using mainstream lower-cost

home automation

User-led organization teaching

and inspiring others

UNITED KINGDOM / CONNECT TO CONTROL (SCOPE , BEAUMONT COLLEGE)

UNITED KINGDOM / SPECTRUM CENTRE FOR INDEPENDENT LIVING (CIL)

The British Telecom (BT) and Scope Beaumont College technology project Connect to Control/Mind
the Gap centres on the use of Environmental Control Systems (ECS) and how equipment from the
mainstream home automation market can be used and made accessible and affordable to students/
service users with disabilities. A key factor that adds value to the BT partnership is that colleagues in
services, policy, and fundraising have genuinely collaborated on project outcomes.

The SPECTRUM Centre for Independent Living is an established user-led organization (ULO)
run by persons with disabilities. It peer-supports the development of new ULOs through the
sharing of experiences and information, offering a platform for lessons learned, and providing
advice and mentoring.

Problems targeted
The main barrier is that normal equipment from the
smart home market is not accessible to people with
complex needs due to poor interface design. Therefore, the following criteria have been set:
1. to make a mainstream, off-the-shelf communication and environmental control system accessible to
disabled people;
2. to reduce the price of enabling technology;
3. to increase the functionality and range of technologies available to disabled people;
4. to explore why mainstream technology does not
meet the needs of disabled people; and
5. to Influence the development plans of environmental control suppliers
Solution & Methodology
A working prototype (based on the Vera 2 Z-Wave
hub) has been demonstrated to a number of age
and disability focused ECS companies, which has in
some cases influenced their development plans as a
result. The prototypes method of using mainstream

We have now built a prototype

system that is based on
mainstream equipment to provide
a proof of concept.
Rohan SLAUGHTER, Assistant Principal Scope Beaumont College

equipment and standards has been commercialized

in the SmartHub product. A co-designed report that
makes a number of recommendations to improve the

Mr. Rohan SLAUGHTER, Scope

Slyne Road, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1524 54 14 00 [email protected]

68

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
23 ECS systems have been installed over
the life of the project: 19 at Beaumont
College and 4 in community living houses.
A report (Enabling Technology) has been
published and the whole project has had
wide exposure: presented at two conferences, one journal paper, and one public lecture
at the Royal Society, London.
The approaches taken in the prototype system have now been developed into a commercial product called SmartHub, produced
by Therapy Box (www.therapy-box.co.uk).

Problems targeted
UK Government policy requires all local authorities
to support and encourage user-led organizations
to develop new services through user involvement.
Often, local policies are hostile to ULO development;
and while local authorities may want to support
ULOs, they do not know how to go about doing so.
Likewise, new ULOs often do not know where to go
for guidance.

Participants gather at the SPECTRUM CIL Hate Crime

We believe that all organizations

promoting empowerment and social
change should be peer based, and
should be fully accountable to and
representative of the community they
work in.
Ian LOYNES, Chief Executive
SPECTRUM Centre for Independent Living

design of products and services for the disabled has

been produced, and this has value to the assistive
technology and mainstream markets as well as to the
technology product and service development communities that build such products. To date, 23 ECS
systems have been installed, with 23 students directly
using and benefiting from such. Note that students
were able to choose the ECS elements that they were
most interested in using at the start of the process.
This is a person-centred model that focuses on
choice, empowerment, and control. For example one
student at the college decided to prioritise the control
of her music and access to her door, windows, blinds,
and lights, so these elements were addressed first.
Outlook & Transferability
The barrier to be overcome is how such ECS systems
are specified and installed. To meet this, Scope has
developed an internal pilot of a regional assistive
technology service which, if successful, Scope will
seek to bring to scale.

Credit: SPECTRUM CIL

Solution & Methodology

Sharing experiences and success stories of existing
ULOs and providing peer-based mentoring to new
ULOs helps them to develop more quickly and to
avoid making the same mistakes. SPECTRUM CIL
collects existing good practices in ULO development
and user involvement and makes these resources
available to a wide audience. Lack of such information
is often the reason new ULOs fail in their development.
Outlook & Transferability
SPECTRUM CIL has developed a legacy strategy to
ensure that the toolkits, resources, support networks,

Mr. Ian LOYNES

SPECTRUM Centre for Independent Living CIC
Unity 12, 9-19 Rose Road, Southampton, SO14 6TE, UK
Phone: +44 23 8020 2625 [email protected]
www.SpectrumCIL.co.uk

seminar held in October 2014 for ULOs and other organizations that are concerned about hate crimes in the United
Kingdom.

and facilities that it has developed will remain available to new ULOs even after the project concludes.
All findings and resources are transferable to any
developing user-led organization supporting any
disadvantaged group (e.g., older people, gays and
lesbians, immigration groups, etc.).

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Developed 3 new ULOs in Hampshire, 1 in
Portsmouth, and 1 in Southampton. Engaged,
trained, and supported 95 persons with disabilities to be involved in co-production with
local authorities or to develop a new ULO.
In cooperation with the local authorities
of Hampshire, SPECTRUM CIL organized
a home care competition whereby small
ULOs could propose an innovative new way
of providing independent living services. As
a result, two ULOs received 4,000 each to
develop their ideas and to actually provide
these services.

69

A brokerage service to provide

short breaks

Helpline and platform on personalised care

UNITED KINGDOM (SUFFOLK) / SCOPE AND SUFFOLK COUNT Y COUNCIL

The project provides advice and information to disabled people on receiving community-care direct
payments, creating an individual budget, securing social service funding in relation to care needs,
and getting general advice on employing personal assistants. A free download area on the project
website (www.disabilityrightsuk.org/how-we-can-help/helplines/independent-living-advice-line) and a
bi-monthly newsletter share personal stories and Q&A sections with a broad audience.

Activities Unlimited (AU) has collaborated with Scope to create this unique service delivering short-
break activities for disabled children and young people (DCYP) aged 0 to 25 in Suffolk, UK. Built on
the pick and choose model of a travel agency, it is aimed at tackling barriers faced by parents/career
people who are seeking activities for their disabled children that are safe, fun, and appropriate, while
simultaneously giving parents and other caregivers regular breaks from their caring roles.

Problems targeted
Parents of DCYP require regular short breaks to enable them to continue to provide their children with the
care they need, but it has proven difficult for families
to find and arrange suitable activities for their disabled children during such times. Traditional respite
models lacked choice: The focus was primarily on
caring for the child, and was available only to those
with the highest needs. Further, long waiting lists did
not always consider the best outcomes of the child.

The team at Activities Unlimited works incredibly hard to support families who have
children with additional needs and to ensure
that these young people have access to a
whole host of fantastic opportunities and activities to enhance their social and life skills.
Cheryl SHARLAND, Head of Inclusive Services,
Suffolk County Council
Solution & Methodology
The AU model provides leisure activities for the DCYP
and short breaks for their parents/caregivers based
on need, taking into account the voice of children,
young people, and their families, and using fair,
understandable, and transparent eligibility criteria so
services are not just restricted to those in crisis situations. Families complete an online self-assessment
via the AU website. This identifies the level of offer
they receive, which could be an individual budget that
can be used to purchase activities, equipment, or 1-to1 support. Registered families are able to access a

Mrs. Ruth MARVEL, Scope

Slyne Road, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1524 54 14 00 [email protected]
www.activities-unlimited.co.uk

70

range of suitable activities overseen by the brokerage

(Scope), which is responsible for matching the needs
and aspirations of disabled young people by developing the market and creating a wide range of shortbreak leisure and recreation opportunities. Providers
of short-break leisure and recreation opportunities
wishing to register as AU providers and to promote
their services must do so through the brokerage,
which has developed a robust quality-control mechanism. The brokerage service gathers feedback from
users about the types of activities they would like, and
the brokerage proactively approaches specialist and
mainstream providers to see how the local market
could respond to meet these needs.
Outlook & Transferability
AU offers a model that is responsive to a personalised
agenda and is easy both to scale-up and replicate.
Grant funding, alongside government support and
a set of quality standards, is also available on a
time-limited basis for providers who want to develop
or improve their offer to disabled children and yong
people. Scope has adopted the AU model to establish
two similar projects in Leeds and Blackpool.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Family outcomes based on user evaluations:
We are able to go out as a family more
often (49%); Family outings and events
are now more enjoyable (46%); There are
more places/events for the family to go out
together (39%).
Parent outcomes: It allows us more quality
time with our children (60%); We feel better
able to cope (45%); We have more time to
ourselves and for having a social life (27%).

UNITED KINGDOM / DISABILIT Y RIGHTS UK

Problems targeted
Financial cuts to local and national services mean
there are gaps not only in knowledge of community-care direct payments, personal budgets, etc. but
also in where to find information and support on how
to apply for such personalised service assistance.

We deliver a knowledge-sharing
platform on personalised care
to allow disabled people to access
the same rights and opportunities
as their non-disabled peers.

Credit: Disability Rights UK

Michael PAUL, Advice Services Manager,

Disability Rights UK

Solution & Methodology

Factsheets are provided free via the website, giving
detailed information on community care, possible
funding for non-residential accommodation, community-care direct payments, and for complaining about
local authority decisions. In addition, personal advice
and information is offered by telephone or email, and
Q&A examples are shared in bi-monthly newsletters.
Approximately 25 percent of recipients are advisers
from member organizations, which have a wide reach
themselves. Disability Rights UK also writes the
Independent Living sections of the Disability Rights
Handbook the benefits bible which sells more
than 13,000 copies per annum. In the near future,
online forums will be introduced to further enhance
communication and information sharing.

Outlook & Transferability

Since the service is quite simply set up, it can be
easily replicated; and use of online services means
information is easily updated and shared. New issues
are highlighted through the Q&A sections of the
newsletter and website, helping disabled people and
their networks to be proactive.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Newsletters have been sent to more than
1,500 recipients, who are encouraged to
share them with their own networks.
Factsheets are downloaded more than
60,000 times per annum, and the number is
growing as more factsheets are added.

Mr. Michael PAUL, Disability Rights UK

CAN Mezzanine, 49-51 East Rd, N1 6AH, London, UK
Phone: +44 20 7250 8189 [email protected]
www.disabilityrightsuk.org

More than 800 telephone and email enquiries are received and responded to per
annum.

71

Strengthening electoral systems to

be inclusive and accessible

Infiltration strategy for women and girls

with disabilities

USA (WORLDWIDE) / INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR ELECTOR AL SYSTEMS (IFES)

USA (ACTIVE IN 80 COUNTRIES) / MOBILIT Y INTERNATIONAL USA (MIUSA)

The Election Access Program of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) promotes
opportunities for people with disabilities to participate in the election process by providing specific
recommendations to officials regarding election services and the voting environment, such that voter
registration becomes more accessible, assistive devices such as tactile ballot guides are created, and
transportation to the polls is readily available. Training and advocacy also empowers persons with
disabilities to actively participate in the election process.

The three-week Womens Institute on Leadership and Disability (WILD) program of Mobility International USA (MIUSA) has trained more than 200 women with disabilities from over 80 countries on strategies for improving the lives of women and girls with disabilities. Utilizing the innovative WILD strategy
to move from exclusion to infiltration, they have formed partnerships with development organizations
and governments.

Problems targeted
Elected officials are unlikely to address the concerns
of people with disabilities, such as inclusive education
or accessible transportation, if people with disabilities
do not have a voice in the political process. Such
participation provides the basis for mainstreaming
their inclusion in all aspects of society by breaking
down social stigmas and increasing the accountability
of elected representatives.

Participation in political life provides the

opportunity for people with disabilities
to demand their rights as equal citizens.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Lead author of the first manual, Equal
Access, that provides government and civil
society with guidance on how to ensure
that persons with disabilities have a voice in
political life.
Developed an election access observation
checklist and trained over 700 people in 7
countries to be access observers.
Received the 2011 InterAction Disability
Inclusion Award.

Virginia ATKINSON, IFES

Solution & Methodology
The Election Access Program trains individuals and
advocates governments in order to include people
with disabilities in the political process. It also lays
strong emphasis on women, having developed and
distributed voter education materials specifically
aimed at women with and without disabilities in
readily accessible locations, such as marketplaces.
It has also conducted leadership training to teach
women and other people with disabilities the skills
required to participate as leaders in political life. The
program has had a strong impact at the national and
regional level worldwide, such as successfully advocating for disability inclusion in the ASEAN Human
Rights Declaration and ensuring that people with
intellectual disabilities have political access in Council
of Europe member states.

Ms. Virginia ATKINSON

IFES - International Foundation for Electoral Systems
1850 K Street 5th Floor, 20006 Washington, DC, USA
+1 202 350 6812 [email protected]
www.ifes.org / www.ElectionAccess.org

72

Outlook & Transferability

IFESs Election Access Working Group shares lessons
learned across regional teams and develops reference
documents, such as how to interact with employees/
partners with auditory disabilities and how to include
persons with disabilities in program design. IFESs
2014 manual, Equal Access, which details how to include persons with disabilities in elections and political
processes, can readily serve as a guideline and starting point for other regions, cities, and countries that
seek to make their elections more accessible and to
include persons with disabilities in political leadership.

Credit: IFES

A woman casts her ballot in Aceh, Indonesia.

Problems targeted
Founded in 1981, MIUSA is a disability-led non-profit
organization headquartered in Eugene, Oregon, working to advance the rights of people with disabilities
globally. By implementing innovative programs, MIUSA
is building bridges to create a new era in which
people with disabilities will take their rightful place in
the world community. Women with disabilities are one
of the most marginalized, under-served populations
in the world, yet they offer tremendous potential for
leadership and the ability to transform communities.

WILD has succeeded in raising strong

and dynamic women who are assertive
enough to engage their community
leaders to promote the issues of women
and girls with disabilities in their countries. I am such an example; my level of
confidence has tripled since WILD.
Ekaete UMOH, WILD alumna from Nigeria
Solution & Methodology
Creating a unique space for rights-based leadership
training specifically for women and girls with disabilities. This is a place to gain confidence and pride, and
to build the skills needed to be a force for change.
Promoting the strategy of infiltration for both disabled
women activists and international development organizations. Disabled women activists must proactively
become involved in existing mainstream development
programs. International development organizations
Susan DUNN
Project Manager, Mobility International USA
132 E. Broadway suite 343, Eugene, OR 97405
Phone: 1 (541) 343-1284 ext. 17 Cell: 1 (541) 731-1356
[email protected] www.miusa.org

MIUSA is a place to gain confidence and pride, and to build

the skills needed to be a force for change.

and women leaders with disabilities must build partnerships to make such inclusion sustainable.
Outlook & Transferability
Utilizing these strategies, disabled women activists
and the development community can break the strong
links between poverty and disability championing
the inclusion of women and girls with disabilities as
beneficiaries and leaders in the many life-enhancing and life-saving development programs that are
changing their communities.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
The 200-plus disabled women activists are
followed and measured in terms of their
impact and accomplishments.
Within 6 months of attending WILD: 72% of
WILD alumni received funding or in-kind sup
port from sources they acquired through WILD
92% of international development organization staff report that they had made changes
to their organizations policies, programs and
practices to be more inclusive as a result of
their participation in WILD.

73

Employment and inclusion of rural

girls with hearing impairments

Enfranchising people with disabilities

in Zimbabwe

YEMEN / AL SAEEDA AS SOCIATION

ZIMBABWE / JAIROS JIRI AS SOCIATION

Women with hearing disabilities from rural areas receive training and education to ensure their
participation in the job market. Informing families and communities about the needs and issues of
these women leads to greater understanding and inclusion, which in turn helps to empower them
economically and socially.

The five-year program has sought to secure the inclusion of people with disabilities in Zimbabwes
governance systems by advocating for their accessibility to polling stations and thus enhancing their
ability to vote secretly and independently. The program also aimed at ensuring proportional representation of people with disabilities in Parliament and other decision-making bodies, a quota system in
employment, lobbying for the creation of a disability ministry, and the enactment and implementation
of disability legislation.

Problems targeted
Girls with hearing impairments do not have access
to an education that would ensure them a dignified
life, and often they do not have the right to learn
unified Yemeni sign language. Thus, they cannot
communicate with others or express their needs
and opinions.

The peer-to-peer approach of our

organization empowers women with
hearing impairments to actively
participate in society and encourages
them through outstanding role models.
Manal AL ASHWAL, President, Al Saeeda Association

Solution & Methodology

Women are trained and educated to generate a
steady income in such careers as hairdressing,
engraving, handicrafts, knitting, and sewing. In
addition to capacity-building, Al Saeeda Association
advocates with local decision-makers to highlight
the issues of persons with hearing impairments
and to actively promote schools that integrate them.
The project is executed by women who themselves
have a hearing impairment, and this peer-to-peer
support offers positive role models for young girls.
Even the sign language classes are taught by the
hearing impaired.

Problems targeted
The rights of people with disabilities were not explicitly defined in the constitution of Zimbabwe and most
sectors of society had no policies that were inclusive
of disability. This is because disability, in most sectors
of the society, is regarded as a charity issue rather
than a development or human rights issue. The Disability Act of 1992, reviewed in 1996, falls short in terms
of adequately addressing these rights. The participation of people with disabilities in decision-making
processes has been hindered by some restrictions
imposed by both physical and attitudinal barriers, including inaccessible buildings and the lack of access
to useful information.
In Haifan, Taiz, a deaf trainer teaches some 30 women with
hearing impairments how to sign.

Outlook & Transferability

There is a great demand and need for sign language
training and the teaching of professional careers.
Currently, the project faces several obstacles to its
growth, including a lack of sewing machines, insufficient transportation for trainees, a poor supply of
electricity, and too little space, among others.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
To date, 30 girls aged 1534 have participated in the programme.
5 teachers and women trainers are learning
sign language to become trainers of the
deaf.

Ms. Manal AL ASHWAL

Al Saeeda Society for the Care and Rehabilitation of Deaf Girls
Taiz-al kamb al kaser street behind the school Saladin, Yemen
+96704227123 [email protected]

74

Currently, 9 girls with hearing impairments

and 4 interpreters from Al Saeeda Association work on this project.

Overall, the use of the multi-stakeholder

innovation with a focus on the rights
of people with disabilities contributed
greatly to their increased participation
in governance systems and other development activities, as well as increased
recognition and acceptance of people
with disabilities in their communities.
W. N. RUVERE, National Executive Director, JJA
Solution & Methodology
The project aimed at increasing the number of people
with disabilities who (1) participate as election observ-

Mr. W. N. RUVERE, Jairos Jiri Association

187 Samora Machel Avenue Milton Park, Harare, 263, Zimbabwe
Phone: 263-772235094 [email protected]
Fr. Dagmar LASSMANN, Diakonie sterreich
[email protected]

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Several voter education exercises covered
all 29 wards in Mutoko district and the 18
wards in Mudzi district, reaching 2,817 people with disabilities, 750 caregivers, and 200
community leaders in Mutoko, and similar
numbers in Mudzi.
A 2009 baseline survey revealed that only 0.01
percent of voters in the 2008 elections were
people with disabilities, whereas the number
climbed to 3.6 percent in the 31 July 2013 harmonised elections a significant improvement
resulting from this governance program.

ers in the countrys local and national elections; (2)

cast their votes in local and national elections; and (3)
stand as candidates in local and national elections.
Community involvement was key to the success of
the program and led to the establishment of local
disability committees. These committees, which were
trained by Jairos Jiri Association, have a crucial role
to play, as they are part of the organizations phaseout and sustainability strategies.
Outlook & Transferability
The governance program was carried out with the
maximum involvement of the beneficiaries and concentrated on empowering communities. The program
gives room to communities to apply strategies that
work in their own situations, and thus is sufficiently
flexible to be transferred to other countries. It is also
possible to scale-up the program within Zimbabwe,
as it would have an even greater impact if the whole
country were covered. Costs can be shared among
communities to cover workshops, meetings, and voter
education campaigns as well as information, education, and communication materials.

75

Success stories of
Innovative Practices 2014

CETR AM, CHILE

CETRAM is a community-based organisation which helps to find personalised
solutions for individual needs in regard
to wellness and health. It offers technical aids and assistive technology at
low cost at home. In 2015 CETRAM is
taking its activities one step further - in
cooperation with the Ministerio De
Desarrollo Social (Ministry for Social
Development) and the Servicio Nacional de la Discapacidad (SENADIS) CETRAM offers training courses in 2015 to
further enhance independent living and
empower persons with disabilities in
leading the life they wish to.

The Zero Project awards Innovative Practices since 2013, using its current research and selection
procedure and with a thematic focus. In this section of the Zero Project Report, Innovative Practices of
the year 2014 were re-visited. Find selected news stories here.

COLOR ADD, P ORTUGAL

End of 2014 the Vodafone Foundation announced the four
winners of the 2013 Mobile for Good Europe Awards.
In the accessibility category, the price went to ColorADD, an
application that enables colour-blind users to understand colours through a simple coding system. The award is organised
every year by the Vodafone Foundation in collaboration with
the European Disability Forum and AGE Platform Europe.

ACCEO, FR ANCE
VERBAVOICE , GERMANY

Acceo offers telephone services

to enable conversations between
persons with hearing impairments and hearing persons.
Registered companies, organisations and public institutions
can provide a new dimension in
customer service by enabling
communication with the hearing
impaired. Since September 2014,
the town of Metz has made its
single telephone number Hello
Mayor accessible for persons
with hearing impairments. Metz
is the first city of over 100,000
inhabitants which is made
accessible thanks to the services
of ACCEO.

CHANGING PL ACES, UNITED KINGDOM

A Changing Places toilet provides equipment, space
and facilities (including hoist and adult-sized changing bench) for persons with disabilities who need
assistance and cannot use standard accessible
toilets. Changing Places toilets should be provided in
addition to standard accessible toilets. After working
to support the development of the Changing Places
campaign in Australia over the past three years, the
Victoria Coalition Government decided in 2014 to invest $750,000 to build six Changing Places in popular
public spaces and to provide a mobile facility to give
people with a disability greater independence and to
better support their families and carers.

VerbaVoice offers an innovative online interpreting technology as well as full services for
deaf and hard of hearing people: enabling
students to equally participate in class; accessible events with captions, interpreting and livestream. In October 2014 VerbaVoice was recognized as the regional winner of Bavaria within
the competition Start-up Champion 2014
of KfW Group (German government-owned
development bank). The prize was awarded
during the German start-up and entrepreneurs
days (deGUT). The award ceremony was held
at the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy in Berlin.

