Unit 4.

Applications of integration
4A. Areas between curves.
4A-1 Find the area between the following curves
a) y = 2x2 and y = 3x 1
c) y = x + 1/x and y = 5/2.

b) y = x3 and y = ax; assume a > 0

d) x = y 2 y and the y axis.

4A-2 Find the area under the curve y = 1 x2 in two ways.

4A-3 Find the area between the curves y = 4 x2 and y = 3x in two ways.
4A-4 Find the area between y = sin x and y = cos x from one crossing to the next.

4B. Volumes by slicing; volumes of revolution

4B-1 Find the volume of the solid of revolution generated by rotating the regions bounded
by the curves given around the x-axis.
a) y = 1 x2 , y = 0
d) y = x, y = 0, x = a

g) y = ax, y = 0, x = a

b) y = a2 x2 , y = 0
e) y = 2x x2 , y = 0

h) x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 = 1, x = 0

c) y = x, y = 0, x = 1
f) y = 2ax x2 , y = 0

4B-2 Find the volume of the solid of revolution generated by rotating the regions in 4B-1
around the y-axis.
4B-3 Show that the volume of a pyramid with a rectangular base is bh/3, where b is the
area of the base and h is the height. (Show in the process that the proportions of the
rectangle do not matter.)
4B-4 Consider (x, y, z) such that x2 + y 2 < 1, x > 0 and 0 z 5. This describes one half
of cylinder (a split log). Chop out a wedge out of the log along z = 2x. Find the volume of
the wedge.
4B-5 Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving an equilateral triangle of sidelength
a around one of its sides.
4B-6 The base of a solid is the disk x2 + y 2 a2 . Planes perpendicular to the xy-plane
and perpendicular to the x-axis slice the solid in isoceles right triangles. The hypotenuse
of these trianglesis the segment where the plane meets the disk. What is the volume of the
solid?
4B-7 A tower is constructed with a square base and square horizontal cross-sections.
Viewed from any direction perpendicular to a side, the
tower has base y = 0 and profile lines y = (x 1)2 and
y = (x + 1)2 . (See shaded region in picture.) Find the
volume of the solid.

E. 18.01 EXERCISES

4C. Volumes by shells

4C-1 Assume that 0 < a < b. Revolve the disk (x b)2 + y 2 a2 around the y axis. This
doughnut shape is known as a torus.
a) Set up the integral for volume using integration dx
b) Set up the integral for volume using integration dy
c) Evaluate (b).
d) (optional) Show that the (a) and (b) are the same using the substitution z = x b.
4C-2 Find the volume of the region 0 y x2 , x 1 revolved around the y-axis.

4C-3 Find the volume of the region x y 1, x 0 revolved around the y-axis by both
the method of shells and the method of disks and washers.
4C-4 Set up the integrals for the volumes of the regions in 4B-1 by the method of shells.
(Do not evaluate.)
4C-5 Set up the integrals for the volumes of the regions in 4B-2 by the method of shells.
(Do not evaluate.)
4C-6 Let 0 < a < b. Consider a ball of radius b and a cylinder of radius a whose axis passes
through the center of the ball. Find the volume of the ball with the cylinder removed.

4D. Average value

4D-1 What is the average cross-sectional area of the solid obtained by revolving the region
bounded by x = 2, the x-axis, and the curve y = x2 about the x-axis? (Cross-sections are
taken perpendicular to the x-axis.)
4D-2 Show that the average value of 1/x over the interval [a, 2a] is of the form C/a, where
C is a constant independent of a. (Assume a > 0.)
4D-3 A point is moving along the x-axis; the functions x = s(t) and v(t) give respectively
its position and velocity at time t. Show that over a time interval a t b, the average
value of the function v(t) equals the average velocity of the point over this interval, as the
uncalculused would calculate it.
4D-4 What is the average value of the square of the distance of a point P from a fixed
point Q on the unit circle, where P is chosen at random on the circle? (Use coordinates;
place Q on the x-axis.) Check your answer for reasonableness.
4D-5 If the average value of f (t) between 0 and x is given by the function g(x), express
f (x) in terms of g(x).
4D-6 An amount of money A compounded continuously at interest rate r increases according to the law
A(t) = A0 ert
(t = time in years)
a) What is the average amount of money in the bank over the course of T years?
b) Suppose r and T are small. Give an approximate answer to part (a) by using the
quadratic approximation to your exact answer; check it for reasonableness.

4. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

4D-7 Find the average value of x2 in 0 x b.

4D-8 Find the average distance from a point on the perimeter of a square of sidelength a
to the center. Find the average of the square of the distance.
4D-9 Find the average value of sin ax in its first hump.

4D. Work
4D-1 An extremely stiff spring is 12 inches long, and a force of 2,000 pounds extends it
1/2 inch. How many foot-pounds of work would be done in stretching it to 18 inches?
4D-2 A heavy metal 2 pound pail initially is filled with 10 pounds of paint. Immediately
after it is filled, it is pulled up at a steady rate to the top of a building 30 feet high. While
being pulled, the paint leaks out through a hole in the pail at a steady rate so that by the
time it reaches the top, 1/5 of the paint has leaked out. How many foot-pounds of work
were done pulling the pail to the top of the building?
4D-3 A heavy-duty rubber firehose hanging over the side of a building is 50 feet long and
weighs 2 lb./foot. How much work is done winding it up on a windlass on the top of the
building?
4D-4 Two point-particles having respective masses m1 and m2 are at d units distance.
How much work is required to move them n times as far apart (i.e., to distance nd)? What
is the work to move them infinitely far apart?

4E. Parametric equations

4E-1 Find the rectangular equation for x = t + t2 , y = t + 2t2 .
4E-2 Find the rectangular equation for x = t + 1/t and y = t 1/t (compute x2 and y 2 ).
4E-3 Find the rectangular equation for x = 1 + sin t, y = 4 + cos t.
4E-4 Find the rectangular equation for x = tan t, y = sec t.
4E-5 Find the rectangular equation for x = sin 2t, y = cos t.
4E-6 Consider the parabola y = x2 . Find the parametrization using the slope of the curve
at a point (x, y) as the parameter.
4E-7 Find the parametrization of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 using the slope as the parameter.
Which portion of the circle do you obtain in this way?
4E-8 At noon, a snail starts at the center of an open clock face. It creeps at a steady rate
along the hour hand, reaching the end of the hand at 1:00 PM. The hour hand is 1 meter
long. Write parametric equations for the position of the snail at time t, in some reasonable
xy-coordinate system.
4E-9* a) What part of a train is moving backwards when the train moves forwards?
b) A circular disc has inner radius a and outer radius b. Its inner circle rolls along
the positive x-axis without slipping . Find parametric equations for the motion of a point P

E. 18.01 EXERCISES

on its outer edge, assuming P starts at (0, b). Use as parameter. (Your equations should
reduce to those of the cycloid when a = b. Do they?)
c) Sketch the curve that P traces out.
d) Show from the parametric equations you found that P is moving backwards whenever it lies below the x-axis.

4F. Arclength
4F-1 Find the arclength of the following curves
a) y = 5x + 2, 0 x 1.
b) y = x3/2 , 0 x 1.
2/3 3/2
c) y = (1 x ) , 0 x 1.
d) y = (1/3)(2 + x2 )3/2 , 1 x 2.
4F-2 Find the length of the curve y = (ex + ex )/2 for 0 x b. Hint:
2
 x
2
 x
e + ex
e ex
+1=
2
2
4F-3 Express the length of the parabola y = x2 for 0 x b as an integral. (Do not
evaluate.)
4F-4 Find the length of the curve x = t2 , y = t3 for 0 t 2.
4F-5 Find an integral for the length of the curve given parametrically in Exercise 4E-2 for
1 t 2. Simplify the integrand as much as possible but do not evaluate.
4F-6 a) The cycloid given parametrically by x = t sin t, y = 1 cos t describes the path
of a point on a rolling wheel. If t represents time, then the wheel is rotating at a constant
speed. How fast is the point moving at each time t? When is the forward motion (dx/dt)
largest and when is it smallest?
b) Find the length of the cycloid for one turn of the wheel. (Use a half angle formula.)
4F-7 Express the length of the ellipse x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 = 1 using the parametrization x =
a cos t and y = b sin t. (Do not evaluate.)
4F-8 Find the length of the curve x = et cos t, y = et sin t for 0 t 10.