ACCES SIBLE MUSEUMS IN THE WESTERN BALK ANS

Training museum professionals in the Western Balkans to improve
access to their buildings, collections and activities for persons with
disabilities and enabling positive participation while challenging negative
stereotypes. In October 2014 the first ever Balkan Museums without
Barriers conference took place, organized by the Balkan Museum
Network and funded by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation. Over 50
participants from across the western Balkans gathered in Sarajevo to
share their experiences, challenges, knowledge and commitment to
making museums and heritage more accessible to disabled people.
Many NGOs also attended. Delegates voted the Museum in a Suitcase
from the National Museum of Bosnia Herzegovina as the best project
for access and innovation.

76

OPEN THE WINDOWS, MACEDONIA

In June 2014 Open the Windows delivered trainings on assistive technology use
in two mainstream secondary schools: Orde Copela in Prilep and Brakja Miladinovci in Skopje. This was undertaken as part of the USAID Project for e-Accessible Education. The trainings were largely interactive: practical exercises and
simulations enabled participants to experience the potential benefit that assistive
technology brings for students with disabilities. Over 40 teachers and school
staff attended, who will be able to use new teaching and working methods in
their work with students.

77

Innovative Policies
2015
Selection and Key
Findings

78

Key findings

Fact Sheets

How Innovatives Policies were researched and selected;

summaries and analysis

Factsheets from all Innovative Policies 2015, ranked by

country of origin

Policies of 2014

Life Stories

News and development from Innovative Policies of

former research periods

Persons with disabilities explain how selected Innovative

Practices have changed their life for the better

79

Key Findings of
Innovative Policies
ZERO PROJECT 2015

This year the Zero Project received 27 Innovative Policy nominations from around the world. Of these,
the Zero Project expert network selected 11 policies that measurably advance the right of persons with
disabilities to live independently and/or to exercise their political rights.

Definition
Innovative Policies have achieved identifiable improvements on the ground, and have demonstrated a positive dynamic of change that can be easily replicated
in many countries to advance the implementation of
the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CPRD). Like all innovation, some policies
may be incomplete or dependent on other developments to maximize their impact. Some policies, no
matter how positive, may also contain elements of old
thinking. Since the implementation of the UN CRPD
is a work in progress for all countries, these elements
are taken into account in the overall assessment of
innovation.
Methodology
The nomination, research, and selection process for
Innovative Policies is a multi-step approach, involving
a network of experts along the way.

80

network were asked to shortlist those policies that

they considered most innovative; that promised the
greatest outcome, impact, and effectiveness; and that
were transferable, scalable, and cost-efficient. Of the
27 original proposals, 19 policies were shortlisted in
that process.
Research
All 19 shortlisted policies were researched by the World
Future Council, which applied its Future Just Lawmaking Methodology (based on the International Law
Associations 2002 New Delhi Declaration Principles
of International Law). The research team conducted
written interviews with representatives from governments, academia, and disabled peoples organizations
about each of the policies, and verified the information
provided in the nomination. In total, 66 experts were
involved in this process, answering generic questions
and/or clarifying specific aspects of the policys development, implementation, and monitoring.

Nomination
Each year the nomination process begins by contacting the full Zero Project network, asking nearly 2,000
experts worldwide to nominate Innovative Practices
and Innovative Policies (see previous chapter on
Innovative Practices for details). The Essl Foundation
then researches all practice nominations, while all policy nominations are researched by the World Future
Council. By July 2014, 27 policies from 20 countries
had been received.

Selection
In September 2014 more than 100 experts of the Zero
Project network including at least two from each
country where the shortlisted policies were implemented were invited to participate in the final round
to choose the Innovative Policies of the Zero Project
2015. The 11 Innovative Policies that were finally selected come from four continents and cover a broad
variety of approaches and backgrounds.

Screening and shortlisting

A first screening of the nominated policies was
undertaken, filtering out those that did not fit the
established criteria. For the remaining nominations,
43 experts on disability, independent living, and
political participation selected from the Zero Projects

Policies: Tools for social change

Policies can be excellent tools for promoting social
change. The diversity of the 27 nominated legal
instruments embraced, for example:
Performance standards for polling station staff
Action plans promoting electoral accessibility

Programmes assisting persons with disabilities with

the purchase and fitting of aids and appliances
Laws establishing peer counseling as a social
profession or representative bodies in municipalities
for people with disabilities
While employing a broad range of mechanisms, the
11 Innovative Policies can be categorized as follows:
Laws (4): Japan, Sweden, Uganda
and Upper Austria
Decrees (2): Flanders and Spain
Policy (2): South Africa and Sweden
Strategy (1): New Zealand
Funding agreement (2): Luxembourg and
United Kingdom
For different government levels and bodies
Innovative Policies 2015 are established at all
levels of government, from the local/municipal level
(Swedens Personal Ombudsmen) to the regional
level (Upper Austria and Flanders) up to the national
level (Sweden, United Kingdom, etc.). Some policies
concern exclusively the most important legislative
body at the national level: the Parliament (South
Africa, Japan, etc.). Others concern the mandate
and operation of an independent agency organizing
and overseeing elections: the Electoral Commission (New Zealand, etc.). In order to ensure the full
implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities, it is crucial to mainstream these rights at all
levels of policy-making.
For persons with all types of disabilities
Many existing policies include their own, restrictive
definition of disability or refer to a definition found in
another law, often the countrys antidiscrimination law.
However, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities does not include a definition of disability, and states explicitly in its Article 1 that persons
with disabilities include those who have long-term
physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments.
The overall goal should be to avoid spelling out an
unavoidably restrictive definition of disability and to
implement steps relevant for all, regardless of disability, as stated for example by New Zealands strategy
for electoral access.
Including the most excluded groups
There are persons with certain types of disabilities
that are more severely affected than others. These
include persons with extensive disabilities who need
daily assistance in order to be able to live independently in their familys or their own home. Sweden
is one of the few countries that have established a
right to a personal assistance budget.
Among the most neglected groups are also persons
with severe mental and psychosocial problems. In

Innovative Policies have

achieved identifiable
improvements on the ground,
and have demonstrated
a positive dynamic of change
that can be easily replicated
in many countries to
advance the implementation
of the UN Convention on
the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (UN CPRD).
Part of Zero Projects definition of Innovative Policies

such cases, the Personal Ombudsmen in Sweden

have proven to be true change makers in the lives
of many disabled persons. Similarly, in Upper Austria persons with disabilities who have psychiatric
experience can become qualified peer counsellors
who can then help other disabled persons currently in
psychiatric care.
Persons who are placed under guardianship often
lose their legal rights, including their right to vote. A
spectacular 2013 court ruling in Japan established
that provisions that deprive persons under guardianship of their voting rights are unconstitutional, and the
repeal of such provisions led to the enfranchisement
of more than 136,000 people.
Also, plain language users that is, people with limited
language skills are another group that is often neglected by policy-makers. An exception is this years
Innovative Policy that comes from New Zealand. Its
strategy aims for electoral accessibility for all, including measures targeted at persons with intellectual
disabilities.

81

Peer counselling as an
approved profession
AUSTRIA / UPPER AUSTRIA , DIRECTOR ATE HEALTH AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS

Acknowledging that peer counselling is crucial to empower persons with disabilities, Upper
Austria established for the first time worldwide peer counselling as an official social profession,
approving people with physical, psychosocial, and intellectual disabilities as skilled professionals
in their field.

In brief
A peer counsellor has intimate knowledge of disabilities, is emphatic towards similarly affected people,
and is uniquely able to provide guidance and assistance to help others take greater control of their lives
in their homes, their communities, and their work
place. With the help of the regional Independent Living Centre, Upper Austria introduced peer counselling
as a social profession in 2008, and it remains the only
region to do so worldwide. In addition, nowhere else
is peer counselling based on such comprehensive
qualifications, or places such value on the experience
of disabilities.

As a peer counsellor with psychiatric experience, I would like to

encourage people with psychiatric
problems to engage openly with
their problems and to accompany
them with compassion.
Gerda Stllnberger,
certified peer counsellor with psychiatric experience

Innovative aspects
Disability as an asset: As a role model, a peer counsellors experiences, knowledge, and coping skills
uniquely equip him/her to provide guidance and
advice to other persons with disabilities.
Professionalism: Establishment of peer counselling
as a social profession provides for a high standard of

82

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Since 2009 disability-specific qualification
courses (psychosocial, physical, intellectual,
etc.) have certified more than 70 professionals.
In 2014, 76 peer counsellors offered up to
1,320 hours of service per week, tailored to
various types of disability.
Counsellors are active in a variety of
organizations.

qualification, the formalization of rights under collective agreements, and professionalization.

peer counselling was formalized under the states

Social Professions Act to complement and augment
the other services offered under the states Equal
Opportunities Act.
Key features
A peer counsellor is one who has personal disability-related experiences, who is a good listener, and
who has been trained in a variety of problem-solving
techniques in order to provide support and guidance
to similarly affected people. They can serve as a critical link between the person with disabilities seeking
help and the service providers and/or the family.
Since 2009 four qualification courses designed for
various disability experiences, such as physical, intellectual, and psychosocial, have been offered by FAB
Organos the responsible training organization at
the regional Empowerment-Centre of the Upper Austrian Independent Living Initiative. The qualification
process, which is financed by the region, is comprised
of 240 teaching units and 80 hours of internship.
Accommodations are provided. The curriculum
addresses knowledge for communication, counselling
on independent living, and disability-related laws and
services in Upper Austria.
Outcome, impact, and effectiveness
Upper Austria facilitated job opportunities, and now
service providers employ 72 peer counsellors.
Peer counsellors have achieved a better salary
grade.
A professional association of peer counsellors has
been established.

I would like to
encourage people with
psychiatric problems to
engage openly.
Recently, Gerda Stllnberger concluded Upper
Austrias peer counsellor qualification course,
becoming a professional peer counsellor with
psychiatric experience. With the peer counselling qualification, I have become more confident
and I have learned to better delimit myself, says
Ms. Stllnberger. During the qualification course
I got to know many interesting people. As a peer
counsellor with psychiatric experience, I would like
to encourage people with psychiatric problems to
engage openly with their problems, and I want to
accompany them with compassion. Ideally, I hope
to exercise my skills as a peer counsellor on a fulltime basis.

Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency

To date, no other region or country has developed, implemented, and/or recognized disability-specific peer
counselling. However, other Austrian regions (e.g.,
Styria and Salzburg) as well as European countries
(e.g., Sweden and Bosnia) are planning to introduce a
similar policy.

Empowerment: A peer counsellor does not solve

problems for others, but rather provides the necessary support to help a person with disability to find
the right solutions on her or his own.
Context
When persons with disabilities first began to attend
the University of California at Berkeley, they made
use of peer counselling. This proved crucial for the
development of the Independent Living Movement,
which demanded equal opportunities. In the 1980s
the concept of peer counselling was further developed, with courses generally offered by centres for
independent living; and since the 1990s most health
institutions have increasingly requested such a qualification. This was the case in Upper Austria, where

THE STORY OF GERDA STLLNBERGER

Credit: Empowerment Center

Empowerment Center: Peter, Margit, and Christian

Amendment of the Social Professions Act

Upper Austria, Directorate Health and Social
Affairs, Austria
Nominated by Ms. Ingrid HEINDORF,
World Future Council, Switzerland

Wolfgang GLASER
Empowerment-Centre, Independent Living Centre,
Bethlehemstrae 3, 4020 Linz, Upper Austria
Phone: +43 73 28 90 04 61 3 [email protected]
www.sli-emc.at www.sli-ooe.at

Sources: Upper Austrias Social Professions Act, 2008 (in German): http://bit.ly/1v43MKl
Gisela Hermes, Frderung der Selbstbestimmung durch Empowerment, 2010 (in German): http://bit.ly/1oLLpaX

83

Flanders Personal
Assistance Budget
BELGIUM / FLANDERS, MINISTRY FOR WELFARE & AGENCY FOR PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

The support that persons with disabilities receive is often based on the charity model and not on
human rights. In Flanders persons with disabilities can chose to receive a Personal Assistance Budget,
which allows them to fully control the support they receive.

In brief
In 2000, the Belgian Flemish Region approved Personal Assistance Budgets (PAB). Similar to Swedish
law, the most important feature of a PAB is that the
person with disabilities (or their representatives)
controls both the assistance and the assistance
budget, not the assistance provider. The budget
holder decides who works as an assistant, for which
assignments, at what time, and where and how the
assistance will take place.
Innovative aspects
An alternative to institutionalization: Personal Assistance Budgets provide an alternative to the institutionalization of children and adults with disabilities
and enable these individuals and their families to live
and participate in the community, as set out in article
19 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities.
Self-determination: Since PAB users are free to determine and organize their own assistance and care
corresponding to their needs and preferences, the
budget enables them to make their own life choices
and to develop their personal talents.
Context
In general, the Flemish Government funds licensed
service providers for the number of persons with
disabilities they assist, treat, and care for. Service
users have no influence or control over the support
and its organization. If the service user wants to leave
the service, he or she loses funding and support, and
is put on a waiting list. In 1987 some Flemish pioneers
with disabilities founded Independent Living Flanders,
which raised awareness about the abilities of individuals with disabilities and their need for personal

84

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Credit: Onafhankelijk Leven vzw

Initial Year: 2000

A young man works on a computer with the help of his personal assistant

In July 2014 there were 2,481 PAB users in

Flanders.
Due to a limited macro-budget, about 6,000
people are waiting for a PAB.
Each PAB is based on support needs, and is
between 9,643 and 45,000 for a total of
approximately 90 million.

assistance. In 1997 the first pilot Personal Assistance

Budget project was started in Flanders with 15 persons with disabilities. As a result, in 2000 the Flemish
Parliament approved the PAB decree.
Key Features
The Flemish Agency for People with a Disability
(VAPH) administers the Personal Assistance Budget,
which is financed by the Flemish Ministry for Welfare.
Unlike Sweden, the application for a PAB is open to all
persons with disabilities below the age of 65 who are
on file at the VAPH. However, the yearly budget allocated by the Ministry limits the total number of PAB
users. A multi-disciplinary team assesses and decides
the yearly budget each user receives, depending on
his or her support needs. Reassessments are possible once a year. The person concerned has freedom
of choice in whom and how to employ assistants, in
respect to relevant laws and regulations. The VAPH
monitors correct spending of the PAB and has the
power to inspect the use of the budget.

Outcome, impact, and effectiveness

The PAB has greater cost-effectiveness and a
better impact on quality of life compared with carein-kind, according to existing research.
6,000 people are currently on the PAB waiting list.
Parliament recently approved a decree whereby
financing follows the service user, which expands
the self-determination of the PAB to all people with
disabilities, including those receiving care-in-kind.
Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency
The PAB is transferable to all countries. It has been
successfully used by persons with a variety of dis
abilities, with support from disability organizations.
Similarly to Sweden, existing research indicates that
the PAB has a greater cost-efficiency than supply-
driven support.

Flemish Government Decree on the Procedures

for Grants (Personal Assistance Budget) to
Persons with Disabilities
Flanders, Ministry for Welfare & Agency for
People with a Disability, Belgium

Only thanks to my
personal assistance
budget am I able
to keep on doing what
I do now: going to
work and being a father
and a husband.
Peter, a PAB user

Els WINTERS
Vlaams Agentschap voor Personen met een Handicap
PAB-cel Sterrenkundelaan 30, 1210 Brussels, Belgium
Phone: +32 (0) 2 225 85 26 [email protected]
www.vaph.be

Nominated by Mr. Peter LAMBREGHTS, Onafhankelijk Leven vzw, Belgium

Sources: ENIL, Personal Assistance Tables on Belgium, 2013: http://bit.ly/1xAPLmP
VAPH, on the PAB: http://bit.ly/1ufBbjO; Full text of the Flemish Government Decree, 15.12.2000: http://bit.ly/1m3LeGY

85

Enfranchising people under

guardianship

admitted only in exceptional cases when unavoidable

circumstances require it. Otherwise, the restriction
is unconstitutional. On 27 May 2013 the Japanese
Parliament unanimously revised the Election Law,
deleting Article 11.1.1, which deprived people under
adult guardianship of their right to vote and right to
stand for elections.

JAPAN / PARLIAMENT, TOKYO DISTRICT COURT

Around the world, restrictions of voting rights based on intellectual disabilities and the lack of
legal capacity deprive people of their political rights. Court cases are key to repealing such
discriminatory provisions. In 2013 a prominent court case in Japan led to the enfranchisement
of more than 136,000 persons.

In brief
Until recently, Japans Election Law deprived people
under adult guardianship of their right to vote and
to stand for elections. In a spectacular court case in
2013, the Tokyo District Court judged this relevant
article unconstitutional. As a result, the Parliament
swiftly in only 74 days after the ruling repealed the
discriminatory article, which led to the enfranchisement of more than 136,000 persons under guardianship.
Innovative aspects
Successful court case: This is the first time that a
court in Japan has ruled that it is unconstitutional for
the Election Law to deprive persons under guardianship of their right to vote.
Voting regardless guardianship: The ruling promotes
the right to vote regardless of guardianship a milestone in recognizing the legal capacity and political
rights of persons with disabilities, as required by the
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 5 (non-discrimination), Article 12 (equal
recognition before the law), and Article 29 (right to
participation in political and public life).

86

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial Year: 2013
The non-governmental organization Inclusion Japan collected 410,000 signatures in
support of the court case.
The court found the provisions depriving
persons under guardianship of their voting
rights unconstitutional.
Parliament promptly revised the Election
Law accordingly.

Speedy revision by Parliament: Wide public support in favour of this ruling pressured members of
Parliament, both ruling and opposition, to revise the
Election Law in only 74 days after the ruling.

person was Ms. Takumi Nagoya, a 52-year-old woman

with Down syndrome, who voted in every election
since she turned 20 until her father was appointed as
her legal guardian. Encouraged and represented by
her father, Mr. Seikichi Nagoya, she sued the Japanese Government in February 2011, asking the court
to restore her voting right for the coming elections.
The public widely supported her case, and on 14
March 2013 the Tokyo District Court ruled that it was
unconstitutional for the Election Law to deprive persons under Koken guardianship of their right to vote.
On 27 May 2013 the Parliament unanimously revised
the Law by deleting the relevant article.

Context
Each year in Japan about 24,000 people are placed
under Koken the most restrictive category of adult
guardianship which deprives persons with disabilities, among others, of their right to vote. One such

Key Features
The presiding judge, the Hon. Jozuka Makoto, ruled
that the right to vote and to run for elections is a fundamental right and is guaranteed in different articles
of the Constitution. The restriction of this right can be

Outcome, impact, and effectiveness

More than 136,000 people under Koken guardianship gained voting rights.
The results of a data collection on how to make the
rights of those with restored voting rights become
reality were shared with the media and government.
Local governments organized political debates,
offered mock voting, or provided more personal
assistants for persons with disabilities at the polling
stations.
Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency
Inclusion International and International Disability
Alliance are promoting the case to the governments
of other nations. To date, Austria, Canada, France,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom have reduced or
eliminated the restriction of voting rights based on
intellectual disabilities and the lack of capacity.

I cannot die while

my daughters voting
rights are being
denied.

THE STORY OF TAKUMI NAGOYA

Please use your

political rights and take
part in society.
Ms. Takumi Nagoya is a 52-year-old woman with
Down syndrome. She consistently voted into her
early twenties, until she was deprived of her right
to vote because of the appointment of her father
as her legal guardian. She went to court in order
to regain her right to vote, with the strong support
of her father who dramatically declared that he
could not die while his daughter was deprived
of her voting rights. In 2013, when delivering the
ruling that re-established Ms. Nagoyas basic right
to vote, Judge Makoto Jozuka concluded his decision with the encouraging words: Please use your
political rights and take part in society. Be proud
and lead a good life.

Credit: Keiko Shima

Ms. Takumi Nagoya with her parents at Tokyo District

Ruling on 14 March 2013

Mr. Seikichi Nagoya

Revision of Election Law

Parliament, Tokyo District Court, Japan
Nominated by: Mr. Nagase OSAMU,
Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Ms. Hitomi SUGIURA

Tokyo Advocacy Law Office
3-18-11 Hongo 3 Chome Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
Phone: +81 3 3816-2061 [email protected]
www.tokyo-advocacy.com

Sources: Nagase Osamu, Deprivation of voting rights ruled unconstitutional, 2013: http://bit.ly/1qzCKIA
Inclusion International, Voting Rights Restored by the Revision of Election Law, 2013: http://bit.ly/1GRMJPj

87

Funding a national disability

information centre
LUXEMBOURG / MINISTRY OF FAMILY AFFAIRS, INTEGRATION, & FOR THE GREATER REGION

Because policies targeting people with disabilities are often not coordinated, people have difficulty
finding their way through the bureaucracy. A national disability information centre is a classic
win-win solution: It assists people with their administrative procedures and helps policy makers to
shape inclusive policies.

In brief
Info-Handicap is a national disability information
and meeting centre, founded in 1993 by 16 disability
organizations. While the idea for such a centre came
from the Ministry of Family Affairs, Integration, and for
the Greater Region, which also financially supports it,
Info-Handicap is under the full control of its disability
member organizations. The centre assists people with
disabilities to find their way through complex administrative procedures and competences. Additionally, Info-Handicap has become a driver of inclusive policies
as well as the main contact on any disability-related
questions.
Innovative aspects
A driver for inclusive policies: One of the major
challenges in the implementation of inclusive policies
is to organize the dialogue between decision makers
and civil society. Info-Handicaps unique position
allows it to receive and dispatch input from and to all
levels, and thereby to function as a hub that facilitates such a dialogue smoothly and on a permanent
basis.
Identification of challenges and solutions: This
leads firstly to improved identification and understanding of the existing challenges and, secondly,
to increased opportunities for developing adequate
solutions.
Concrete help: Info-Handicap offers information and
guidance for persons with disabilities, for members
of their family and social circle, as well as for others
who are interested. This includes a legal information
service and, in cases of discrimination, a meeting with
a lawyer.

88

borders. Recently, Info-Handicap assisted in elaborating a strategy for setting up a national disability action
plan, and functions as a resource centre in this area.
Key Features
Info-Handicap offers information and guidance for
persons with disabilities, for members of their family
and social environment, as well as for others who
are interested in the field of disability. Staff assists
persons with disabilities to fill in forms or write letters,
and to address the correct contact points in the most
direct way. In addition, they organize legal assistance
and, in cases of discrimination, there is the possibility
to meet with a lawyer free of charge. They undertake
activities for supporting independent living, offer
training, organize awareness-raising events, and
promote accessibility. Importantly, they encourage
their members to insist on the right to inclusion and
not to accept exclusive mechanisms. The work of
Info-Handicap is continually monitored by the Ministry
and member organizations.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial Year 1993
Info-Handicap now has 55 member organizations in Luxembourg.
In 2013, 2,271 persons asked for advice
and 597 used the centres legal information
service.
Info-Handicap has developed guidance
books and has influenced laws and practices
in Luxembourg and beyond.
Since 2005 the centre has held the accessibility competition A municipality for everybody.

Context
In 1989 the Government of Luxembourg decided that
policies targeting people with disabilities should be
coordinated. The Ministry of Family Affairs, Integration, and for the Greater Region was entrusted with
the implementation of this idea, and it developed the
project of a national disability information centre financially supported by the government, but managed
under the control of national disability organizations.
In April 1993, 16 disability organizations, which together formed the National Disability Council, founded
Info-Handicap and signed a funding agreement
with the government. Since then, Info-Handicap has
constantly sought to carry out its mandate, including
initiatives that have an impact beyond Luxembourgs

Outcome, impact, and effectiveness

Info-Handicaps experience has led to its reputation
reaching all of Europe.
Info-Handicap regularly represents the European
Disability Forum at official events and has been the
partner or coordinator of projects funded by the
European Commission.
Since 1999, Info-Handicap has also coordinated the
European Concept for Accessibility Network.
Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency
The idea of a national disability information centre is
perfectly transferable to other countries, regions, or
even to local levels. Info-Handicaps yearly costs are
around 600,000, including the salaries of 6.7 staff
members three with disabilities.

Funding Agreement for a National Disability

Information and Meeting Centre between
Info-Handicap and the Government
Ministry of Family Affairs, Integration, and for the
Greater Region, Luxembourg

Credit: Info-Handicap

Conference on legal capacity of persons with disabilities

Info-Handicap plays an
important role in empowering
persons with disabilities as
well as in involving civil
society in decision-making.
I highly recommend
other countries to follow a
similar path.
Mrs. Corinne Cahen,
Minister of Family Affairs, Integration, and for the Greater Region

Silvio SAGRAMOLA
Info-Handicap, National Disability Information and Meeting Centre
65, avenue de la gare, L-1611 Luxembourg
Phone: +35 2 366 466-1 [email protected]
www.info-handicap.lu

Nominated by Mr. Silvio SAGRAMOLA, Info-Handicap National Disability Information and Meeting Centre, Luxembourg
Sources: Info-Handicap, Statute: http://bit.ly/1m5MCIG; Info-Handicap, List of Members: http://bit.ly/1q3tbLT;
Info-Handicap, Guide du Handicap: http://bit.ly/1oUFS1N; Info-Handicap, Activity Report: http://bit.ly/1s45Efs

89

Improving access to
electoral events
NEW ZEAL AND / ELECTOR AL COMMIS SION

Persons with disabilities may encounter a number of barriers when enrolling and voting at
elections. To ensure that all aspects of the electoral process are accessible to these
persons, New Zealands Electoral Commission has implemented a comprehensive strategy,
in close cooperation with civil society.

In brief
In 2014, New Zealands Electoral Commission finalized
its Access 2020 Disability Strategy. This strategy takes
the improvements made over the past three electoral
cycles and embeds them into a longer-term framework, through which the Commission aims to reduce
barriers that persons with disabilities may encounter
when enrolling and voting at elections. In addition, it
provides information in accessible formats and maintains strong relationships with the disability sector.
Innovative aspects
Telephone dictation voting: In 2012 electoral regulations for the first time enabled anyone who is blind,
partially blind, or has another physical disability that
prevents them from marking their paper ballot
without assistance to cast a secret ballot from home
via telephone dictation.

Having a say on Election Day

is the right of all New Zea
landers. In close cooperation
with the disability sector,
Access 2020 shows how this
can become a reality.
Robert Peden, Chief Electoral Officer, Electoral Commission

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial Year 2014
The Commission offers a wide range of
information and resources in accessible
formats.
Some 1,500 videos, 8,000 large brochures,
15,000 Plain English Guides, and 11,000
posters have been produced.
Web content also appears in New Zealand
sign language.
11,500 videos explaining telephone dictation
voting have been distributed.

Context
Since 2005 the Electoral Commission has been
working to improve access to electoral events for
New Zealanders with disabilities. In consultation with
the disability sector, action plans were developed and
implemented for the 2005, 2008, and 2011 elections
that detailed initiatives to improve accessibility of venues and information. Access 2020 takes the improvements made over the past three electoral cycles and
embeds them into a longer-term framework. When
preparing Access 2020, the Electoral Commission
first published a consultation document in a range of
accessible formats and wherever submissions could
be made in writing, verbally, in sign language, and
online. The Commission then prepared a draft strategy for the second phase of consultation, in which
it invited a range of disabled peoples organizations
as well as the countrys Human Rights Commission.
Their feedback helped the Commission to refine the
accessibility initiatives proposed in the strategy.
Key Features
Existing accessibility initiatives of the Electoral
Commission include that every enrolled voter is sent
an EasyVote information pack; that election officials
assess all voting places against access criteria;
and that anyone can ask a friend, family member, or
electoral official for help. Access 2020 goes beyond
these efforts and aims foremost to enable voters with
disabilities to cast a secret ballot. Telephone dictation voting was introduced in 2014 for those who are
visually impaired or have another disability. Access
2020 focuses on making more information available
in accessible formats so that everyone can access
the Electoral Commissions services in ways that
meet their needs. In addition, Access 2020 recognizes the crucial relationship with the disability sector
so that continous consultations on improvement are
carried out.

Credit: Electoral Commission, New Zealand

An electoral official assists a voter in a wheelchair to cast their vote at New

Zealands 2014 general election

Outcome, impact, and effectiveness

The last survey held, following the 2011 general election, showed a high level of awareness and approval
of the measures that the Electoral Commission has
undertaken to make the voting process more accessible.
Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency
The Commission hosts a small group of international
electoral officials in the few days preceding a general
election. These officials have indicated a specific
interest in New Zealands accessibility initiatives,
particularly telephone dictation voting.

Accessibility: Access 2020 recognizes the

need to ensure that materials about enrolling and
voting are appropriate, accessible, and easy to
understand.
Strong relationship with disability sector: Public
consultations on the draft strategy brought together
representatives from a range of disabled peoples
organizations (DPO), including people with physical,
hearing, vision, learning, and intellectual impairments.
The Commission has worked with a number of DPOs
and service providers to deliver on its goals, and
continued all existing accessibility initiatives for the
2014 general election.

Access 2020 Disability Strategy

Electoral Commission, New Zealand
Nominated by Ms. Cherish WILKINSON,
Electoral Commission, New Zealand

Mr. Richard THORNTON

Electoral Commission, Level 10, Sovereign House,
34-42 Manners Street, 6011 Wellington, New Zealand
Phone: +64 4 806 3515 [email protected]
www.elections.org.nz

Sources: Electoral Commissions Access 2020 Disability Strategy, 2014: http://bit.ly/1pW1wna

New Zealands Independent Monitoring Mechanism for the CRPD, Report Making disability rights real, 2014: http://bit.ly/1v70zKF

90

91

Ensuring equal access for

Members of Parliament
SOUTH AFRICA / NATIONAL PARLIAMENT

Persons with disabilities rarely become Members of Parliament; and if they do, they need equal
access to all parliamentary facilities. South Africa has implemented steps that ensure the
inclusiveness of its Parliament and that allow all Members with disabilities to participate on an
equal basis with others.

In brief
In 2006 and 2009, South Africas Parliament introduced policies that contain extensive support measures for Members of Parliament and employees with
disabilities. The provision of reasonable accommodation has led to measures that go beyond individual
support and that benefit the whole Parliament. These
include the establishment of institutionalised sign
language interpreter services, a braille production
unit, electronic text announcements, and more.
Innovative aspects
Covering costs for reasonable accommodation: Both
policies cover the costs for reasonable accommodation, which means to appropriately modify and adjust
so as to enable persons with disabilities to work as
effectively as others. This concept is a core element
of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities.
Systematic removal of barriers: The provision of
reasonable accommodation has led to measures

Credit: Parliament of the Republic of South Africa

Sign language service is provided at the Parliament of

South Africa.

92

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial years: 2006 and 2009
Currently, 3 of the 11 Members of Parliament
(MP) with disabilities and 10 employees receive support, as so MPs who have children
with disabilities.
Parliament has purchased assistive devices
for sports, work, and employees personal
development.
Parliament is developing a database to
collect more information on the reasonable accommodation needs of persons with
disabilities.

People South Africa, in order to be as inclusive as

possible. It took about five years to finalize both
policies. In 2006 the South African Parliaments Policy
Management Unit approved the Policy on Facilities
for Members with Special Needs and subsequently,
in 2009, the Policy on Reasonable Accommodation
for Employees with Disabilities. Both policies must
be read in conjunction with the 1996 Constitution
of South Africa and all relevant legislation, which
includes, among others, the Employment Equity Act
of 1998.
Key Features
The Parliaments Policy on Facilities for Members
with Special Needs aims to enable Members with
disabilities to participate effectively by providing them
with the necessary facilities. Members with disabilities
must inform the Chief Whip of their party of their
needs, who in turn passes the requests to the Secretary of Parliament. The Secretary can provide for
several facilities, contribute to the salary of assistants,
or pay specialized transportation costs. The implementation is carried out by the Facilities Unit. The
Policy on Reasonable Accommodation for Employees
with Disabilities entitles employees to reasonable accommodation and facilities. Employees are responsible for informing their respective managers, and their
disability status is kept confidential. While the Human
Resource Executive implements this policy, the Policy
Management Unit monitors its impact.

The new South Africa

should be accessible and
open to everyone.
We must see that we remove
the obstacles.
Only then will the rights of
disabled persons to
equal opportunities become
a reality.
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency

Other legislatures and government departments have
used both policies as the basis to develop their own
policies. Both policies can be easily replicated at the
Cabinet, provincial, and local council executive level
(public representatives) as well as by departments
and other institutions.

Outcome, impact, and effectiveness

By shifting the costs for reasonable accommodation to the Parliament, Members and employees
with disabilities can achieve equal results in relation
to participation and productivity.
There is a long-term impact to the policies in terms
of the progressive removal of physical barriers and
increased access to parliamentary information and
communication e.g., braille documentation and
specialised transport services.

that go beyond individual support and that include

the establishment of institutionalised sign language
interpreter services, a braille production unit, electronic text announcements, as well as additional travel
benefits for Members of Parliament with disabilities or
who have disabled family members.
Context
Before the policies were developed, persons with disabilities were clearly underrepresented in Parliaments
membership and staff. To overcome underrepresentation and to ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy
equal access to all facilities of Parliament, policies
were properly researched, drafted, and developed in
consultation with MPs, about 950 employees, as well
as disabled peoples organizations, such as Disabled

Policy on Facilities for Members with Special

Needs & Policy on Reasonable Accommodation
for Employees with Disabilities
National Parliament, South Africa

Ms. Buyile Simon BASHE

Organizational Wellness Manager, South African Parliament
+27 (21) 403 8044; +27 79 4394694
[email protected]

Nominated by Ms. Lidia PRETORIUS, Department of Social Development, South Africa

Sources: Policy on Facilities for Members with Special Needs, 2006: http://bit.ly/1pVH9Xn; The Policy on Reasonable Accommodation
for Employees with Disabilities, 2009 is only available through the Parliaments intranet, but can be requested from Ms Bashe.

93

Voting and participating in

the electoral process
SPAIN / MINISTRY OF INTERIOR

Citizens with disabilities regularly encounter barriers that prevent them from voting and participating
in electoral processes. To assist its citizens, Spain introduced two important regulations that eliminate
a number of these barriers.

In brief
With its two regulations of 2007 and 2011, Spain has
introduced for the first time a voting procedure for
blind electors as well as basic conditions of accessibility and non-discrimination for persons with disabilities to participate in elections and political life. This
latter legislation is a broader policy framework aimed
at improving the implementation of participatory
rights. It provides, for example, free sign language
interpretation to members of polling stations and
establishes that political parties need to ensure that
their election materials are accessible to persons with
disabilities.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial Year: 2007
Since 2008 special voting procedures have
been in place for blind electors.
In 2011, 21,434 buildings with polling stations
were accessible; 8,726 provided free transport services; and 1,367 accessible voting
kits and 81 support measures were provided.

Key Features
Under Royal Decree 1612/2007, voters with visual
impairments have to inform the Minister of Interior of
their special needs. The voter then receives documentation in braille and can use a standardized ballot.
The Ministry has also to provide accessible information on candidates. Royal Decree 422/2011 provides
that premises of polling stations, websites with
electoral information, all institutional information and
procedures, as well as spaces of election campaign
must be accessible; and that deaf members of polling
stations must receive free sign language interpretation. In addition, candidates, political parties, etc. shall
ensure that their election campaign activities, election
materials, public activities, websites, printed documentation, and the like are all accessible. To evaluate
the implementation, the Ministry prepares a report
after each national election.
Outcome, impact, and effectiveness
In 2011 over 200 accessibility improvements of polling stations were carried out (ramps, signage, etc.).
In 2011 a substantial improvement in ensuring
access to the exercise of the fundamental right to
vote for persons with disabilities was reported by
the Ministry.
Of the total budget of 124,838,130 available for
the Parliamentary Elections of November 2011,
508,415 was spent on accessibility.
Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency
These policies are readily transferable to other
countries. To date, Costa Rica has requested infor
mation about both regulations and about their
implementation.

Credit: ONCE

Accessible voting kits were ensure the exercise of the right to vote by
secret ballot to all blind people who know Braille and who had previously
requested it.

Full participation in political

life implies rights and
obligations. Persons with
disabilities should be assisted
to participate in the whole
process, including as a
member of a polling station.
Ignacio Tremio, Ministry of Health, Social Services, and Equality

Innovative aspects
Regulating electoral accessibility: While many accessibility measures were already being undertaken
based on protocols, their legal regulation constitutes
a new step in the process of ensuring the full exercise
of the rights of citizens with disabilities.
Cooperating with the disability sector: A range of
disability organizations is involved in implementation
of the regulations, such as providing for sign language
interpretation. Inductive Loops are provided for persons with hearing impairments, as well as accessible
documents.
Consistent reporting: Following each election, evaluation reports on accessibility prepared with input
from provincial level election officials, disabled people
organizations, and other stakeholders are sent to
the Central Electoral Commission; to the Ministry
of Health, Social Services, and Equality; and to the
National Disability Council.

94

Context
The Spanish legal framework reflects a concept of
accessibility, which originates from the social model of disability and which recognizes people with
disabilities as active subjects and citizens with rights.
Royal Decree 1612/2007, providing for an accessible
voting procedure for people with visual disabilities, is
the result of a legal mandate included in the amendment of the Electoral Act. Disability organizations
were invited to participate in the drafting process by
the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Health.
Royal Decree 422/2011 implements Law No. 51 of
2003, which contained a mandate for the government
to establish the basic conditions of accessibility
and non-discrimination to be met by environments,
products, and services necessary for the participation
of people with disabilities in political and electoral
processes.

Royal Decree 1612/2007 on an Accessible

Voting Procedure for People with Visual Disabilities & Royal Decree 422/2011 on the Conditions
for the Participation of Persons with Disabilities
in Political and Electoral Processes
Ministry of Interior, Spain

Ana Cristina LPEZ

Ministry of Interior
Calle Amador De Los Ros N 7, 28071 Madrid, Spain
Phone: +34 91 537 15 57-13 10 [email protected]
www.interior.gob.es/web/interior/informacion-electoral

Nominated by Ms Laura Diego GARCIA, Ministry of Health, Social Services, and Equality
Sources: Royal Decree 1612/2007, of 7th December: http://bit.ly/1tQdzNC; Royal Decree 422/2011, of 25th March: http://bit.ly/1qHKjsm;
Ministry of Interior, Evaluation Report, 2012: http://bit.ly/1tQ5qKY

95

The right to a personal

assistance budget
SWEDEN / SOCIALST YRELSEN NATIONAL BOARD OF HEALTH AND WELFARE

Many countries are still far from the goal of enabling persons with extensive disabilities to choose
the support that best suits their needs. Sweden stands out in offering citizens a wide range
of alternatives and control over the services they need, including the right to a Personal Assistance
Budget.

In brief
Sweden is one of the few countries that legally
entitles persons with severe disabilities to a personal
assistance budget (PAB). This monthly sum from
the National Social Insurance covers 100 percent of
service costs, and enables individuals themselves to
purchase self-directed personal assistance services from public and private entities. The amount
of the PAB is independent of the individuals or the
familys finances. Notably, the policy has created a
demand-driven market for personal assistance where
providers compete for customers on the basis of
service quality.

Independent Living means

having the same range
of options and the same
degree of self-determination
that non-disabled people
take for granted.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial Year: 1993
In 2013 some 19,500 people received a personal assistance budget.
98 percent of recipients pointed to personal
assistance as the most important factor for
their quality of life.
By 2014, 230 local governments and over
800 private entities offered personal assistance services on a competitive basis.

Competition-neutral direct payments: The personal

assistance budget goes to the user and is granted
in the form of assistance hours, which are based on
the individuals needs, instead of the type of service
provider.

Legal right: The legislation established special

support measures, including personal assistance, as
legal rights that are independent from state or local
government budgets.

96

Key Features
With the provision of ten measures for special
support, including the right to a personal assistance
budget, Sweden enshrined the right to good living
conditions for persons with major and permanent
physical, mental, and intellectual impairments. The
personal assistance budget is granted in the form of
assistance hours, which are based on the individuals
needs. The budget can cover up to 24 hours a day/7
days a week, and can even be used for more than one
personal assistant, if needed. A monthly sum from
the National Social Insurance covers 100 percent of
service costs and goes directly to the users who, with
maximum self-determination, can contract providers
of their choice (municipality, company, or cooperative)
or employ assistants by themselves (by starting their
own private company). The amount funded for 2013
was SEK275 (about 28) per hour.
Outcome, impact, and effectiveness
Swedens citizens with extensive disabilities are free
to choose where and how to live. About 90 percent
live in ordinary homes, either alone or together with
a partner, a housemate, or parents.
Approximately 80,000 people work as personal
assistants 2 percent of the labour force.
Taxpayers have saved an estimated 3 billion since
1994, compared to the costs of home-helper services.

Credit: STIL the founders of Independent Living in Sweden

One of STILs staff with her personal assistant

Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency

In several countries similar legislation has either been
enacted or is under discussion, including Belgium,
Finland, Germany, Norway, and the United Kingdom. In
2004 the Swedish law served as the basis for developing a model policy for personal assistance.

Promoting equality in living conditions: Swedens

citizens with extensive disabilities no longer need to
live in institutions to receive services. They are free to
choose where and how to live. By choosing their individual solutions, they can make their own plans and

Dr. Adolf Ratzka, Independent Living Institute

Innovative aspects

municipal community-based home-helper or semi-institutional cluster home services, in which they had no influence. Many different, often unfamiliar, workers would
come and assist with even the most intimate tasks. The
reform, inspired by the Independent Living philosophy,
enables individuals to customize services according
to their particular needs, with maximum control over
everyday life. The need for personal assistance, however, grew faster than expected, and therefore the law
and its interpretation have been amended many times.

Context
The disability movement was the main force in bringing
about the Act Concerning Support and Service to
Persons with Certain Functional Impairments and the
Assistance Benefit Act, which were enacted by the
Swedish Parliament in 1993 as part of a broader disability policy reform. Previously, persons with extensive
needs for daily living were deeply dissatisfied with the

The Act concerning Support and Service to

Persons with certain Functional Impairments &
the Assistance Benefit Act, Socialstyrelsen
The National Board of Health & Welfare, Sweden

Dr. Adolf RATZKA

Independent Living Institute, Storforsplan 36, 10th floor,
123 47 Stockholm-Farsta, Sweden; Phone: +46-8-506 22 181
[email protected] www.independentliving.org

Nominated by Ms. Jamie BOLLING, European Network on Independent Living, Sweden

Sources: Bengt Westerberg, Personal Assistance a revolution for people with disabilities, 2013: http://bit.ly/1xxf2OR
Kenneth Westberg et al., Personal Assistance in Sweden, 2010: http://bit.ly/1qDNIby

97

Personal Ombudsmen
in Sweden
SWEDEN / SOCIALST YRELSEN NATIONAL BOARD OF HEALTH AND WELFARE

Guardianship, hospitalization, institutionalization, powerlessness, isolation, drug addiction, homelessness, suicide, and violence are among the negative situations and conditions that the Swedish
system of Personal Ombudsman helps to prevent proving to be a true change maker in the lives
of many persons with disabilities.

In brief
In 2000, Sweden established a nationwide system
of Personal Ombudsmen that provides support in
decision-making for persons with severe mental
or psychosocial disabilities. Personal Ombudsmen
(POs) are highly skilled persons who do outreach
work and establish trusting relationships with
individuals in need of support. They assist individuals
in taking control of their own situation, identify care
needs, and ensure that these individuals receive the
necessary help. POs have no medical responsibility,
nor do they make any decisions in the capacity of an
authority; they work only to represent the individuals
they assist.

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial Year: 2000
In 2014, 310 POs provided support to more
than 6,000 individuals.
In 2014, 245 municipalities (84 percent)
included POs in their social service system.
A 2005 study reported that individuals with
disabilities who are supported by a PO
require less care and that their psychosocial
situation improves.