4G. Surface Area

4G-1 Consider the sphere of radius R formed by revolving the circle
x2 + y 2 = R2 around the x-axis. Show that for R a < b R,
the portion of the sphere a x b has surface area 2R(b a). For
example, the hemisphere, a = 0, b = R has area 2R2 .

4G-2 Find the area of the segment of y = 1 2x in the first quadrant revolved around the
x-axis.
4G-3 Find the area of the segment of y = 1 2x in the first quadrant revolved around the
y-axis.
4G-4 Find an integral formula for the area of y = x2 , 0 x 4 revolved around the
x-axis. (Do not evaluate.)

4. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

4G-5 Find the area of y = x2 , 0 x 4 revolved around the y-axis.

4G-6 Find the area of the astroid x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3 revolved around the x-axis.
4G-7 Conside the torus of Problem 4C-1.
a) Set up the integral for surface area using integration dx
b) Set up the integral for surface area using integration dy
c) Evaluate (b) using the substitution y = a sin .

4H. Polar coordinate graphs

4H-1 For each of the following points given in rectangular coordinates, give its polar
coordinates. (For points below the x-axis, give two expressions for its polar coordinates,
using respectively positive and negative values for .)

d) (2, 2)
a) (0, 3)
b) (2, 0)
c) (1, 3)

e) (1, 1)
f) (0, 2)
g) ( 3, 1)
h) (2, 2)
4H-2
a) Find using two different methods the equation in polar coordinates for the circle of
radius a with center at (a, 0) on the x-axis, as follows:
(i) write its equation in rectangular coordinates, and then change it to polar coordinates (substitute x = r cos and y = r sin , and then simplify).
(ii) treat it as a locus problem: let OQ be the diameter lying along the x-axis, and
P : (r, ) a point on the circle; use OP Q and trigonometry to find the relation connecting
r and .
b) Carry out the analogue of 4H-2a for the circle of radius a with center at (0, a) on the
y-axis; OQ is now the diameter lying along the y-axis.
c) (i) Find the polar equation for the line intersecting the positive x- and
y-axes respectively at A and B, and having perpendicular distance a from
the origin.
(Let = DOA; use the right triangle DOP to get the equation
connecting r, , and a.
(ii) Convert your polar equation to the usual rectangular equation
involving A and B, by using trigonometry.
d) In the accompanying figure, the point Q moves around the circle of
radius a centered at the origin; QR is a perpendicular to the x-axis. P is
a point on ray OQ such that |QP | = |QR|: P is the point inside the circle
in the first two quadrants, but outside the circle in the last two quadrants.
(i) Sketch the locus of P ; the locus is called a cardioid (cf. 4H-3c).
(ii) find the polar equation of this locus.

D
a

a
O

e) The point P moves in a locus so that the product of its distances from the two points
Q : (a, 0) and R : (a, 0) is constant. Assuming the locus of P goes through the origin,
determine the value of the constant, and derive the polar equation of the locus of P .
(Work with the squares of the distances, rather than the distances themselves, and use
the law of cosines; the identities (A + B)(A B) = A2 B 2 and cos 2 = 2 cos2 1 simplify

E. 18.01 EXERCISES

the algebra and produce a simple answer at the end. The resulting curve is a lemniscate,
cf. 4H-3g.)
4H-3 For each of the following,
(i) give the corresponding equation in rectangular coordinates;
(ii) draw the graph; indicate the direction of increasing .
a) r = sec

b) r = 2a cos

c) r = (a + b cos ) (This figure is a cardioid for a = b, a limacon with a loop for