Innovative aspects
Empowerment: A PO makes contact with persons
living in isolation and poverty. As many individuals
with severe psychosocial disabilities are very suspicious, the PO has to reach them step-by-step by
developing a channel of communication, establishing
a relationship, starting a dialogue, and gaining their
trust.
Accessibility: There is no complicated formal procedure to enlist the support of a PO, since many
psychiatric patients would back out of the process if
they had to sign forms. Instead, they simply need to
ask for help.
Peaceful resolution of conflict: Prior to having a PO,
many individuals are angry about their social environment because of past bad experiences. POs help to
solve most conflicts: with neighbours, with family, with
psychiatry, and with social services.

98

Context
While the PO scheme has drawn on models found
in the United States and the United Kingdom, it
differs considerably from these. From 1995 to 1998
the government funded ten pilot projects, of which
several were run by municipalities, some were set
up by civil society, and one (PO- Skne) was set up
by an organization of persons who formerly used
institutional and psychiatric care. As the pilot project
evaluation showed both good qualitative and quantitative outcomes, the Parliament decided in 2000
to expand permanently the PO system to the whole
country. A 2005 study reported that the scheme is
profitable in socioeconomic terms since individuals
with PO support require less care and their psychosocial situation improves. As a result, the National
Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) began
to promote the PO as a new social profession. In 2013
a new regulation entered into force that established
permanent funding for the PO system.

Key Features
A PO holds an independent position in a municipalitys
social services system and supports individuals who
have a complex need of care due to a psychiatric
disability. The first step of a PO is to establish a trusting relationship, which means he or she must be 100
percent on the side of the individual even if the individuals interests should run counter to the opinions of
other professionals. It is common for the individual to
establish contact with a PO, or for the relevant social
or psychiatric services to do so, or that it takes place
through a user organization. Once trust is established,
the PO maps the client needs. As a third step, the
PO and the client draw up a joint action plan. Usually,
POs work for municipalities; in some places they work
for foundations, voluntary or care associations, or
even businesses. In general, two or three POs work
together, each serving about 15 clients a year.

Credit: Mental Health Europe

Image from the video Paving the way to recovery the Personal
Ombudsman System

Outcome, impact, and effectiveness

PO operations reduce costs by approximately
80,000 per assisted person over a five-year
period.
In 2013 a new regulation included the PO system in
the regular welfare system.
A 2014 report states that Swedish local governments see the PO system as a natural part of
the services that are expected to be offered in a
municipality.
The National Board of Health and Welfare promotes
the PO as a new social profession.

The PO does not act

according to what he or she
thinks is for the clients
own good. The PO only carries
out what the client tells him
or her to do.

Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency

The PO project began in Oslo in 2010 and became
a regular service in 2014, and it is also operating
in Helsinki. Moreover, in 2014 the Czech Republic
announced that it will soon provide such services
as well.

Maths Jesperson, PO-Skne

Establishing a Nationwide System of

Personal Ombudsmen
Socialstyrelsen The National Board of Health &
Welfare, Sweden

Maths JESPERSON, Camilla BOGARVE

PO-Skne, Box 1142, 221 05 Lund, Sweden
[email protected] [email protected]
+46-706-151936 / +46 46 540-2060 www.po-skane.org

Nominated by Mr. Maths JESPERSON, Sweden

Sources: World Bank and World Health Organization, World Report on Disability, 2011: http://bit.ly/1yzlVO1
Socialstyrelsen, A New Profession is Born Personligt ombud, PO, 2008: http://bit.ly/1v3t2RE

99

Reserved elected seats for

persons with disabilities
UGANDA / PARLIAMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Around the world persons with disabilities are underrepresented in public life, but this is not the case
in Uganda. The country legislated that elected political bodies at all levels must reserve a minimum
number of seats for representatives of persons with disabilities.

Credit: NUDIPU

Hon. Asamo Hellen Grace, one of Ugandas parliamentarians representing persons with disabilities of Eastern Uganda in Parliament, speaking
at a conference on disability & HIV and AIDS, organised by National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda

In brief
Ugandas Constitution of 1995 rules that the State
shall ensure fair representation of marginalized
groups including persons with disabilities on all
government bodies. As a result, legislators have
passed several acts to increase the representation
of persons with disabilities in the public sphere.
Parliament has reserved five seats for Members who
represent persons with disabilities; and every village,
parish, sub-county, and district council has to include
at least one man and one woman with a disability.
Ugandas 47,000 representatives with disabilities are
easily the largest group of politicians with disabilities
in the world.
Innovative aspects

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial Years: 1995, 1996, 1997
At each term since 1995 at least five parliamentarians with disabilities from four regions
(Central, East, West, North) and one national
woman with disability representative have
been elected.
In 2011 a total of 12 parliamentarians with
disabilities were elected.
Uganda has some 47,000 representatives
with disabilities or some 0.5 percent of
the registered electorate at the local and
district level.

Direct Representation: Only a few countries provide

for direct representation of persons with disabilities
at all levels of government.

Ugandas special system of directly

elected representatives with
disabilities is the reason
why parliamentarians with disabilities are now also elected via the
mainstream electoral system.
Hon. Ndeezi ALEX, Member of Parliament for
Persons with Disabilities Central Region

100

Use of Electoral College: The Electoral College,

which ensures a minimum political representation
of persons with disabilities in Parliament and local
authorities, stretches from the village to the national
level and is composed only of persons with disabilities. In addition, there is an emphasis on the principle
of gender balance.
Context
For a long time persons with disabilities remained excluded from political decision-making bodies in Uganda, which in turn reinforced their exclusion through
the absence of policies favouring them. In 1987 the
newly formed National Union of Disabled Persons
(NUDIPU) started to challenge the inconsistencies
in policy-making. NUDIPU was the key driver for the

inclusion of the Hon. Eliphaz Mazima as a representative with disabilities in the Constitutions drafting
committee. Hon. Mazima achieved the inclusion of
disability in the Constitution of 1995. Since then many
laws have operationalized the constitutional provisions, including the Parliamentary Elections Statute
of 1996 and the Local Governments Act of 1997, both
of which ensure the representation of persons with
disabilities in all political elected bodies. Through this
representation mechanism, as well as the National
Council for Disability, disabled peoples organizations
are directly involved in the development and monitoring of policies.
Key Features
Ugandas Constitution requires that Parliament shall
consist of a number of representatives of persons
with disabilities, and the State shall ensure fair
representation of marginalized groups on all bodies.
As a result, Uganda has enacted the Parliamentary
Elections Statute of 1996 that provides for five seats
in Parliament for representatives of persons with disabilities, elected by a national Electoral College. This
College is composed of district representatives, four
from each district. In this way persons with disabilities elect their representatives through an electoral

Constitution, Parliamentary Elections Statute &

Local Governments Act
Parliament, local governments, Uganda

college composed only of persons with disabilities.

Uganda has also enacted the Local Governments Act
of 1997, which provides for the allocation of a certain
number of seats for people with disabilities in elected
political bodies at all levels from village, to parish, to
sub-county, to district council.
Outcome, impact, and effectiveness
In 1998 the State Minister for the Elderly and Disability Affairs was created.
Since 2008 parliamentarians with disabilities have
also been elected through the mainstream electoral
process.
Members of Parliament with disabilities have been
successful in ensuring that their concerns were
addressed in several major laws, including the
Childrens Statute of 1996.
Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency
A number of delegations from other countries, including Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa,
South Sudan, and Swaziland, have visited Uganda
to learn about its reserved seats for persons with
disabilities. Kenya adopted a similar provision in 2011,
but there the party chooses the representatives with
disabilities.

Martin MWESIGWA BABU

National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda, P.O. Box 8567,
Kampala, Uganda; Phone: +256414540179
[email protected] http://nudipu.org

Nominated by Mr. Martin Babu MWESIGWA, CRPD Committee & National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda
Sources: Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995: http://bit.ly/1u5eYmv;
Ugandas Local Governments Act, 1997: http://bit.ly/1yC5wrX; Ugandas Parliamentary Elections Act, 2005: http://bit.ly/1rZlTjM

101

Funding for running for an

elected office
UNITED KINGDOM / GOVERNMENT EQUALITIES OFFICE , ADMINISTERED BY CONVEY

In most countries people with disabilities are underrepresented in public life because they face
substantial barriers to putting themselves forward for election. In the United Kingdom grants
are available to help meet the additional costs associated with running for election that candidates
with disabilities can face.

In brief
The Access to Elected Office for Disabled People
Fund, established in 2012, offers individual grants of
between 250 and (only in exceptional circumstances) 40,000 (about 320 to 49,700) to persons
with disabilities who wish to put themselves forward
as a candidate or for running their election campaign,
but who incur additional costs associated with their
disability. While the Fund was initially set to run until
March 2014, the government decided to extend it until
March 2015 and to fully evaluate it by summer 2015.
Innovative aspects
Towards a level playing field: By funding the disability-related costs associated with standing for selection and election, the Fund enables candidates with
disabilities to better compete with other candidates.
Cooperation with civil society: The fund is an excellent
example of a government working with civil society to
develop an evidence-informed approach to removing
barriers to the political participation of persons with
disabilities.
Testing cost-effectiveness: Launched as a three-year
pilot project, the Fund is the first of its kind, and its
effectiveness will be evaluated in June 2015.
Context
In 2010 a House of Commons Conference on parliamentary representation stated that there is considerable evidence that the financial barriers facing
candidates with disabilities were particularly high; that
the necessary extra spending has to be borne by candidates who are often poorer than other candidates;
and that social care funding packages limit the area

102

FAC T S & F I G U R E S
Initial Year: 2012
The Funds website is fully accessible and
contains guidance for applicants and others.
A publication of case stories of disabled
people who are active in politics has been
produced.
As of 2014 the Fund had supported
50 persons with disabilities to put themselves forward as a candidate.
The average value of claims has been
4,289 (5,390).

in which persons with disabilities can be candidates.

While assistance to Members of Parliament can be
provided through the Access to Work programme (Innovative Policy 2013) it is not available to candidates.
In response, the disability charity Scope recommended establishing a fund to meet the cost of reasonable
adjustments during campaigns. As a result, a Stakeholder Group, chaired by the Government Equalities
Office and including the main political parties as well
as a variety of disability organizations, developed the
Access to Elected Office for Disabled People Fund,
launched in 2012.
Key Features
The Fund offers individual grants of between 250
and, only in exceptional circumstances, 40,000 to
candidates with disabilities. Grants can cover, for

example, the cost of using private taxis if public transport is not accessible, the cost of accessible meeting
rooms, or the cost of a sign language interpreter. In order to be eligible, the person with a disability needs to
demonstrate that the nature of their condition creates
a barrier to standing for election and to provide evidence of their involvement in community activities. The
Fund is administered by Convey, which is independent
of the government and assesses all applications and
pays grants. Convey is advised by an advisory panel,
which consists of members including four with a
disability who have expertise in a range of disability
and electoral issues. The monitoring and evaluation is
carried out by the Government Equalities Office.
Outcome, impact, and effectiveness
The Fund was initially set to run until March 2014,
but the government decided to extend it until March
2015 and to evaluate it by summer 2015.
35 applicants have stood for election to date, mainly in Local Authority elections.
The Fund has received considerable media coverage, and has been promoted through political
networks and disability charities to raise awareness
of the support it can provide.
Transferability, scalability, and cost-efficiency
Depending on the outcome of the pilot period of
the Fund, it could, in principle, be replicated in other
countries, depending on their laws regarding limits
on electoral expenses for candidates. Start-up costs
were approximately 30,000 (38,000).

THE STORY OF KIRSTEN HEARN

As a blind person, there

are many barriers put up to
stop me from participating
in society.
Kirsten Hearn, who is partially sighted and who
was able to run for elections thanks to the Access
to Elected Office for Disabled People Fund, is an
elected Councillor at the Haringey Council. For her
it is clear that as a blind person, there are many
barriers put up to stop me from participating in
society. This is reflected in how political parties
organize and how would-be politicians campaign.
Canvassing on the doorsteps and streets is expected of candidates, but this is not easy to do if
you are disabled. In order to run a good campaign,
I must keep abreast of local issues and research
policy areas so I can say what I will do when I am
elected. This is hard when information is very inaccessible. If I am to have an equal chance of being
nominated and of participating as a candidate, this
is the kind of support I need.

The Access to Elected Office Fund was a lifeline to

me as it enabled me to fund a support worker to
accompany me when I went out canvassing and met
residents and community groups.
Alison HANSFORD, former Local Council candidate

Access to Elected Office for Disabled People Fund

Government Equalities Office, administered by
Convey, United Kingdom
Nominated by Ms. Ruth MARVEL,
Scope, United Kingdom

Access to Elected Office for Disabled People Fund

16-18 Chapel Street, Glossop, SK13 8AT
[email protected]
Phone: +44 1 457 869 714
Textphone: +44 20 8964 6324
www.access-to-elected-ffocie-fund.org.uk

Sources: Government Equalities Office, Policy Paper Political Life: Disabled Peoples Stories: http://bit.ly/1uGFqn7
House of Commons, 2010 report into Parliamentary Representation: http://bit.ly/1tcXBRQ

103

Success stories of
Innovative Policies 2014
Since 2013 the Zero Project has celebrated Innovative Policies from around the world nominating,
researching, and selecting the best of the best with an annual thematic focus. Below, we
briefly revisit some of the Innovative Policies of 2014, which focused on the theme accessibility
and provide updates on their progress and success.

The Universal Access Policy of Cape Towns MyCiTi bus system

(South Africa)

Credit: Guy Davies, Disability Solutions

Cape Towns MyCiTi system is, along with Johannesburgs Rea Vaya, among the first South African Bus Rapid Transit systems. Cape Town, however, clearly stands out for its commitment and
ability to implement accessibility, as its Universal Access Policy is a comprehensive long-term
and multi-level effort that includes universal design and attention to the entire journey. At the end
of 2013, Cape Town announced the start of a comprehensive three-year universal access audit
of all transport facilities in the city, to be undertaken by persons with disabilities. The audit of all
major central business districts and 220 public transport interchanges started in February 2014.
The transport authority for Cape Town is working to ensure that all transport operators provide
universal access and that this will be included in the list of requirements for operators applying
for licenses. Transport for Cape Town will also regulate operator compliance. Read more at
https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/TransportCapeTown/Pages/Dialaride.aspx.

Berlins mandatory barrier free

construction (Germany)
Accessibility Policy of the London 2012
Olympic and Paralympic Games (UK)

Berlins administration has published comprehensive handbooks on barrier-free

construction, which have been developed
in consultation with civil society and are
mandatory for all Berlin state construction projects. They aim to be simple and
intuitive, give orientation for the planning
process, and provide concrete assistance
to update existing construction codes. On
17 March 2014, Berlins general instruction for the preparation and execution
of construction measures (ABau) was
revised and entered into force. ABau
describes the processes from the initial
needs assessment, to the planning stage,
to the ultimate execution of construction.
A newly developed Concept Accessible
guide will ensure that the principles of
Design for All will be translated into the
whole planning process for new constructions, alterations, and extensions as
well as for modernizations. Read more at
www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/
barrierefreies_bauen/download/Konzept_
Barrierefrei_en.pdf

104

Credit: Kuala Lumpur City Hall

The Olympics and Paralympics are among the worlds

most spectacular sporting events and represent a
massive opportunity to spread a message to a vast
audience. London 2012 approached the Olympic and
Paralympic Games for the first time as one event with
exemplary accessibility as a key theme and set a high
standard for all events to come. Currently, its best practices are being transferred, as far as possible. One of
the key experts behind London 2012 Accessibility Policy
was Mark Todd, who currently works as Accessibility
Expert to the Sochi 2014 Paralympic Games and the
Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, and who also
advises the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games and
the Spanish Paralympic Committee. For more, see
http://theaccessarea.com

Kuala Lumpurs implementation framework for its

accessibility standards, Malaysia
The City of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, has set up an implementation
framework for its accessibility standards for all newly built environments, including a comprehensive monitoring and enforcement
system from design to post-construction. Throughout the last year,
Kuala Lumpur City Hall staff members have continued to work with
the national standard-setting body to finalize the guidelines for
Using Universal Design in the Built Environment. On 1 December
2014 the Minister of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Dr. Ewon
Ebin, launched the revised national Universal Design and Accessibility in Built Environment Code of Practice (known as MS 1184). The
revised standards aim to encourage more architects, town planners,
designers, and regulators especially at the local city council level
to refer to them as one of their guidelines in order to create a better
quality of life for Malaysians with disabilities. To date, Kuala Lumpur
City Hall is the first city hall that has made MS 1184 a requirement
for construction.

Australias Development for All: Towards a Disability-

inclusive Australian Aid Program
Australia is one of the few countries that have mainstreamed disability
into their development programming. Its Development for All: Towards a
Disability-inclusive Australian Aid Program is about improving the reach
and effectiveness of development assistance by ensuring that people with
disabilities are included in, contribute to, and benefit equally from development efforts. The Australian government, elected in 2013, announced on 3
December 2013 its intention to develop a new strategy for disability-inclusive
development for 2015 and beyond, building on the successes of the previous
strategy. The new disability strategy is being developed in consultation with
key stakeholders in partner countries and in Australia. Read more at
http://www.dfat.gov.au/aid/topics/development-issues/disability-inclusive-
development/Pages/disability-inclusive-development.aspx

Credit: UNAPD

Ugandas mandatory
accessibility standards
Uganda is among the first sub-Saharan
countries to have developed their own
accessibility standards. At the time we
finalized the Zero Project Report, the
standards were already mandatory for
school construction projects, but not
yet for all construction projects. With
the entering into force of the Building
Control Act at the end of 2013, the accessibility standards became a requirement for the approval of all construction projects nationwide. Further, in
May 2014 the Uganda National Action
on Physical Disability officially launched
the Accessibility Improvement Project,
funded by the Disability Rights Fund.
The main aim of this project is to raise
awareness about the Building Control
Act, which guides the construction
industry, and to ensure that the while
the Ministry of Works and Transports
develops the regulations for the Act,
the accessibility needs of persons with
disabilities are well incorporated.
More can be read at http://unapd.org/
general/accessibility-improvement-
project-launched

105

Annex

Social Indicators of the Zero Project

the full questionnaire
1. NEWLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS
Are all newly constructed buildings, to which there is public
access, required by law to be accessible to all persons with
disabilities?
Accessibility should be based on widely known and respected sets of criteria. This ensures both that it meets the
interest of all persons with disabilities, and that it conforms
to the highest standards. And it refers not only to the built
environment itself but also to signage in Braille and in easy
to read and understand forms. Buildings to which there
is public access include not only municipal buildings, but
also, for example, cinemas, supermarkets, banks, schools,
shops, sport and leisure facilities (e.g. museums) etc. What
remedies exists if the law is contravened? If there is no
legislation, is it planned?
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 9 (Accessibility)
Yes. Legislation is in place and covers both all newly
constructed buildings to which there is public access
and covers all disabilities.
Yes, with qualifications. There is legislation only for
certain newly constructed buildings. Or the law covers
only certain disabilities.
No. There is no such legislation.
N/A /other.
2. TIME FRAME FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS
Is there a legal time frame for all existing buildings, to which
there is public access, to be made accessible to all persons
with disabilities?
Accessibility should be based on widely known and respected sets of criteria. This ensures both that it meets the
interest of all persons with disabilities, and that it conforms
to the highest standards. And it refers not only to the built
environment itself but also to signage. If there is legislation
in place, what is the timeframe for all existing buildings to
be accessible to all persons with disabilities? If there is no
timeframe set by legislation, is it planned? And if so, when
is it expected to enter into law - if at all?

Questionnaire

Practices

The full questionnaire, analysis per question and a list

of all answers

List of all 39 Innovative Practices, list by country

Policies

Network

List of all 39 Innovative Policies and brief description,

listed by country

The Reseearch Network and acknowledgements to

all contributors

106

Relates to UN CRPD article No. 9 (Accessibility)

Yes. There is a legal time frame for all existing buildings,
to which there is public access, to be made fully accessible to all persons with disabilities.
Yes, with qualifications. Not all buildings are included.
Or the law may only apply to the courts or public
administration buildings. Or the law covers only certain
disabilities.
No. There is no timeframe set by legislation.
N/A /other.
3. URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Are all urban public transports (bus, metro, tram, train)
accessible to all persons with disabilities?
Any exceptions qualify for Yes with Qualifications.
Accessibility must, however, include both blind persons and
those persons with mental or intellectual disabilities. A very
important issue here is that drivers (especially bus drivers)
are both trained, and obliged personally, to help, if required,
a person with disabilities. Wheelchair users should be able
to enter and leave buses without assistance. If Yes with
Qualifications, please indicate why. If Yes please describe
any significant differences between the legal situation and
the reality of everyday life.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 9 (Accessibility)
Yes. All urban public transports are accessible to all
persons with disabilities.
Yes, with qualifications. Some urban public transports
are not accessible to all persons with disabilities. Or
they are accessible only to persons with certain disabilities. Or they are mainly accessible in the State capital.
Or drivers lack of trainings.
No. Urban public transports are not accessible to
persons with disabilities.
N/A /other.
4. EMERGENCY EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
In a situation of risk, is the states early warning system
accessible to all persons with disabilities?

Systems that could be in place include: city lights, SMS-services, email services etc. But any existing system should
not be limited to either radio or public address systems/
sirens - in line with the two-sense principle. Situation of
risk includes situations of armed conflict, humanitarian
emergencies and the occurrence of natural disasters.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 11 (Situations of risk and
humanitarian emergencies)
Yes. The states early warning system is accessible to all
persons with disabilities.
Yes, with qualifications. The early warning system is
accessible only to those with certain disabilities, for example hearing disabilities, or only at certain times of day.
No. The early warning system has not been designed to
be accessible to persons with disabilities.
N/A /other.
5. SIGN LANGUAGE RECOGNITION
Is sign language an officially recognized language in the
courts?
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 13 (Access to justice)
Yes. Sign language is both an official language of the
courts and persons with a hearing impairment have the
right to a translator paid for by the state.
Yes, with qualifications. Sign language is only officially
recognized in some courts. Or those with a hearing
impairment do not have the right to a translator. Or a
translator is not paid for by the state. Or only by custom
are translators made available, and paid for, by the state.
No. Sign language is not recognized in the courts, those
with a hearing impairment have the right neither to a
translator, nor for any translator to be paid for by the
state and translators are, even by custom, neither made
available nor paid for by the state.
N/A /other.

differences between the legal situation and the reality of

everyday life.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 24 (Education)
Yes. Every child with a disability has the right to receive
free and compulsory primary education within the
mainstream educational system.
Yes, with qualifications. Only children with certain
disabilities have such a right, others must attend special
schools. Or the right is restricted only to certain schools
in an area. Or children can go to any school, but at that
school are required to attend special, separate, classes.
No. No child with a disability has the right to receive
free and compulsory primary education within the
mainstream educational system.
N/A /other.
8. ALTERNATIVE TESTING METHODS FOR STUDENTS
Do university students with disabilities have access to
alternative testing methods?
This question refers only to university students. In the US,
for example, some universities offer courses that require
students to sit no exams - their performance is measured
by way of course work, assignments etc. Please describe
what measures, if any, are being taken to provide alternative testing methods to those with disabilities?
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 24 (Education)
Yes. At all universities, students with disabilities have
access alternative testing methods.
Yes, with qualifications. There is access only at some
universities. Or the choice of alternative testing methods
is restricted to persons only with certain disabilities.
No. At not one university is there access to alternative
testing methods.
N/A /other.

6. PUBLICLY AVAILABLE WEBSITES

Is there a legal requirement for public sector bodies
websites and websites of publicly available services in your
country to be accessible to all persons with disabilities?
Public sector bodies means the State, regional or local
authorities, bodies or associations governed by public law.
Websites of publicly available services means a website
used to deliver a service made available to the public. For
instance, educational establishments, leisure services
employment services, health care, mutual services, etc.
Web-accessible means a website or web-based service
(including those designed for mobile devices and/or use)
which is easy to browse, navigate, understand, operate, interact with and use safely, securely, independently, and with
dignity by a person with a disability under all circumstances
(including emergency cases).If Yes or Yes, with qualifications please describe any significant differences between
the legal situation and the reality of everyday life.

9. DATA ON UNIVERSITY GRADUATES

Are official statistics published covering the number of
persons with disabilities who graduate from university (and
tertiary education in general)?
Please describe, if possible, how identification of such
students has been made as, for example, many students
with invisible disabilities choose not to self-identify at
university level.

Relates to UN CRPD article No. 9 (Accessibility),

No. 21 (Freedom of expression and opinion, and access to
information)
Yes. Legal provisions and enforcements/sanctions are
in place.
Yes, with qualifications. Legal provisions exist, but are
not enforced, or there is no way to address website
owners when a site is not accessible.
No. There is no local legal enforcement and/or there are
no sanctions on inaccessibility.
N/A /other.

10. ACCOMMODATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Does the state oblige employers to take the necessary
action on accommodations made in the work place for all
employees with disabilities?
For employees with disabilities both to work, and to work
effectively for their employers, such accommodations will
need to be made in the work place. Obliging such action
on the part of employers should go a long way not only to
ensuring both, but also to ensuring that persons with disabilities are properly included in the workforce If employers
are required to take, in particular, any specific actions,
please describe what these are.

7. INCLUSIVE PRIMARY EDUCATION

Does a person with disability have the right to receive free
and compulsory primary education within the mainstream
educational system?
Persons with disabilities must not be excluded from
mainstream education - whether primary or secondary.
Mainstream education must be both inclusive and of quality.
All necessary support must be provided to ensure full and
effective inclusion. This question refers to children and
also to adults with disabilities who lacked the opportunities
when they were young. Please describe any significant

Relates to UN CRPD article No. 24 (Education),

No. 31 (Statistics and data collection)
Yes. These figures are published officially annually within
the year.
Yes, with qualifications. These figures are published, but
maybe not officially, or annually. Or within the year.
No. No such statistics are officially published. Or are
even available.
N/A /other.

Relates to UN CRPD article No. 27 (Work and Employment)

Yes. Employers are obliged to take the necessary action
on accommodations made in the work place for all
employees with disabilities.
Yes, with qualifications. The action that needs to be
taken may be limited. Or certain disabilities may be
excluded etc. Or only for a certain number of disabled
employees, etc.
No. No such obligation exists.
N/A /other.

107

11. DATA ON STATE EMPLOYMENT

Is the number of persons with disabilities employed by the
state both calculated and published?
While the question is about the availability of this figure, the
figure itself is also important. If such a figure is available,
please provide it, together with a source and, if possible, an
internet link.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 27 (Work and Employment),
No. 31 (Statistics and data collection)
Yes. The figure is published annually in an official publication, together with some description covering in which
state bodies these persons are employed.
Yes, with qualifications. Such a figure may be calculated,
but is not published. Or it is not an official figure. Or it is
only published either irregularly or every, say, five years.
No. Such a figure is neither calculated nor published.
N/A /other.
12. INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT
Did the percentage of persons with disabilities employed
increase in calendar year 2012?
The question refers only to employment in companies that
are required by law to employ persons with disabilities. The
answer is No if no figures are available. Without figures it
is impossible to know if people with disabilities are, in fact,
being employed as required. If such a figure is available,
please provide the figure, a source and, if possible, an
internet link.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 27 (Work and Employment),
No. 31 (Statistics and data collection)
Yes. The percentage increased. Or the percentage has
not increased because all companies required by law to
employ persons with disabilities actually do so.
Yes, with qualifications. The percentage remained the
same.
No. The percentage decreased. Or no figures are
available.
N/A /other.
13. DATA ON EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT (Art.31)
Are official statistics about the education and employment
of persons with disabilities published at least every 10
years?
This question refers only to whether such statistics are
published or not, and to their quality. It does not refer
to what the statistics actually tell us about one state in
contrast with another - based on those statistics. That is,
it simply asks whether such statistics are collected and,
additionally, if so, what is their quality?
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 24 (Education), No. 27
(Work and Employment), No. 31 (Statistics and data
collection)
Yes. In the last 10 years, at least one official study
has been undertaken, and the results published, that
provides a clear picture of both the education and
employment of persons with disabilities.
Yes, with qualifications. Only certain figures are available. Or figures are older than 10 years. Or figures are
open to interpretation.
No. No such official study has ever been undertaken.
N/A /other.
14. UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION EXISTING AND FUNDED
Is there an umbrella organization representing, at minimum,
50% of all those associations for persons with disabilities,
that receives directly basic public funding?
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 32 (International cooperation)
Yes. Such an organization exists, represents over 50%
of all those associations for persons with disabilities and
receives directly basic public funding.
Yes, with qualifications. Such an organization exists,
but, for example, does not either represent over 50%
of all those associations for persons with disabilities, or
receive directly basic public funding.
No. No such organization exists that represents over
50%, and that receives directly basic public funding.
N/A /other.
15. CRPD FOCAL POINTS INSTALLED
If the state has signed, or ratified, the Convention, has it
designated focal points within government to address matters relating to the Conventions implementation?
For those states that have ratified the Convention, in
line with Article 33, Paragraph 1, State Parties need to
designate one or more focal points within government for
matters relating to the implementation of the Convention.

108

In addition, in line with the other two paragraphs in this

article, there need not only to be independent mechanisms
to promote, protect and monitor its implementation, but
also civil society needs to be involved and participate fully
in the monitoring process. A Yes means both that focal
points have been designated and meet regularly, and that
civil society is involved and participates fully in the process
of monitoring the states implementation of the convention.
A Qualified/Partial response means that some, but not
all, focal points may be in place, or that they do not meet
regularly or have not met in the last 12 months. Or that they
may exist, but that civil society may not yet be involved. A
No means that there are neither any focal points nor is
there any involvement by civil society.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 33 (National implementation and monitoring)
Yes. There are focal points, they are effective and civil
society is fully involved
Yes, with qualifications. There are focal points, but,
for example, civil society does not participate fully in
monitoring the states implementation of the convention.
No. State parties have not yet designated one focal
point within government for such matters. (Or: State has
not signed the convention).
N/A /other.
16. UN CRPD ACCESSIBLE FORMAT
Is an audio version, a sign language translation and a plain
language version of the Convention available on an official
state website, in all official languages of the country?
Plain Language has to include symbols and pictures for
easier understanding.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 49 (Accessible Format)
Yes. An audio version, a sign language translation and a
plain language version of the Convention are available
on an official state website, in all official languages of
the country.
Yes, with qualifications. Only one or two of the three are
available on an official state website, or not in all official
languages.
No. None is available on an official state website. (Or:
State has not signed the Convention).
N/A /other.

Focus on Independent Living

17. SUPPORTED DECISION-MAKING ALTERNATIVES
Are supported decision-making alternatives available to all
persons with disabilities?
A supported decision-making regime comprises various
support options which give primacy to a persons will and
preferences and respect human rights norms. It should
provide protection for all rights, including those related to
autonomy (right to legal capacity, right to equal recognition
before the law, right to choose where to live, etc.) and rights
related to freedom from abuse and ill-treatment (right to
life, right to physical integrity, etc.). This distinguishes supported decision-making from substituted decision-making,
where the guardian or tutor has court-authorized power
to make decisions on behalf of the individual without necessarily having to demonstrate that those decisions are in
the individuals best interest or according to his/her wishes.
States obligation to replace substitute decision-making
regimes by supported decision-making requires both the
abolition of substitute decision-making regimes and the
development of supported decision-making alternatives.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 12 (Equal recognition
before the law), No. 19 (Living independently and being
included in the community)
Yes. Supported decision-making alternatives are
available to all persons with disabilities and measures to
provide access to the support required are in place.
Yes, with qualifications. Supported decision-making
alternatives are available but not to all persons with
disabilities or their realization is not effective due to the
lack of adequate support.
No. Supported decision-making alternatives are not
available.
N/A /other.
18. SAFEGUARDS
Do appropriate and effective safeguards exist for all processes relating to legal capacity and support in exercising
legal capacity?
Safeguards must be present in a system of support in the
exercise of legal capacity. The primary purpose of these
safeguards must be to ensure the respect of the persons

rights, will and preferences. In order to accomplish this,

the safeguards must provide protection from abuse on an
equal basis with others.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 12 (Equal recognition
before the law), No. 19 (Living independently and being
included in the community)
Yes. Appropriate and effective safeguards exist for all
processes relating to legal capacity.
Yes, with qualifications. Safeguards exist but not for all
processes or they are not appropriate and/or effective.
No. Safeguards do not exist.
N/A /other.
19. RIGHT TO MARRIAGE AND HAVE CHILDREN
Do persons with disabilities have the same rights as others
to marry, have children and raise those children?
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 23 (Respect for home and
the family), No. 19 (Living independently and being included
in the community)
Yes. The rights of people with disabilities are in no way
restricted with regard to any, and all, of these.
Yes, with qualifications. The rights of people with are
restricted with regard to one or two of these.
No. The rights of people with disabilities are restricted
with regard to all of these.
N/A /other.
COMMENT If the answer is either No or Yes with
Qualifications, please describe the exceptions, particularly
the most egregious, (for example, persons with disabilities
being sterilized against their will or having their children
taken away. Or, a marriage being prohibited for health
reasons).
20. DATA COLLECTION ON INSTITUTIONS
Are official statistics published annually covering, at the
minimum, the number, age group, gender ethnicity and
primary disability for all persons with disabilities living in
residential care settings?
This question refers only to official statistics and only to
institutions. The official figures need to cover all types
of residential care where persons with disabilities live
together in a group. These include: social care institutions
(also referred to as centres for placement and rehabilitation
etc.), psychiatric institutions (also referred to as asylums),
boarding schools for children, orphanages, sheltered
housing, group homes, old peoples homes and all other
forms of residential care, so that all forms of residential
care are covered., etc. As important as whether such data
are available is their quality. If they are available, are they of
acceptable quality?
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 31 (Statistics and data
collection)
Yes. All this information is available and is to be found in
an official publication or an official website, published on
an annual basis with figures not older than one year.
Yes, with qualifications. Some of this information is
available. Figures are not published annually, or are over
a year old when published. Figures cover only selected
institutions.
No. No such statistics are officially published.
N/A /other.
COMMENT Please comment on data collection, if there
is any, and also if the data collection respects the right to
data privacy, which is important in this instance.
21. ALTERNATIVES TO INSTITUTIONS AND DECISIONMAKING
If forms of residential care exist in your country, are there
any alternatives to institutions and do people with disabilities have choice and control over the services they use?
The question is about whether people with disabilities in
your country are able to choose between different types of
services in the community, or some people have no option
but to live in an institution. Safeguards should exist to
ensure that no one is placed into residential or institutional
care unless this is their own preference. People living in
institutions should be provided with the necessary support
to move back into the community. No one should be forced
to live in an institution just because there are no other
alternatives available to the community, or because this is
their families preference.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 19 (Living independently
and being included in the community)
Yes. Alternatives to institutions exist and persons with
disabilities have always choice and control over the
services they use.
Yes, with qualifications. Institutions are the predominant
forms of care and/or people with disabilities have par-

tially the choice and control over the services they use.
No. Institutions are the only forms of care and/or people
with disabilities have no choice and no control over the
services they use.
N/A /other.
COMMENT if placement in residential settings is the
predominant form of care for people with disabilities in
your country please comment, if existing, on any steps
being taken by your country to develop community-based
services as alternatives to institutional care.
22. DE-INSTITUTIONALISATION PROCESSES
If forms of residential care exist in your country, is the
number of persons with disabilities living in institutional care
decreasing due to the increased availability of quality services in the community supported and funded by the state?
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 19 (Living independently
and being included in the community)
Yes. The number of persons with disabilities living in
residential care is decreasing accordingly to official data.
Yes, with qualifications. The number of persons with
disabilities living in residential care is stable accordingly
to official data.
No. The number of persons with disabilities living in
residential care is increasing accordingly to official data.
N/A /other.
COMMENT Please comment on your answer indicating
what types of community support services the local
authorities (or other stakeholders) are providing to persons
with disability to facilitate their daily life.
23. PROTECTION AND MONITORING
Are facilities and programmes designed to serve persons
with disabilities effectively monitored by independent
authorities?
Article 16 of the UN CRPD requires the state to take all
appropriate legislative, administrative, social, educational
and other measures to protect persons with disabilities,
both within and outside the home, from all forms of exploitation, violence and abuse, including their gender-based
aspects. States Parties shall ensure that all facilities and
programmes designed to serve persons with disabilities,
including residential care settings, are effectively monitored
by independent authorities in order to prevent the occurrence of all forms of exploitation, violence and abuse.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 16 (Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse), No. 19 (Living independently and
being included in the community)
Yes. All facilities and programmes, including residential
care settings, are monitored annually by an independent
body.
Yes, with qualifications. Not all facilities and programmes
are monitored or not on a regular basis.
No. Facilities and programmes, including residential care
settings, are no monitored at all.
N/A /other.
24. ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING AND SOCIAL
PROTECTION
Do measures and safeguards exist to ensure the right of
persons with disabilities to an adequate standard of living
for themselves and their families, including adequate food,
clothing and housing?
States Parties shall take appropriate steps to safeguard
and promote the realization of the right to social protection,
including measures to ensure access to appropriate and
affordable services, to social protection programmes
and poverty reduction programmes, to public housing
programmes or retirement benefits and programmes.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 19 (Living independently
and being included in the community), No. 28 (Article 28 Adequate standard of living and social protection)
Yes. All persons with disabilities are legally entitled
to receive all the financial support needed to support
their living independently and being included in the
community.
Yes, with qualifications. Such financial support, although
mandated by law, is either not available to all, or is
limited in extent.
No. No person with disabilities is legally entitled to any
such financial support.
25. AVAILABILITY OF PERSONAL ASSISTANCE
SERVICES
Is personal assistance available in your country?
Personal Assistance is a tool which allows for Independent
Living. Personal Assistance is purchased through earmarked cash allocations for disabled people, the purpose

of which is to pay for any assistance needed. Personal

Assistance should be provided on the basis of an individual
needs assessment and depending on the life situation of
each individual. (Accordingly to ENILs definition of Personal
Assistance)
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 19 (Living independently
and being included in the community), No. 28 (Article 28 Adequate standard of living and social protection)
Yes. Personal assistance is available for all people with
all disabilities and is sufficient (in terms of the number
of hours provided to individuals) to ensure people with
disabilities can live independently in the community.
Yes, with qualifications. Personal assistance is available
only for certain types of disability or only for people with
the highest support needs; it is provided for a limited
number of hours; the government restricts the tasks that
a personal assistant can; people with disabilities cannot
chose or train their personal assistant; or only fund
unemployed family members can act as the personal
assistant.
No. Personal assistance is not available in your country.
N/A /other.
COMMENT Please use the comment to indicate for
example the percentage of people with disability having
access to personal assistance, whether it is available
across the country or only in certain cities or regions; for
which impairment groups; if it is means-tested, and whether
it is sufficiently funded.
26. AVAILABILITY OF ASSISTIVE DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGY
Is there public funding available to ensure that people with
disabilities have access to the necessary assistive devices
and technologies?
Habilitation and rehabilitation focus on equipping the
individual with the specific knowledge, tools, or resources
that he or she requires based on his or her unique circumstances and disability, such as assistive technologies,
specific training, education, or skills development. Assistive
devices and technologies such as wheelchairs, crutches,
prostheses, mobility aides, hearing aids, visual aids, and
specialized computer software and hardware (referred to
as the basic assistive devices) increase mobility, hearing,
vision and communication capacities. With the aid of these
technologies, people with disabilities are better able to
live independently and participate in their societies. This
question only takes in consideration the basic assistive
devices and technologies, as listed above.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 19 (Living independently
and being included in the community), No. 26 (Article 26 Habilitation and rehabilitation)
Yes. Basic assistive devices are available and funded by
the government for all people with disabilities require
them.
Yes, with qualifications. Basic assistive devices are partly available and/or the government funds them partly or
only for specific types of disability.
No. Assistive devices are not readily available for people
with disabilities or are not funded by the government.
N/A /other.
COMMENT Please comment about the extent of availability; also for example indicating if there are other ways
(other than through government support) in which people
with disabilities can access basic assistive devices.

Focus on Political Participation

27. RIGHT TO VOTE
Do persons with disabilities have the right to vote by secret
ballot in election?
This question is referring to every voters inalienable
right to vote secretly. The question refers to the electoral
processes at all levels (local, national, etc).
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 29 (Participation in political
and public life)
Yes. Every voter with a disability has the right to vote by
secret ballot.
Yes, with qualifications. Not every voter with a disability
or a voter may not be able to vote secretly.
No. Such right do not exists. Or, the right is meaningless
since medical practitioners, election administration staff
or others can effectively violate this right.
N/A /other.
COMMENT Please describe any significant differences
between the legal situation and the reality of voting. Especially, please comment if your country has lifted all legal
restrictions for persons with psychosocial or intellectual

disabilities. If the answer is no please comment whether

the person with disability who has been deprived of his/
her legal capacity is able to access redress and complaint
mechanisms.
28. RIGHT TO BE ELECTED
Do persons with disabilities have the right to stand for
elections, to effectively hold office and perform all public
functions at all levels of government?
This question refers to the legal capacity of all persons with
disabilities to fully participate in political and public life on
an equal basis with others.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 29 (Participation in political
and public life)
Yes. Every person with a disability has the legal capacity
to stand for elections, to effectively hold office and
perform all public functions at all levels of government.
Yes, with qualifications. Not every person with a
disability or not all public functions or not at all levels of
government.
No such right exists.
N/A /other.
COMMENT Please describe any significant differences between the legal situation and the reality. Especially, please
comment if your country has lifted all legal restrictions
of persons with psychosocial or intellectual disabilities
to stand for elections or hold office and perform public
functions, or if there are, for example, barriers that excludes
persons with disabilities from performing certain roles or
tasks within a particular public function.
29. REASONABLE ACCOMODATIONS IN VOTING
PROCEDURES
Are reasonable accommodations available to assist voters
with disabilities in voting on their own and in secret in
polling stations and public spaces?
Reasonable accommodations enable all persons with disabilities to vote in situations where it would otherwise not
be possible for them to vote, taking into account the needs
of all people with physical, visual, hearing impairments and
people with intellectual disabilities and learning difficulties.
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 29 (Participation in political
and public life)
Yes. There is a legal duty to provide reasonable accommodations for every voter with a disability.
Yes, with qualifications. There is a legal duty to provide
reasonable accommodations only for persons with a
specific type of disability, or only for some elections.
Or only assistance has to be provided by electoral
authorities and/or officials and not by a person of their
own choice.
No. there is not a legal duty to provide reasonable
accommodations to persons with disabilities in polling
stations and public spaces in voting procedures.
N/A /other.
COMMENT Please indicate which kind of reasonable accommodations people with disabilities are entitled to have
in voting. Or if only assistance has to be provided (like, for
example, allowing blind voters to have an assistant marking
the ballot for them) etc.
30. ACCESSIBILITY OF INFORMATION ON ELECTIONS
Is the official electorate information produced by the
Election Management Body accessible to all?
This question ask if the official electorate information,
produced by the Election Management Body, regarding
information on elections, voter registration, modalities
of voting and accessibility of voting procedures, ballots
and facilities is available in various forms (including sign
language, accessible to screen-readers, audio, braille,
electronic and easy-to-read and understand versions).
Relates to UN CRPD article No. 29 (Participation in political
and public life)
Yes. The official electorate information is both
accessible and easy to understand for every voter with
a disability.
Yes, with qualifications. The official electorate information is only partially accessible and easy to understand,
or is only available in some accessible formats or not all
the information referring to the whole electoral system
is accessible.
No. The official electorate information is neither accessible nor easy to understand and use for every voter with
a disability.
N/A /other.
COMMENT Please describe any significant aspect regarding the situation in your country, particularly referring to the
governments official website.