0 < a < b, and a limacon without a loop for a > b > 0.)
d) r = a/(b + c cos ) (Assume the constants a and b are positive. This figure is an
ellipse for b > |c| > 0, a circle for c = 0, a parabola for b = |c|, and a hyperbola for b < |c|.)
e) r = a sin(2) (4-leaf rose)
2

g) r = a sin(2) (lemniscate)
i) r = ea (logarithmic spiral)

f) r = a cos(2) (4-leaf rose)

h) r2 = a2 cos(2) (lemniscate)

4. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

4I. Area and arclength in polar coordinates

4I-1 Find the arclength element ds = w()d for the curves of 4H-3.
4I-2 Find the area of one leaf of a three-leaf rose r = a cos(3).
4I-3 Find the area of the region 0 r e3 for 0
4I-4 Find the area of one loop of the lemniscate r2 = a2 sin(2)
4I-5 What is the average distance of a point on a circle of radius a from a fixed point Q
on the circle? (Place the circle so Q is at the origin and use polar coordinates.)
4I-6 What is the average distance from the x-axis of a point chosen at random on the
cardioid r = a(1 cos ) , if the point is chosen
a) by letting a ray = c sweep around at uniform velocity, stopping at random and
taking the point where it intersects the cardioid;
b) by letting a point P travel around the cardioid at uniform velocity, stopping at
random; (the answers to (a) and (b) are different...)
4I-7 Calculate the area and arclength of a circle, parameterized by x = a cos , y = a sin .

4J. Other Applications

4J-1 Suppose it takes k units of energy to lift a cubic meter of water one meter. About
how much energy E will it take to pump dry a circular hole one meter in diameter and 100
meters deep that is filled with water? (Give reasoning.)
4J-2 The amount x (in grams) of a radioactive material declines exponentially over time
(in minutes), according to the law x = x0 ekt , where x0 is the amount initially present
at time t = 0. If one gram of the material produces r units of radiation/minute, about how
much radiation R is produced over one hour by x0 grams of the material? (Give reasoning.)
4J-3 A very shallow circular reflecting pool has uniform depth D, and radius R (meters). A
disinfecting chemical is released at its center, and after a few hours of symmetrical diffusion
k
g/m3 .
outwards, the concentration of chemical at a point r meters from the center is
1 + r2
What amount A of the chemical was released into the pool? (Give reasoning.)
4J-4 Assume a heated outdoor pool requires k units of heat/hour for each degree F it is
maintained above the external air temperature.
o
o
If the external temperature T varies between 50

and 70 over a 24 hour period starting
at midnight, according to T = 10 6 cos(t/12) , how many heat units will be required to
maintain the pool at a steady 75o temperature? (Give reasoning.)
4J-5 A manufacturers cost for storing one unit of inventory is c dollars/day for space and
insurance. Over the course of 30 days, production P rises from 10 to 40 units/day according
to P = 10 + t. Assuming no units are sold, what is the inventory cost for this period? (Give
reasoning.)
4J-6 A water tank for a town has the shape of a sphere of radius r feet, and its center is
at a height h above the ground. If the weight of a cubic foot of water is w lbs., how much

E. 18.01 EXERCISES

work is required to fill the tank when empty by pumping water from the ground? (Give
reasoning using infinitesimals.)
4J-6 Divide the water in the tank into thin horizontal slices of widthp
dy.
If the slice is at height y above the center of the tank, its radius is r2 y 2 .
volume of water in the slice = (r2 y 2 ) dy
weight of water in the slice = w(r2 y 2 ) dy
work to lift this slice from the ground = w(r2 y 2 ) dy (h + y).
Total work =

w(r2 y 2 )(h+y) dy = w

r

y3 y4
r2 y 2
h
.
(r2 h+r2 yhy 2 y 3 ) = w r2 hy+
2
3 4 r
r

The even powers of y have the same value at r and r, so contribute 0 to the value; we get
r



4
y3
r3
= whr3 .
= wh r2 y
= 2wh r3
3 r
3
3