109

Dominican Republic

Dominican Republic

Dominica

Czech Republic

Djibouti

Cyprus

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean

Europe

Costa Rica

Asia & Pacific

Costa Rica

Costa Rica

Cook Islands

Colombia

Costa Rica

Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean

Oceania

China

Canada

Colombia

Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean

Asia & Pacific

Canada

Cameroon

Cambodia

Burundi

Cameroon

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
North
America
North
America

Asia & Pacific

Burkina Faso

Bulgaria

Belgium

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa

Belgium

Europe

Brazil

Belgium

Europe

Europe

Belgium

Europe

Bosnia Herzegovina

Belgium

Europe

Latin America
& Caribbean

Belgium

Europe

Bosnia Herzegovina

Belgium

Europe

Europe

Belarus

Europe

Bhutan

Barbados

Europe

Europe

Bangladesh

Latin America
& Caribbean

Benin

Bangladesh

Asia & Pacific

Asia & Pacific

Bangladesh

Asia & Pacific

Belize

Azerbaijan

Asia & Pacific

Latin America
& Caribbean
Sub-Saharan
Africa

Austria

Asia & Pacific

7. Inclusive primary education

Austria

6. Publicly available websites

Europe

Access to justice

Austria

5. Sign language recognition

Europe

6%

Australia

Emergency

Europe

4. Emergency early warning system

Armenia

45%

Oceania

19%

3%

Armenia

19%

Transportation

Asia & Pacific

Built environnement

3. Urban transport system

Region

Argentina

2. Time frame for existing buildings

Average*

Angola

45%

N/A

Algeria

Built environnement

Yes

Asia & Pacific

1. Newly constructed buildings

All answers by question

Northern
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean

Expert from Country

Yes with
qualifi- No
cations
35%
15%

Afghanistan

All answers of all respondents summarized

Asia & Pacific

All answers to all questions

Antigua and Barbuda

Social indicators: Analysis of questions

4%

0,7

59%

3%

0,3

49%

3%

0,3

1. Newly constructed buildings

22%

64%

8%

0,2

34%

32%

27%

7%

0,5

2. Time frame for existing

buildings

Access to information

14%

30%

50%

6%

0,3

3. Urban transport system

Education

45%

45%

7%

3%

0,7

8. Alternative testing methods for students

Education

21%

40%

30%

10%

0,4

9. Data on university graduates

Data

6%

20%

64%

10%

0,2

10. Accommodation in the workplace

Employment

21%

36%

38%

5%

0,4

11. Data on state employment

Data

17%

33%

44%

6%

0,4

7. Inclusive primary education

NA

12. Increase in employment

Employment

17%

13%

52%

19%

0,3

13. Data on education and employment

Data

24%

32%

35%

9%

0,4

8. Alternative testing methods

for students

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

14. Umbrella organization existing and funded

Implementation and monitoring

36%

35%

23%

7%

0,6

9. Data on university graduates

NA

15. CRPD focal points installed

Implementation and monitorig

22%

41%

26%

11%

0,5

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

16. UN CRPD accessible format

Implementation and monitorig

12%

25%

50%

13%

0,3

10. Accommodation in the

workplace

NA

NA

17. Supported decision-making alternatives

Equal recognition before the law

8%

43%

42%

7%

0,3

18. Safeguards

Equal recognition before the law

12%

46%

33%

9%

0,4 IL

19. Right to marriage and have children

Personal rights

52%

33%

6%

9%

0,7 IL

20. Data collection on institutions

Data

12%

31%

43%

14%

0,3

21. Alternatives to institutions and decision making

Community based-service and alternatives to institutions 15%

41%

25%

19%

0,4

22. De-institutionalisation processes

Community based-service and alternatives to institutions 16%

21%

26%

37%

0,4 IL

23. Protection and monitoring

Legal & social protection

13%

48%

26%

13%

0,4 IL

13. Data on education and

employment
14. Umbrella organization
existing and funded

24. Adequate standard of living and social protection

Legal & social protection

13%

59%

21%

7%

0,5 IL

15. CRPD focal points installed

25. Availability of personal assistance services

Assistance and support

7%

43%

38%

11%

0,3 IL

26. Availability of assistive devices and technology

Assistance and support

20%

48%

22%

10%

0,5 IL

27. Right to vote

Political rights

50%

38%

3%

10%

0,8 PP

28. Right to be elected

Political rights

50%

35%

4%

12%

0,8 PP

16. UN CRPD accessible

format
17. Supported decision-making
alternatives

29. Reasonable accomodations in voting procedures

Access to voting

33%

35%

20%

12%

0,6 PP

30. Accessibility of information on elections

Access to voting

18%

40%

28%

14%

0,4 PP

6. Publicly available websites

NA

NA NA

11. Data on state employment

NA NA NA NA NA

12. Increase in employment

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
NA

NA NA NA

NA

NA NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA

P.P.

18. Safeguards

NA NA NA NA NA

P.P.

NA NA NA NA NA NA

Q1, Q2

Built environnement

32%

Yes with
qualifi- No
cations
27%
37%

4%

0,5

Q3

Transportation

3%

45%

49%

3%

0,3

Q4

Emergency

3%

22%

64%

8%

0,2

Q5 and

Political participation: access to justice

34%

32%

27%

7%

0,5

Q6

Political participation: access to information

14%

30%

50%

6%

0,3

Q7, Q8

Education

33%

43%

18%

6%

0,6

Q9, Q11, Q13, Q20

Data

15%

29%

46%

10%

0,3

Q10, Q12

Employment

18%

24%

45%

12%

0,3

Q14, Q15, Q16

Implementation and monitorig

23%

34%

33%

10%

0,4

Q17, Q18

Independent living: equal recognition before the law

10%

44%

37%

8%

0,4 IL

Q19

Independent living: personal rights

52%

33%

6%

9%

0,7 IL

Q21, Q22

Independent living: community based-service and alternatives to institutions

15%

31%

25%

28%

0,4 IL

Q23, Q24

Independent living: legal & social protection

13%

53%

24%

10%

0,4 IL

Q25, Q26

Independent living: assistance and support

14%

45%

30%

11%

0,4 IL

Q27, Q28

Political participation: political rights

50%

36%

4%

11%

0,8 PP

Q29, Q30

Political participation: access to voting procedures

26%

38%

24%

13%

0,5 PP

Average calculated with: *Yes=1; Yes with Qualification=0,5; No=0 | Q=Question Number, N/A= not available
IL = related to Independent Living, PP = related to Political Participation

NA
NA

Yes

110

NA

All answers by question and summarized by topic

Average*

NA

5. Sign language recognition

19. Right to marriage and have

children
20. Data collection on institutions
21. Alternatives to institutions
and decision-making
22. De-institutionalisation
processes

N/A

NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

P.P.

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

P.P.

23. Protection and monitoring

NA NA NA NA NA NA

P.P.

24. Adequate standard of living

and social protection
25. Availability of personal
assistance services
26. Availability of assistive
devices and technology

NA NA NA NA NA NA

P.P.

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

P.P.

NA NA NA NA NA NA

P.P.

27. Right to vote

NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

28. Right to be elected

NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

29. Reasonable accomodations

in voting procedures
30. Accessibility of information
on elections

NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

NA

Yes
Yes with Qualification
No NA=Not available
IL = related to Independent Living, PP = related to Political Participation

111

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Europe

Europe

Europe

Oceania
Sub-Saharan
Africa

Somalia

Serbia

Sierra Leone

Serbia

Russia

Serbia

Romania

Europe
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Oceania

Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Asia & Pacific

Qatar

Europe

Serbia

Portugal

Asia & Pacific

Europe

Portugal

Europe

Europe

Philippines

Europe

Serbia

Philippines

Asia & Pacific

Europe

Philippines

Asia & Pacific

Senegal

Philippines

Asia & Pacific

Senegal

Philippines

Asia & Pacific

Senegal

Pakistan

Saudi Arabia

Pakistan

Asia & Pacific

Latin America
& Caribbean
Oceania
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Asia & Pacific

Samoa

Pakistan

Asia & Pacific

Asia & Pacific

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Europe

Pakistan

Asia & Pacific

Saint Vincent a. t. G.

Norway

Asia & Pacific

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Norway

Europe

Peru

Norway

Europe

Paraguay

Norway

Europe

Papua New Guinea

Norway

Europe

Panama

New Zealand

Nigeria

Netherlands

Oceania
Latin America
& Caribbean
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Europe

Niger

Nepal

Europe

Nicaragua

Myanmar

Asia & Pacific

Mozambique

Montenegro

Morocco

Moldova

Europe
Latin America
& Caribbean
Northern
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Asia & Pacific

Montserrat

Micronesia

Europe

Mauritius

Mauritania

Mauritania

Malta

Maldives

Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Oceania

Malawi

Macedonia

Italy

Macedonia

Italy

Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa

Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Asia & Pacific

Ireland

Europe

Luxembourg

Ireland

Europe

Europe

Ireland

Europe

Lithuania

Ireland

Europe

Europe

Ireland

Europe

Libya

Ireland

Europe

Liberia

Ireland

Europe

Liberia

Ireland

Europe

Lesotho

Ireland

Europe

Latvia

Ireland

Europe

Laos

Ireland

Europe

Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Northern
Africa
Europe

Ireland

Europe

Kyrgyzstan

Iraq

Europe

Asia & Pacific

Indonesia

Asia & Pacific

Kenya

Indonesia

Asia & Pacific

Jordan

India

Asia & Pacific

Japan

India

Asia & Pacific

Asia & Pacific

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Asia & Pacific

India

Asia & Pacific

Japan

India

Asia & Pacific

Asia & Pacific

Hungary

Asia & Pacific

Ivory Coast

Hungary

Europe

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Asia & Pacific

Hungary

Europe

Ivory Coast

Hong Kong, China

Europe

Honduras

Honduras

Haiti

Guyana

Guinea-Bissau

Guinea

Greece

Guatemala

Greece

Europe
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Latin America
& Caribbean
Oceania
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Asia & Pacific

Grenada

Greece

Europe

Ghana

Ghana

Ghana

France

Germany

France

Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Europe

Germany

Finland

Europe

(continued)

Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Europe

Finland

Europe

Gambia

Fiji

Europe

Ethiopia

Estonia

Ethiopia

Estonia

Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Oceania

Ethiopia

Estonia

El Salvador

Egypt

Europe

Region

Latin America
& Caribbean
Asia & Pacific
Latin America
& Caribbean
Europe

Expert from Country

Dominican Republic

All answers to all questions

1. Newly constructed buildings

NA NA NA NA NA

2. Time frame for existing

buildings

NA

NA NA NA

3. Urban transport system

NA

NA NA NA

5. Sign language recognition

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA

6. Publicly available websites

NA NA

NA NA NA NA

7. Inclusive primary education

NA NA

8. Alternative testing methods

for students

NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA

9. Data on university graduates

NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA

10. Accommodation in the

workplace

NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

11. Data on state employment

NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

15. CRPD focal points installed

NA NA NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA

16. UN CRPD accessible

format
17. Supported decision-making
alternatives

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA

12. Increase in employment

13. Data on education and
employment
14. Umbrella organization
existing and funded

18. Safeguards
19. Right to marriage and have
children
20. Data collection on institutions
21. Alternatives to institutions
and decision-making
22. De-institutionalisation
processes
23. Protection and monitoring
24. Adequate standard of living
and social protection
25. Availability of personal
assistance services
26. Availability of assistive
devices and technology

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA P.P.

NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA P.P.

NA

NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

NA

NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

27. Right to vote

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

28. Right to be elected

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

29. Reasonable accomodations

in voting procedures
30. Accessibility of information
on elections

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

112

Yes
Yes with Qualification
No NA=Not available
IL = related to Independent Living, PP = related to Political Participation

113

1. Newly constructed buildings

NA NA

2. Time frame for existing

buildings

NA NA

3. Urban transport system

NA NA

5. Sign language recognition

NA NA NA NA NA

6. Publicly available websites

NA NA NA NA NA

7. Inclusive primary education

NA NA NA NA

8. Alternative testing methods

for students

NA NA NA NA NA

9. Data on university graduates

NA

The Zero Project would not have been possible without the broad and continuous support of many
individuals and organizations over the last four years.

Zimbabwe

Yemen

Zimbabwe

Vietnam

Asia & Pacific

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa

Zambia

Vietnam

Asia & Pacific

Venezuela

Vanuatu

Uzbekistan

Uruguay

Oceania
Latin America
& Caribbean
Asia & Pacific

Uruguay

Uruguay

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

United States

Ukraine

Ukraine

Uganda

Tuvalu

Europe
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
North
America
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Latin America
& Caribbean
Asia & Pacific

Tuvalu

Oceania
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Europe

Turkmenistan

Acknowledgements

(continued)

Oceania

Turkey

Tunisia

Asia & Pacific

Trinidad and Tobago

Tonga

Togo

Thailand

Syria

Tanzania

Switzerland

Asia & Pacific

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Asia & Pacific
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Oceania
Latin America
& Caribbean
Northern
Africa
Asia & Pacific

Sweden

Sweden

Europe

Europe

Sri Lanka

Sweden

Sri Lanka

Europe

Sri Lanka

Asia & Pacific

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Latin America
& Caribbean
Europe

Suriname

Sri Lanka

Asia & Pacific

Sudan

Spain

Asia & Pacific

Spain

Asia & Pacific

Spain

Europe

Region

Europe

South Sudan

South Africa

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Europe

Expert from Country

South Africa

All answers to all questions

Above all, we are particularly grateful to Javed Abidi

and the entire network of Disabled Peoples International, who are the most important contributors to the
research of Social Indicators.
We also greatly appreciate the help given by:
Assembly of European Regions (AER)
Business Disability Forum
Disabled Peoples International (DPI),
European Coalition for Community Living (ECCL),
European Expert Group on the Transition from
Institutional to Community-based Care (EEG)
European Network for Independent Living (ENIL),
European Network for CSR and Disability (CSR+D)
Global Alliance on Accessible Technologies and
Environments (GAATES),
Human Rights Watch (HRW), Independent Living
Institute (ILI),
International Disability Alliance (IDA),
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES),
International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
Latin American Network of Non-Governmental
Organizations of Persons with Disabilities and their
Families (RIADIS),
Light for the World.

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

10. Accommodation in the

workplace

NA NA NA

11. Data on state employment

NA NA NA NA NA NA

12. Increase in employment

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

13. Data on education and

employment
14. Umbrella organization
existing and funded

NA NA NA NA NA NA

15. CRPD focal points installed

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

16. UN CRPD accessible

format
17. Supported decision-making
alternatives

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

18. Safeguards

NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

19. Right to marriage and have

children
20. Data collection on institutions
21. Alternatives to institutions
and decision-making
22. De-institutionalisation
processes

NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

23. Protection and monitoring

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

24. Adequate standard of living

and social protection
25. Availability of personal
assistance services
26. Availability of assistive
devices and technology

NA NA NA NA NA P.P.
NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA P.P.

27. Right to vote

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

28. Right to be elected

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

29. Reasonable accomodations

in voting procedures
30. Accessibility of information
on elections

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

I.L.

114

Yes
Yes with Qualification
No NA=Not available
IL = related to Independent Living, PP = related to Political Participation

Additionally, we are very grateful to the following individuals for their contributions to the shortlisting and
selection process of this years Innovative Policies
& Practices: Mona Abdeljawad, Virginia Atkinson,
Kimberley Azyan, Orsolya Bartha, Jose Batanero,
Jamie Bolling, Dorothea Brozek, Susanne Bruyere,
Ines Bulic, Ingrid Burman, Miguel Angel Cabra de
Luna, Alex Camacho Vasconez, Shuaib Chalklen, Facundo Chavez, Ba Coumba, Vladimir Cuk, Betty Dion,
Georgia Dominik, Romain Gaasch, Jesus Hernandez
Galan, Don Gallant, Christine Gordon, Martin Gould,
Giampiero Griffo, Tomoko Hikuma, Yoshikazu Ikehara (Suigura), Marijana Jankovic, Maths Jesperson,
Rudi Kennes, Magdalena Kern, Sylvana Lakkis, Paul
Lappalainen Peter Lehmann, Mischaa Liatowitsch,
Janet E. Lord, Phil Madden, Antonio Martinez-Pujalte,
Katharina Meichenitsch, Tina Minkowitz, Marica Miri,
Lenin Moreno, Apollo Mukasa, Martin Naughton,
Annika Nystroem Karlsson, Krista Orama, Nagase
Osamu, Sue OShea, Marnie Peters, Lidia Pretorius,
Beatriz Rabadan, Silvio Sagramola, Ximena Serpa,
Dorodi Sharma, Michael Ashley Stein, Martha Stickings, Damjan Tatic, Borka Teodorovic, Berit Vegheim,
and Luk Zelderloo.

For contributing to a successful Zero Project Conference 2015, we are most thankful to the United
Nations Organization of Vienna (UNOV), which served
as an excellent host, and we extend special thanks
to Lars Larsen and Linto Thanikkel; to the Unicredit
Bank Austria, which supports the Zero Project financially and has generously invited to a Special Evening
Event Alles Walzer, co-organized by Light for the
World. And to Caroline Casey for her enormous
energy as moderator of the Conference.
In Austria, the home country of the Zero Project, we
are proud of the support that we continue to receive
from many sources. In particular, the Austrian Minister of Social Affairs, Rudolf Hundstorfer, supported
the Zero Project right from its beginnings. We are
also indebted to Albert Brandsttter (Lebenshilfe
sterreich), Walburga Frhlich (atempo), Katharina Meichenitsch (Diakonie sterreich), Christine
Meierschitz (AR), Erwin Buchinger (Behindertenanwaltschaft), Herbert Pichler (Chancen-NutzenBro), Max Rubisch, Hansjrg Hofer and Andreas
Reinalter (Bundesministerium fr Arbeit, Soziales und
Konsumentenschutz), Monika Vyslouzil and Michael
Moser (Fachhochschule St. Plten), Caritas, Hilfsgemeinschaft, ZIV, Blindenverband, Selbstbestimmt
Leben sterreich, Career Moves, Ashoka Austria,
as well as many others. Special thanks also goes to
Michael Meyer, University of Economics of Vienna,
who arranged for an evaluation of the Zero Project
Conference.
The Austrian Ministry for Europe, Integration and
Foreign Affairs has supported the Zero Project in
many different ways, both in Austria and abroad. For
example, for (co-)sponsoring our side events at the
UN Conferences, we very much wish to acknowledge the help provide by H. E. Thomas Hajnoczi,
Johannes Strasser, and Caroline Wrgtter (Geneva
& Maputo), as well as Julia Thallinger and Nadia Kalb
(New York). We are also enormously indebted to the
Permanent Mission of Austria to the UN in Vienna,
and specifically to H. E. Christine Stix Hackl and
Martin Krmer.
Finally, we would like to point out one person without
whom the Zero Project would not be what it is today:
Thomas Butcher, who helped to launch the Zero
Project, and who continues to support the Project
team to this day.

115

All 39 Innovative Practices 2015

All 11 Innovative Policies 2015

Listed by country name

Listed by country name

Title

Country

Organization

Title

Country

Brief Summary

Category

Regional network to promote legal capacity of people with

psychosocial disabilities

Argentina

The Trust for the Americas /(OAS)

Austria

Voting independently and privately

Australia

Scytl Secure Electronic Voting, S.A.

Peer counselling as an
approved profession, 2008

Law (Independent
Living); Regional Level

Individual Supported Living

Australia

School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin

University

The region of Upper Austria is first to acknowledge Peer Counselling as an

official social profession. Since 2009 disability-specific qualification courses
(psychosocial, physical, intellectual, etc.) have certified more than 70 professionals. In 2014, peer counsellors offered up to 1,320 hours of service per
week.

Competition among students for innovative devices and software

Austria

UNIKATE

"Proefwonen" fast access to affordable homes

Belgium

Woonwinkel Zennevallei

Flanders Personal Assistance Budget, 2000

Belgium

Freedom School - Training for an active role in society

Belgium

Onafhankelijk Leven vzw

In the Flemish region of Belgium the person with disabilities (or their represent- Decree (Independent
atives) controls both the assistance and the personal assistance budget (PAB). Living); Regional Level
As of 2012 there were 2,112 PAB users in Flanders. About 6,000 people are
currently on a waiting list.

Stimulating political participation for persons with an intellectual disability

Belgium

Our New Future

Microboards: Small non-profits for supported decision-making

Canada

Vela Microboard Association

Japan

Living alone with individualized support

Croatia

Association for Promoting Inclusion (API)

Enfranchising people under

guardianship, 2013

Law (Political Participation); Country Level

Voting without legal capacity

Croatia

Udruga za samozastupanje (Association for Self Advocacy)

Following a ruling from the Tokyo District Court, Japans Parliament swiftly
in only 74 days after the ruling revised the Election Law, leading to the
enfranchisement of 136,000 persons under guardianship and restoring their
right to vote.

Study kit about citizenship and personal rights

Denmark

National Board of Social Services (Socialstyrelsen)

Diverting EU funds towards community-based care

EU

European Expert Group (EEG)

Luxembourg

Providing accessible candidate lists and other election-related

material for visually impaired persons

Funding a national disability

information centre, 1993

Finland

Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired (FFVI)

Luxembourgs disability information centre, which is under the full control of its
member organizations, receives the Ministrys financial support. In 2013, 2,271
persons asked for advice and 597 used the centres legal information service.

Funding Agreement
(Independent Living);
Country Level

Guidelines for accessible elections in Europe

France

Inclusion Europe

Persons with disabilities employing their assistants

Germany

VbA Independent Living e.V.

The employer model in personal assistance

Germany

Rhein Main Inklusiv

Improving access to elector- New Zealand

al events, 2014

Strategy (Political
Participation); Country Level

MOBILE, an all-round support program

Germany

Offering individualised support and sharing lessons learned

Ireland

The strategy of New Zealands Electoral Commission reduces barriers that

persons with disabilities may encounter when enrolling and voting at elections.
The Commission offers a wide range of information and resources in accessible formats. Some 8,000 large brochures, 15,000 Plain English Guides, and
11,000 posters have been produced.

Supportive Housing: Helping young adults to live independently

Israel

Israel Unlimited

Trieste: De-Institutionalisation and Community Living since 1980

Italy

Trieste Mental Health Department & WHOCC

A business approach to sustainable community living

Jamaica

Digicel Foundation Jamaica

Returning children to their families and an inclusive environment in Moldova

Moldova

Lumos: De-institutionalisation and developing inclusive

education

Training to actively engage in civic rights

Nepal

International Foundation for Electoral Systems

Personal assistance is custom-designed

Norway

Uloba

Inclusion of children and youths with hearing impairments

Papua New Guinea

Callan Services for Disabled Persons

Empowerment through peer-to-peer support in Rwanda

Rwanda

National Organization of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry

(NOUSPR)

Online platform on community based services

Serbia

Youth with Disabilities Forum

Living Link: Creating careers from disabilities

South Africa

The Living Link

Cheap tool to make ballot papers accessible to the blind

South Africa

Universal Ballot Template

Sexual Abuse Victim Empowerment Programme

South Africa

Cape Mental Health

Free personal assistance proves cost-effictive

Spain

ASPAYM

Connect to Control:Cheap equipment to make PCs accessible

United Kingdom

Connect to Control (Scope, Beaumont College)

A Brokerage for short family vacations

United Kingdom

Scope and Suffolk County Council

Helpline and platform on personalised care

United Kingdom

Disability Rights UK

User-led-organization teaching and inspiring others

United Kingdom

SPECTRUM Centre for Independent Living (CIL)

Women's Institute on Leadership and Disability (WILD)

USA

Mobility International USA (MIUSA)

Strengthening electoral systems to be inclusive and accessible

USA

International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES)

Employment and inclusion of rural girls with hearing impairments

Yemen

Al Saeeda Association

Enfranchising People with Disabilities

Zimbabwe

Jairos Jiri Association

116

MOBILE- Selbstbestimmtes Leben Behinderter e.V. for

independent living
National Federation of Voluntary Bodies Providing Services
to People with Intellectual Disabilities

Ensuring equal access for

Members of Parliament,
2006 & 2009

South Africa

South Africa has implemented two policies to ensure the inclusiveness of

its Parliament and to support all Members and employees with disabilities.
Currently, 3 Members of Parliament with disabilities and 10 employees receive
support, as so MPs who have children with disabilities.

Policy (Political Participation); Country

Level

Voting and participating in

the electoral process, 2007
& 2011

Spain

Spain has introduced for the first time a voting procedure for blind electors as
well as a policy to improve the implementation of participatory rights. In 2011,
21,434 buildings with polling stations were accessible; 8,726 provided free
transport services; and 1,367 accessible voting kits were provided.

Decree (Political Participation); Country

Level

The right to a personal

assistance budget, 1993

Sweden

Sweden is one of the few countries that entitles persons with disabilities to
a personal assistance budget, independent from state and local government
budgets. In 2013 some 19,500 people received a personal assistance budget.

Law (Independent
Living); Country Level

Personal Ombudsmen, 2000 Sweden

Personal Ombudsmen (POs) provide support in decision-making for persons

with severe mental or psychosocial disabilities in 245 Swedish municipalities
(84 percent). In 2014, 310 POs provided support to more than 6,000 individuals.

Policy (Independent
Living); Country Level

Electoral quota for persons

with disabilities, 1995 & 1997

Uganda

Uganda legislated that elected political bodies at all levels must reserve a
minimum number of seats for representatives of persons with disabilities.
The country has some 47,000 representatives with disabilities 0.5% of the
registered electorate at the local and district level.

Law (Political Participation); Country Level

Funding for running for an

elected office, 2012

United
Kingdom

Government grants help meet the additional costs associated with running
for election that candidates with disabilities can face. As of 2014 the Fund
had supported 50 persons with disabilities to put themselves forward as a
candidate.

Funding Agreement
(Political Participation); Country Level

117

Research Network of the Zero Project 2014-2015

List of all persons that have contributed to the research on Independent Living and Political Participation
Albania
Edlira

NASI

Biznesi Social E Jona sh.p.k.

Argentina
Karina

PUDOR

Marisa

ROJAS

Jos

VIERA

IGUAZU ARGENTINA C.E.E.S.A

DRPI - DisabilityRightsPromotionInternational

Armenia
Narine

Michaela

MEINDLHUMER

Miteinander

Fara

VAN MAELE

NOC vzw

Slavenka

MARTINOVIC

VALIDUS - Center for Adult Education

Klaus

MIESENBERGER

Universitt Linz

Matthijs

VAN TRIGT

Our New Future

Marica

MIRI

Croatian Union of Associations of Persons with Disabilities

Ursula

MILLER

Licht fr die Welt

Yves

VEULLIET

IBM

Milanka

OPACIC

The Government of the Republic of Croatia

Michael

MLLER

Institut fr Sozialdienste

Mark

WHEATLEY

EUD - European Union of the Deaf

Anka

SLONISAK

Disability Ombudswoman in Croatia

Helga

NEIRA

Verein ich bin aktiv

Els

WINTERS

Vlaams Agentschap voor Personen met een Handicap

Ruica

STIPCIC

Center for Rehabilitation Zagreb

Irmgard

NEUHERZ

Licht fr die Welt

Luk

ZELDERLOO

EASPD

Radmila

STOJANOVIC BABIC

Association for psychosocial help Susret

Marlies

NEUMLLER

Caritas Austria

Benin

Borka

TEODOROVIC

Association for Promoting Inclusion

Sabine

NEUSSS

Stadt Salzburg

Abdel Rahman

MICHAELIDES

EUROPEAN SOCIAL FORUM CYPRUS

LATIMIER

Inclusion Europe

VARDANYAN

International Child Development Center NGO

Eva

NITTMANN

Licht fr die Welt

Bolivia

Anne

BRYCE

Achieve Australia

Willi

NOWAK

VC - Mobilitt mit Zukunft

Alejandra

Sam

CAMPBELL

Scytl

Karin

ONDAS

Sozialwirtschaft Steiermark

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Errol

COCKS

Curtin University

Wolfgang

PACHLER

Mosaik GmbH

Vesna

BAJSANSKI-AGIC

Kate

HEWITT

Stefan

PAUSER

OeZIV

Jasminko

Daniel

KYRIACOU

Every Australian Counts

Gabriele

PERISSUTTI

Jugend am Werk Steiermark

Binasa

Patrick

MAHER

National Disability Services

Vera

REBL

DanceAbility

Brazil

Cher

NICHOLSON

HCSCC & Asset SA

Sabine

REHBICHLER

Licht fr die Welt

Alberto

ARGUELHES

Susan

STANFORD

Youniverse

Verena

REISS

Chance B

Fernando H F

Ellen

WALKER

Curtin University, Microboards

Eva

REITHOFER-HAIDACHER

Lebenshilfe Graz und Umgebung - Voitsberg

Ellen

WALKER

Curtin University, Microboards

Marie

RINGLER

Rupert

RONIGER

Australia

Austria

OUOROU BARE

COIPH

RIVERA

IIMS - Instituto de Investigacion Medico Sociales

Cyprus
Chrysis
Czech Republic
Camille

Mozaik Foundation

Denmark

BIJELIC

Lotos Tuzla

Steen

BENGTSSON

SFI

GORALIJA

MyRight, Empowers People with Disabilities

Bente

DANHOLT

National Bord of Social Services

Soren

GINNERUP

Danish Building Research Institute

WVA Accessible Publishing

Janina Gaarde

RASMUSSEN

National Board of Social Services

BOTELHO

F123 Consulting

Andreas Jull

SORENSEN

The Danish Disability Council

Ira

CARDOSO

AAPPE

Djibouti

Ashoka sterreich

Luiz Alberto

DAVID ARAUJO

Universidade Catlica de So Paulo

Ali

MOHAMED ALI

ACTION HANDICAP

Light for the World

Joelson

DIAS

Barbosa e Dias Advogados Associados

Dominican Republic

Gertraud

ASSMANN

Caritas Linz

Max

RUBISCH

BMASK

Erika

FOUREAUX

Instituto Noisinho da Silva

Vianela

DIAZ

Junta Central Electoral

Irmgard

BAUER

AR

Aima

SAMATOVA

RESSUP Verein

Eduardo

FRAYHA

The Products Comercial Ltda

Bernardo

SANTANA CABRERA

FENADID

Ilse

BEHENSKY

Fair Therapy

Christine

SCHAFFLER

Caritas Burgenland Wimpassing

Isabel Cristina

PESSA GIMENES

RIOinclui

Ecuador

Jess

BLIJKERS

Licht fr die Welt

Erwin

SCHAUER

Bank Austria Unicredit

Flavia

SOUZA

RIOinclui

Diana

ANDRADE

Trust for the Americas

Ingrid

BOHUMINSKY

pro mente Burgenland

Hedi

SCHNITZER-VOGET

OeZIV

Claudia

WERNECK

Escola de Gente, Comunicao em Incluso

Ana Lucia

ARELLANO B.

RIADIS

Albert

BRANDSTTTER

Lebenshilfe sterreich

Christian

SCHOBER

NPO-Institut

Bulgaria

Alex

CAMACHO VASCONEZ

Technical Secretariat of Disabiltites of the Vice Presidency of Ecuador

Dorothea

BROZEK

Brozek Power Consulting

Guenther

SCHUSTER

Bundessozialamt

Ivan

KARAGYOZOV

Centre for Psychological Research, Burgas

Lenin

MORENO

UN Secretary General's Special Envoy

Erwin

BUCHINGER

Behindertenanwaltschaft

Christian

SCHWARZL

BB-Personenverkehr AG

Kapka

PANAYOTOVA

Centre for Independent Living

Egypt

Jan Philipp

CERNELIC

Niedersterreichische Landesregierung

Alina

SERBAN

ERSTE Stiftung

Nelly

RADEVA

I Can Too Foundation

Reham

ELMASRY

7million disabled

Patrick

D'HAESE

MED-EL

Martha

STICKINGS

EU Agency for Fundamental Rights

Bisser

SPIROV

Lumos Foundation Bulgaria

Estonia

Gregor

DEMBLIN

Career Moves

Gudrun

STUBENRAUCH

Lebenshilfe Graz und Umgebung-Voitsberg

Burkina Faso

SAKKEUS

Tallinn Univeristy

Stephan

DORFMEISTER

Specialisterne Austria

Karin

THRON

WKW - Wirtschaftskammer Wien

Edmond

KABORE

OCADES- Caritas Kaya

Karl

EISENHARDT

Caritas Austria

Anna

TRAGL

pro mente Burgenland

Cameroon

Dayanandan

RAMALINGAM

Hawassa University

Paul

ELLMAUER

Lebenshilfe Salzburg, Familienberatungsstelle

Johannes

TRIMMEL

Licht fr die Welt

Julius

TEMBEICK

HECESA

Tafesse Chirbo

SHANKA

AMRC - Arba Minch Rehabilitation Center

Bernadette

FEUERSTEIN

SLI - Independent Living Austria

Kristina

TSVETANOVA

BLITAB Technology Gmbh

Mvenyi

JULUS NTOBUAH

Cameroon Disabled Person s Association

Finland

Manfred

FISCHER

Journalist

T.

TURTUKOWKSY

Caritas Burgenland

Canada

Sanna

AHOLA

Kynnys ry - Threshold Association

Walburga

FRHLICH

atempo GmbH

Irene

VOGEL

Hilfsgemeinschaft

Kimberley

AZYAN

Services to Adults

Maria

FINSTRM

Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired

Janet Eva

GENEWEIN

Ifs Fundament

Herta

WINKLER

Caritas Wien

Michael

BACH

Canadian Association for Community Living

Markku

MTTNEN

Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired

Wolfgang

GLASER

Selbstbestimmt Leben Oberoesterreich

Markus

WOLF

BSV - Blinden- und Sehbehindertenverband

Tara

BRINSTON

Canadian Association for Community Living

Jyrki

PINOMAA

Aspa Foundation

Verena

GLASER

'Gemeinsam Leben - Gemeinsam Lernen"

Franz

WOLFMAYR

EASPD

Ins Elvira

DE ESCALLON

Inclusion International

Petra

TIIHONEN

KVPS

Oliver

GOSOLITS

Lebenshilfe Tirol

Gregor

ZAMARIN

Wien Work

Betty

DION

GAATES

France

Hans-Jrgen

GROSS

Kompetenzzentrum fr Barrierefreiheit

Azerbaijan

Don

GALLANT

Canadian Association for Community Living

William

ALARCON

Sant Mentale en Afrique de l'Ouest - SMAO

Christian

GRBL

Mosaik GmbH

Davud

REHIMLI

UDPO - Union of Disabled People Organisations

Christine

GORDON

Nidus Personal Planning Resource Center and Registry

Francois-Xavier

BOIS

Kernix

Guido

GUENTERT

Lebenshilfe Salzburg

Bahrain

Connie

LAURIN-BOWIE

Inclusion International

Claude

BOULANGER-REIJNEN

"Economic, social and environmental council-Paris

Klaus

HCKNER

Hilfsgmeinschaft

Abdullah

Wendy

MCDONALD

Alberta Association for Community Living

Emmanuel

CONSTANS

L'ADAPT, Russir avec un handicap

David

HOFER

LIFEtool gemeinntzige GmbH

Bangladesh

Linda

PERRY

Vela Microobard Association

Benjamin

DARD

CBM - Christoffel Blind Mission

Karin

HOLZMANN

Selbstbestimmt Leben Initiative Oberoesterreich

Mia

Marnie

PETERS

GAATES

Mechthilde

FUHRER

Council of Europe

Franz-Joseph

HUAINIGG

sterreichisches Parlament

Belgium

Marcia

RIOUX

DRPI - Disability Rights Promotion International

Suzanne

GORGE

Centre Franais des Fonds et Fondations

Helene

JARMER

Partei "Die Grnen"

Carmen

ARROYO DE SANDE

EASPD

Joanne

TAYLOR

Nidus

Bernadette

GROSYEUX

MFPASS

Ruth

JAROSCHKA

Mosaik GmbH

Jef

BREDA

Universit of Antwerpen

Chile

Markus

JAEGER

Council of Europe

Andreas

JESSE

autArK Integrationsfachdienst

Dirk

BRYSSINCK

Villa Voortman

Pedro

CHAN

Corporacion CETRAM

Dominique

LE DOUCE

L'ADAPT, Russir avec un handicap

Guenther

KAINZ

Vienna University of Economics and Business

Maarten

CARMANS

NOC / Fokus op emancipatie

Arly Alejandra

FAUNDES BERKHOFF

SIGA Chile - Universidad Diego Portales

Cdric

MAMETZ

Nous Aussi

Franz

KARL

Interessenvertretung beh. Menschen der Stadt Wien

Claire

CHAMPEIX

European Expert Group

Pamela

MOLINA

The Trust for the Americas

Gary

MAY

EBU - European Blind Union

Klaudia

KAROLINY

Selbstbestimmt Leben Oberoesterreich

Glenn

CONINGS

Onafhankelijk leven

Maria Isabel

ROBLES MEZA

Fundacin Rostros Nuevos

Stephanie

OUEDA CRUZ

L'Oral

Eringard

KAUFMANN

AR

James

CROWE

EASPD

China

Johanna

PACEVICIUS

Assembly of European Regions

Andreas

KEPLINGER

Specialisterne Austria

Elisabeth

DE SCHAUWER

Ghent University - Disability Studies

Joey

LAM

HKSAR

Denis

PELSY

Fondation des Amis de l'Atelier

Elisabeth

KERN

ifS - Institut fr Sozialdienste Vorarlberg

Sabrina

FERRAINA

EASPD

Elke

MAK

HKSAR

Alexander

PREOBRAZHENSKIY

Council of Europe

Magdalena

KERN

Light for the World

Pieter

GHIJSELS

Visit Flanders

Colombia

Kriti

SHARMA

Human Rights Watch

Joanna

KINBERGER

Brot fr die Welt / Diakonie Austria

Tina

GOETHALS

Our New Future

Lucas

CORREA

Saldarriaga Concha Foundation

Nphli

YATROPOULOS

EQUINET - European Network of Equality Bodies

Morten

KJAERUM

FRA - European Union Agency

Alba

GONZALEZ

CBM

Ximena

SERPA

RIADIS

Georgia

Petra

KOLLER

special olympics

Javier

GUEMES

EDF - European Disability Forum

Costa Rica

Levan

GORGILADZE

Ministry of Health and Social Care of Ajara A/R

Karin

KRAINZ-KABAS

Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft Wien

Rudi

KENNES

Flemish Agency for Disabled Persons

Luis Fernando

ASTORGA GATJENS

Instituto Interamericano sobre Discapacidad

Madonna

KHAREBAVA

Association of D. Women and Mothers of D. Children

Norbert

KRAMMER

Sachwalterschaft Salzburg und Linz

dm

KSA

European Parliament & SINOSZ

Mario

RIVERA LIZANO

REDNOPEDIS

Khatuna

NAKEURI

Ajara Government Administration

Elisabeth

KRN

Specialisterne Austria

Peter

LAMBREGHTS

ENIL - European Network on Independent Living

Jose

VILLALTA MONTES

FEREPRODIS

Suliko

TEBIDZE

Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of Ajara

Gerhard

KUICH

Verein Vamos

Karolien

METTENS

Woonwinkel Zennevallei

Croatia

Otto

LAMBAUER

Caritas Wien

Maria

NYMAN

Mental Health Europe

Dijana

BOROVIC-GALOVIC

Centre for Rehabilitation "Ozalj"

Sigrid

ARNADE

Interessenvertretung Selbstbestimmt Leben

Dagmar

LASSMANN

Diakonie sterreich

Didier

PELEMAN

Our New Future

Emina

CERIMOVIC

Human Rights Watch

Dirk

BALZER

Centre for Independent Living Dsseldorf

Andrea

LEONHARTSBERGER

Diakonie Zentrum Spattstrasse

Inmaculada

PLACENCIA PORRERO

European Commission

Slavica

DUJMOVIC

Autism Association - Zagreb

Hubert

BERNARD

Rhein Main inklusiv e.V.

Jutta

LINDAU-OCHSENHOFER

Haus Gabriel

Michelle

RAJEWSKI

Onafhankelijk leven

Blaenka

FILIC VULIN

Center fo Rehabilitation Zagreb

Bernadette

BROS-SPHN

Gemeinsam Leben - Gemeinsam Lernen

Johanna

MANG

Light for the World

Patrick

SCHELFHOUT

Our New Future

Kristijan

GRDAN

The SHINE

Andreas

DIEDERICHS

In der Gemeinde leben gGmbH

Daniele

MARANO

Hilfsgemeinschaft

Mieke

SCHROOTEN

Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel

Velinka

GROZDANIC

University of Rijeka

Johannes

EURICH

Universitat Heidelberg

Stefan

MARCHEWA

Diakoniewerk sterreich

Danny

VAN DE PERRE

Our New Future

Tomislav

IVASKOVIC

Association for Self-Advocacy

Uwe

FREVERT

ISL

Katharina

MEICHENITSCH

Diakonie sterreich

GREET

VAN GOOL

Federal Public Service Social Security

Marijana

JANKOVIC

Association for Promoting Inclusion Subsidiary Zagreb

Ruth

FRICKE

Bundesverband Psychiatrie-Erfahrener (BPE) e.V.

Christina

MEIERSCHITZ

AR

Mathias

VAN HOVE

Onafhankelijk Leven vzw

Mladen

KATANIC

Udruga za samozastupanje

Silke

GEORGI

SOZIALHELDEN e.V

118

AALDERAZI
ISHAQUE

Bahrain Human Rights Commission

Asia Pac Federation of Hard Of Hearing

Luule
Ethiopia

Germany

119

Research Network

(continued)

List of all persons that have contributed to the research on Independent Living and Political Participation
Annette

HAMBACH-SPIEGLER

Zentrum fr selbstb. Leben b. M. Nieder-Olm

Louise

MCCANN

Disability Federation of Ireland

Moldova

Karen

HAUBENREISSER

Forum Eine Mitte fr Alle, Hamburg

Martin

NAUGHTON

European Network on Independent Living

Vitali

COVALIOV

Union of organizations of people with limited abilities

Branislava

BELIC

Republic of Serbia- Vojvodina

Frank

HOFFMANN

Discovering Hands

Maureen

PIGGOT

Inclusion Europe

Vasile

CUSCA

Moldova Government

Milorad

GASIC

Republic of Serbia- Vojvodina

Jana

HFTMANN

capito Berlin c/o die reha e.v.

Gerard

QUINN

National University of Ireland

Irina

MALANCIUC

Lumos Moldova

Jovana

KRIVOKUCA-MILOVANOVIC Youth with Disabilities Forum

Marina

KIRCHMAYR

Verba Voice GmbH

Vanessa

SCANLON

European Network on Independent Living

Ludmila

MALCOCI, PH.D.

Keystone Human Services International Moldova

Slaana

LEVIC

Youth with Disabilities Forum

Mathias

KNIGGE

grauwert

C.J.

WALSH

Sustainable Design International Ltd.

Montenegro

Zoltan

MIHOK

Disability Monitor Initiative

Elisabeth

KOMP

Dizesan-Caritasverband fr das Erzbistum Kln

Israel

Nenad

RADENKOVI

NIS Serbia, Savez Slepih Ni

Klaus

LACHWITZ

DBR - Deutscher Behindertenrat

Noa

BITAN

Akim Israel

Morroco

Damjan

TATIC

NOOIS

Peter

LEHMANN

formerly ENUSP

Orly

FRUCHTER

JDC - American Jewish Joint Dristribution Committee

Ahmed

Rolf

MARSCHNER

Jurist specialised in Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Yakir

PNINI-MENDEL

NG

Genashtim Innovative Learning Pte Ltd.

Lilian

MASUHR

SOZIALHELDEN e.V

Michal

SADEH

Access Israel

Zaw

Daniel

NOWACK

Yunus Social Business

Avital

SANDLER-LOEFF

JDC - American Israel Joint Distribution Community

Nepal

Elena

PECARIC

YHD

Christian

PAPADOPOULOS

Bundesministerium fr Arbeit und Soziales

Johannes

STRASSER

Permanent Mission of Austria in Israel

Suraj

Klaudija

POROPAT

YHD

Ulrich

PFEUFER

St. Augustinus Behindertenhilfe im Rhein-Erft-Kreis

Italy

Michael

PREUSS

Forum Eine Mitte fr Alle, Hamburg

Lucia

BARACCO

Lettura Agevolata Associazione Onlus

Edwin

MERMANS

Province of Noord-Brabant

Mario

APPELS

Eden District Municipality

Birgit

ROTHENBERG

MOBILE - Selbstbestimmtes Leben Behinderter e.V.

Anna

BENEDETTO

Fondazione Banca del Monte di Lucca

Jose

SMITS

Inclusie

Stanley

BAWDEN

The Living Link

Anna-Gracia

SCHADE

Zentrum fr selbstbestimmtes Leben Main e.V.

Cristiana

CARLINI

Museo Tattile Statale Omero

Lisa

WADDINGTON

Maastricht University

Hendrietta

BOGOPANE

Deputy Minister, South Africa

Hilke

SCHRMANN

Sennheiser Streaming Technologies GmbH

Alessandro

DALLA PIET

onlusgondole4all

Nicaragua

Carol

BOSCH

Cape Mental Health

Andreas

VEGA

VbA-Selbstbestimmt Leben e.V.

Elizabeth Maria

FRANCHINI

Fondazione Banca del Monte di Lucca

Sandra Lorena

Shuaib

CHALKLEN

UN Special Rapporteur on Disability

Ulrike

WALTSGOTT

Verba Voice GmbH

Giampiero

GRIFFO

FID - Forum Italiano sulla Disabilita

Nigeria

Michael B.

COETZEE

Member of Parliament

Corina

ZOLLE

Rhein-Main Inklusiv

Roberto

MEZZINA

Dipartimento di Salute Mentale

David O.

ANYAELE

Centre for Citizens with Disabilities (CCD)

Susan

DIPPENAAR

ATHENA - Interactive Training Network (Pty) Ltd.

Daniela

ORLANDI

INAIL

Asabe

SHEHU YAR'ADUA

Asabe Shehu YarAdua Foundation

Libisi

MAPHANGA

Electoral Commission of South Africa

Ismail

MOOLA

THE LIVING LINK

Ghana

Marina

Serbia

VUJACIC

Association of Youth with Disabilities of Montenegro

BERKIA

Morocco Forum "Disabilities and Rights"

MOE AUNG

The Leprosy Mission Myanmar

SIGDEL

International Foundatoin for Electoral Systems Nepal

Myanmar

Singapore
Thomas

Netherlands

Slovenia

South Africa

DARCE MENDOZA

Federacin Femucadi

Dorcas

ABA ANAN

Accra-GuestHouse

Luca

PAMPALONI

Associazione Vita Indipendente ONLUS

Norway

Sefakor

KOMABU-POMEYIE

Enlightening and Empowering People with Disabilities

Karin

PFEIFER

Lebenshilfe ONLUS

Tove Linnea

BRANDVIK

Uloba SA Independent Living

Devon

PALANEE

ATHENA - Interactive Training Network (Pty) Ltd.

Pino

PINI

AISMe (Italian Mental Health Association)

Stle

BRATLIE

Uloba

Lidia

PRETORIUS

DWCPD

PLUMARI

Cura e Riabilitazione ONG

Siri

DOLVEN

Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation

Leonard-Marque

PRETORIUS

Victory Over Disability Homes

Ase Kari

HAUGETO

The Delta Centre

Claire

ROBARTES

The Living Link

Greece
Ivor

AMBROSE

ENAT - European Network for Accessible Tourism

Silvestro

Athena

FRANGOULI

Society of Social Psychiatry and Mental Health

Jamaica

Akaterini

NOMIDOU

SOFPSI N.SERRON

Samantha

CHANTRELLE

Digicel Foundation Jamaica

Pino

KOSIANDER

Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion

Buyile

SIMON BASHE

RSA Parliament

Konstantinos

PAPANIKOLAOU

IEA

Judine

HUNTER

Digicel Foundation

Vibeke

MARY MELSTRM

Uloba

Melanie

WILSON

Eden District Municipality

Ilias

RAFAIL

IASIS NGO

Japan

Sigrid

SKAVLID

The Delta Centre

South Korea

Tomoko

HIKUMA

Den-en Chofu University

sta Tale

STRAND

Norwegian Federation of Organizations of Disabled People (FFO)

Hyunil

JUHN

Korea Institute for the Family of Developmentally Disabled

Raluca

BUNEA

Open Society Foundations

Yoshikazu

IKEHARA (SUIGURA)

Tokyo Advocacy Law Office

Jan

TSSEBRO

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Yujin

NOH

Ashoka Korea

Erzsbet

FLDESI

Budapest Association of People with Physical D.

Yasunobu

ISHII

Nippon Foundation

Berit

VEGHEIM

Stop Diskrimineeringen

Spain

Tamas

GYULAVARI

ANED

Megumi

KATO

Inclusion Ibaragi

Pakistan

Francesc

ARAGALL

Design for All Foundation

Laszlo Gabor

LOVASZY

Adam Kosa's Office

Aqeel

MOHAMMAD

GAATES - Global Alliance on Accessible Technologies and Environments

Aleena Zainab

ALAVI

Research Society of International Law

Javier

ARROYO MNDEZ

ASPAYM-Madrid

Erzsbet

SZEKERES

Foundation for equal rights

Osamu

NAGASE

Graduate School of Economics University of Tokyo

Lubna

HASHMAT

CHIP

Juan

BENAGES LAVIRGEN

Cmo quieres vivir?

Tamara

TISCHLER

Ashoka Hungary

Seikichi

NAGOYA

Inclusion Ibaragi

Reem

KHURSHID

Network of Organizations Working with P w D

Miguel ngel

CABRA DE LUNA

Fundacin ONCE

Zoltn

WAGNER

SINOSZ

Nagase

OSAMU

Japanese Disability Forum

Ghulam Nabi

NIZAMANI

Pakistan Disabled People's Organisation / CBR Global Coordinator

Manuel Poza

CAPARROS

Fundacin ONCE

Hitomi

SUGIURA

Tokyo Advocacy Law Office

Papua New Guinea

Alberto Vaquero

CEREZO

Fundacin ONCE

Juan Carlos

CHICOTE GONZALEZ

Fundosa Accesibilidad (Va Libre)

Cecilia

CONDE

CSR-D

Elisa Valia

COTANDA

Polibienestar Research Institute

Elena

CRUZ GONZLEZ

Fundacin ONCE

Hungary

India
Javed

ABIDI

DPI - Disabled Peoples' International

Jordan

Raja

BAGGA

Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative

Mona

ABDELJAWAD

Rights and Development NGO

Paraguay

Amit

BHATT

Auto-Rickshaw Development India

Adnan

ABOUDI

Higher Council for Affairs of Persons with Disabilities

Noelia

Sunita

CHERIAN

Wipro Ltd

Mohammed

AL-TARAWNEH

Cross Borders Development Consultancies

Peru

Parul

GHOSH

DPI - Disabled Peoples' International

Atallah

KUTTAB

Welfare Association

Susana

STGLICH WATSON

Vecina del Distrito de Miraflores

Arturo

DELGADO

Grupo Parlamentario Popular

Kanika

JINDAL

EMBARQ India

Kenya

Jorge Muoz

WELLS

Municipalidad de Miraflores

Laura

DIEGO GARCA

Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality

Nirmita

NARASIMHAN

Centre for Internet and Society

Joy

RAORE

Wasanii Mtaani/Artists in the Hood

Philippines

Borja

FANJUL

Parliament of Madrid

Carmo

NORONHA

Bethany Society

Kevin Ovita

TEDDY

Wasanii Mtaani/Artists in the Hood

May Gladys

BUTOY

International Foundation for Electoral Systems

Jordi

GARCES FERRER

ENSA, University of Valencia

Shraddha Soni

SABHARWAL

DPI - Disabled Peoples' International

Lebanon

Luie

GUIA

Commission on Elections (COMELEC)

Sonia

GARCIA-FRAILE CMARA

Fundacin ONCE

Dorodi

SHARMA

NCPEDP

Nawaf

KABBARA

AOPD

Poland

Jess

HERNNDEZ GALN

Fundacin ONCE

Sam

TARAPOREVALA

St. Xavier's Resource Center for the Visually Challenged

Silvana

LAKKIS

LPHU - Lebanese Physical Handicapped Union

Kazimierz

NOWICKI

Polish Association for Persons with Mental Handicap

Antonio Jess

INGELMO SIERRA

Fundacin ONCE

Joanna

WOJTYNSKA

Polish Disability Forum

Sabina

LOBATO

Fundacin ONCE

Ana Cristina

LOPEZ LOPEZ

MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR

Fundacin ONCE

Michael

Liberia

Indonesia
Christian

DONN

International Federation for Electoral Systems (IFES)

Francis

Sunarman

SUKAMTO

CBR-DTC

Lithuania

Ireland

Irena

KOLLIE

Prison Fellowship Liberia

PRANSKEVICIUTE

Association of people with disabilities of Lithuania

LULU
ERRECARTE

Callan- Services for Disabled Persons PNG

Fundacin Saraki

Portugal
Ana

BRAGA

Centro de Arqueologia de Almada

Merce

LUZ ARQUE

Antnio

LAMAS

Parques de Sintra Monte da Lua, SA

Lourdes

MRQUEZ DE LA CALLEJA Fundacin ONCE

Maria

VLACHOU

Acesso Cultura

Antonio

MARTINEZ-PUJALTE

University Miguel Hernandez

Barbara

MAYORAL

CSR+D

Liz

BROSNAN

Recovery Experts by Experiance

Luxembourg

Caroline

CASEY

Kanchi

Yannick

BREUER

Info-Handicap, Conseil National des Personnes Handicapees asbl.

Romania

Madeleine

CLARKE

Genio Trust

Raymond

CECCOTTO

APEMH asbl

Peter

MAKKAI

Fundatia Crestina Diakonia Sfantu Gheorghe

Beatriz

RABADAN

Fundacin ONCE

J Patrick

CLARKE

Down Syndrome International

Joelle

FLOENER

Division Personnes Handicapes

Laila

ONU

Pentru Voi Foundation

Mara

TUSSY

Fundacin ONCE

Sean

CONNEALLY

"Brothers of charity galway services

Romain

GAASCH

Info-Handicap, Conseil National des Personnes Handicapees asbl.

Russia

Francisco

VANO

National Parliament

Gerald

CRADDOCK

Centre for Excellence in Universal Design

Christophe

LESUISSE

Tricentenaire asbl

Yulia

KOLESNICHENKO

Downside Up

David

ZANOLETTY GARCA

Fundacin ONCE

Breda

CREHAN-ROCHE

Ability West

Arthur

LIMBACH-REICH

Universit du Luxembourg

Irina

NIKOLAEVA

Oudoor

Sweden

Ciara

D'EATH

GCIL

Silvio

SAGRAMOLA

National Information and Meeting Center Luxembourg, Info-Handicap

Anna

SMIRNOVA

NextGIS

Camilla

BOGARVE

PO-Skne

Noelle

DALY

Spinal Injuries

Michle

STEIN

Luxemburger Ministerium

Rwanda

Jamie

BOLLING

ENIL - European Network on Independent Living

Grainne

DE PAOR

Down Syndrome Ireland (DSI)

Alice

WARSZTA-BROSIUS

Luxemburger Ministerium

Sam

Ingrid

BURMAN

HSO - The Swedish Disability Federation

Eilionoir

FLYNN

National University of Ireland, Galway

Sandy

ZOLLER

Luxemburger Ministerium

Saudi Arabia

Ingemar

FAERM

The Swedish Migraine Association

Siobhan

FLYNN

Brothers of Charity Services South East

Macedonia

Maths

JESPERSON

PO-Skne

Anne

GERAGHTY

Brothers of Charity Services Galway

Vladimir

Paul

LAPPALAINEN

Swedish Equality Ombudsman

Declan

HAMILTON

Irish Wheelchair Association

Malawi

Cecilia

MOLINDER BERGLUNG

Socialstyrelsen

Alison

HARNETT

National Federation of Voluntary Bodies

Alfred

Anders

MOLT

Socialstyrelsen

Rose

KAVANAGH

INCADDS

Malta

Brian

KEARNEY-GRIEVE

The Atlantic Philanthropies

Anne-Marie

Debbie

KELLEHER

Stewarts Care Ltd.

Mexico

Francesc

LARKIN

Donegal Centre for Independent Living

Lizeth Mayela

BAUTISTA GARCIA

Charlotte

MAY-SIMERA

National University of Ireland

Klaudia

GONZALEZ

120

LAZOVSKI
MUMBA
CALLUS

Open the Windows

University of Malawi

BADAGE

Mukhtar

AL SHIBANI

Faten

ALYAFI

Mervat

TASHKANDI

World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry

GAATES
Ministry of Labour

Senegal
Ba

COUMBA

Handi Enfance

Annika

NYSTROEM KARLSSON

HSO - The Swedish Disability Federation

Diallo

GORGUI

Action Enfance Senegal

Hans

POLSTER

Stumpen-ensemblen

Mme

NDEYE

National Assoc. of Physically Handicapped Persons

Adolf

RATZKA

ILI - Independent Living Institute

Unidos Somos Iguales A.B.P.

Astou

SARR

Sightsavers

Kerstin

SELLIN

JAG - Equality, Assistance and Inclusion

RENAPRED

Arona

SY

ACTION ENFANCE SENEGAL

Thomas

STRANDBERG

The Swedish Insititute for Disability Research

University of Malta

121

Research Network

(continued)

List of all persons that have contributed to the research on Independent Living and Political Participation
Switzerland

United States

Judith

ADLER

Interkantonale Hochschule fr Heilpdagogik Zrich

Virginia

ATKINSON

IFES - International Foundation for Electoral Systems

Jose

BATANERO

ITU - International Telecommunication Union

Aaron

AZELTON

National Democratic Institute

Anton

BOLFING

Stiftung Zugang fr alle (Access for all)

Shanta Rau

BARRIGA

Human Rights Watch

Facundo

CHAVEZ PENILLAS

OHCHR

Orsolya

BARTHA

IDA - International Disability Alliance

Maria Alarcos

CIEZA MORENO

WHO - World Health Organisation

Daniela

BAS

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Nathalie

DREW BOLD

WHO - World Health Organisation

Rosangela

BERMAN-BIELER

UNICEF - United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund

Michelle

FUNK

WHO - World Health Organisation

Susanne

BRUYERE

University of Cornell

Luis

GALLEGOS

UNITAR

Jane

BUCHANAN

Human Rights Watch

Alexandra

GASPARI

ITU - International Telecommunication Union

Kelly

BUCKLAND

National Council on Independent Living

Sylvianne

IMHOF ZANATY

FRAGILE Suisse

Thomas

BUTCHER

Essl Foundation

Mischa

LIATOWITSCH

ITU - International Telecommunication Union

Regina

CAMPA

Scytl

Christoph

LTHY

Schweizerische Stiftung Pro Mente Sana

LaWanda

COOK

The Northeast ADA Center

Cecile

MALEVEZ-BRNDLER

Familien- und Frauengesundheit FFG

Julie

COOK

Disability Solutions @Ability Beyond

Barbara

MURRAY

ILO - International Labour Organization

Nicholas

COUDSY

Everyone Counts

Marcel

ODERMATT

FRAGILE Suisse

Vladimir

CUK

IDA - International Disability Alliance

Alana

OFFICER

WHO - World Health Organisation

Sera

DAVIDOW

Western Massachusetts Recovery Learning Community

Krista

ORAMA

OHCHR

Georgia

DOMINIK

IDA - International Disability Alliance

Dagmar

ORTHMANN BLESS

Heilpdagogisches Institut Universitt Freiburg

Susan

DUNN

MIUSA - Mobility International USA

Stefan

TRMEL

International Labour Organization

Juan

FIGUEROA, SR

Disablity Rights Center of the Virgin Islands

Caroline

WRGTTER

Permanent Mission of Austria

Martin

GOULD

G3ict

Tobias

ZAHN

WINklusion

Chris

HANSEN

Intentional Peer Support (IPS)

Akiko

ITO

CRPD - United Nations Secretariat

Tanzania
Clement

NDAHANI

CCBRT

Brenda

KOTEWA

Erwin

TELEMANS

CCBRT

Axel

LEBLOIS

G3ict

Deborah

LISI-BAKER

University of Vermont

Janet E.

LORD

University of Maryland School of Law

Rocio

MARTINEZ

International Foundation for Electoral Systems

Andrea

MAZZARINO

Human Rights Watch

LeAnna

MILL

Brokerage Services

Thailand
Diana Azu

AGULABA AMBI

CHANONGPITTAYAKOM SCHOOL

Tunesia
N.

N.

O.T.D.D.P.H

Turkey
Hatice Nevin

ERACAR

Autistics Association

Tina

MINKOWITZ

World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry

Cimen

GULDOKER

Autistics Association

David

MORRISSEY

United States International Council on Disabilities

Rana

KOTAN

Sabanci Foundation

Jessica

MURRAY

City University of New York

Dimitri

MARYASSIN

UNDP - United Nations Development Programme

Alekzandra

POSARAC

World Bank Group

Frances

PURDY

Family Support Professional Association

Uganda
Martin

BABU MWESIGWA

NUDIPU

Jos

RAMIREZ Jr.

DPI

Paul

EMONG

Kyambogo University

Maria Veronica

REINA

Global Partnership for Disability and Development

Lydia

KIWUMULO

Ministry of gender, labour and social develpoment

Cheryl

ROE

Skills Inc.

Apollo

MUKASA

UNAPD - Uganda National Action on Physical Disability

David A.

ROJAS MEJIA

The Trust for the Americas

Jay

RUDERMAN

Ruderman Foundation

Anastasya

GERETS

Kharkiv NGO of Blind Lawyers

Rinkle

SHAH

Queensland University of Technology

Andri

MAGERA

Central Election Commssion

Michael Ashley

STEIN

University of Harvard, Harvard Disability Project

Anastasiia

NEKRASOVA

Committee of Voters of Ukraine

Wendy

STROBEL GOWER

Cornell University

Levgen

POBEREZHNYI

OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine

Cathleen

THOMAS

Catherine

TOWNSEND

Wellspring Advisors, LLC

Robin

ALLEN

Cloisters Barristers' Chambers

Linda

"UMBAYEMAKE

LUMBAY6 Intervention

Jo

ANDREWS

IHRFN - International Human Rights Funders Network

Christopher

WORMAN

TechSoup Global

Paula

BENNEWORTH

Scope & Suffolk County Council

Venezuela

Ines

BULIC

ENIL - European Network on Independent Living

Silvina

ACOSTA

The Trust for the Americas

Constantin

COJOCARIU

independent legal practice

Nilka

CALDERN

FUNDADISCAPACIDAD

Corinna

CSAKY

Lumos Foundation

Viet Nam

Jane

CUMMING

Penumbra

Vu Thi

TUYET MAI

CBM - Christoffel Blind Mission

John

EVANS

ENIL - European Network on Independent Living

Yemen

Michael

GIBSON

Disability Rights UK

Manal

AL ASHWAL

Al Saeeda Society

Kamajeet

GILL

Electoral Commission of the United Kingdom

Zimbabwe

Anna

LAWSON

University of Leeds

Fambaineni

MAGWEVA

NASCOH

Ian

LOYNES

SPECTRUM Centre for Indepdnent Living CIC

Lovemore

RAMBIYAWO

NASCOH

Phil

MADDEN

EASPD - European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities

W.N.

RUVERE

Jairos Jiri Association

Alice

MAYNARD

Scope

Ruth

MARVEL

Scope

John

MCLACHLAN

Scope

Georgette

MULHEIR

Lumos Foundation

Rachel

MURRAY

University of Bristol

Iain

NEWTON

Government Equalities Office

Jude

PALMER

Digital Outreach ("Convey")

Mark

PRIESTLEY

University of Leeds

Carena

ROGERS

Scope

Ukraine

United Kingdom

Lucy Elizabeth (Liz) SAYCE

Disability Rights United Kingdom

Susan

SCOTT-PARKER

Business Disability Forum

Rohan

SLAUGHTER

Scope

Jakob

UEXKULL

World Future Council

Catherine

ZENNSTROM

Zennstrom Philanthropies

RUMI CEJAS

PLENADI

Uruguay
Graciela

122

Uloba puts the vision of

Independent Living ideology
into practice.
Vibeke Mary MELSTRM,
CEO and co-founder, Uloba (Norway)

It is only now with the ratification of the CRPD and

through awareness and
training sessions often
organized by organizations
for people with disabilities ...
that the issue of accessibility has begun in a small way
to integrate into the discussions on disability.
Gronime TOKPO, Fdration des Associations de Personnes Handicapes
du Bnin (Benin)

The election bodies organized volunteer

groups to support people with disabilities
to get information about elections, the
procedures, the candidates, etc., and also
to monitor and make notes and reports
about the possible barriers... Then they
conducted an evaluation and provided recommendation for the next election.
Sunarman SUKAMATO, Director, CBR Development and
Training Centre, Solo City (Indonesia)

The Scytl - eVoting solution brings

the privacy and security of
voting to visually impaired voters.
Sam CAMPBELL, Operations Manager, Asia Pacific, Scytl (Australia)

Five years in an institution seemed like an eternity. Now I live with

my parents and sister, and I want to be here forever!
Dumitria, age 14 (Moldova)

Ugandas special system of

directly elected representatives
with disabilities is the reason
why parliamentarians with
disabilities are now also
elected via the mainstream
electoral system.
Ndeezi ALEX, Member of Parliament for
Persons with Disabilities Central Region
(Uganda)

What I like most about my Microboard is the

support that it provides me to do fun things
I enjoy, like tubing on the lake in the summer,
going out to eat, attending parties, and exploring new adventures together. I am really happy
to have people I know and trust helping me to
manage my life.
Bree-Anna, Microboard user, British Columbia (Canada)
123

For us, persons with intellectual disabilities, exercising the

right to vote means that we are citizens, that we belong to our
country, and that we can express our opinions on who runs
the country and what they should do.
Corinne CLERMONT, Vice President, Nous Aussi (France)

My level of confidence has

tripled since WILD.
Ekaete UMOH, WILD alumna (Nigeria)

The SAVE program attempts

to offer people with intellectual
disabilities who are victims of
sexual abuse the same access
to justice as the general population and to ensure conviction
of the perpetrators.
Carol BOSCH, Project Manager, Cape Mental
Health (South Africa)

The Personal Ombudsman

does not act according to what
he or she thinks is for his
clients own good. The PO only
carries out what the client
tells him or her to do.
Maths JESPERSON, PO-Skne (Sweden)

Only thanks to my personal

assistance budget (PAB)
am I able to keep on doing
what I do now: going to work
and being a father and a
husband.
Peter, a PAB user (Belgium)

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