Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 23 views

    AKU4301 - Lect 1 - Intro

    Uploaded by

    Syafiq Zaimi
    The document provides a chronological overview of early endocrine studies from 1849 onwards. It discusses key findings and researchers that advanced the understanding of endocrinology, including: - In 1849, experiments on roosters showed that castration affected comb growth and behavior, which could be reversed with testicular extracts. - In the 1850s, Claude Bernard proposed the concept of an "internal secretions" system where hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells. - In the early 20th century, studies identified hormones like secretin, demonstrated hormone roles in processes like metamorphosis, and coined the term "hormone".

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    AKU4301 - Lect 1 - Intro

    Uploaded by

    Syafiq Zaimi
    23 views39 pages
    The document provides a chronological overview of early endocrine studies from 1849 onwards. It discusses key findings and researchers that advanced the understanding of endocrinology, including: - In 1849, experiments on roosters showed that castration affected comb growth and behavior, which could be reversed with testicular extracts. - In the 1850s, Claude Bernard proposed the concept of an "internal secretions" system where hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells. - In the early 20th century, studies identified hormones like secretin, demonstrated hormone roles in processes like metamorphosis, and coined the term "hormone".

    Original Description:

    AKU4301- Lect 1- Intro

    Original Title

    AKU4301- Lect 1- Intro

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document provides a chronological overview of early endocrine studies from 1849 onwards. It discusses key findings and researchers that advanced the understanding of endocrinology, including: - In 1849, experiments on roosters showed that castration affected comb growth and behavior, which could be reversed with testicular extracts. - In the 1850s, Claude Bernard proposed the concept of an "internal secretions" system where hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells. - In the early 20th century, studies identified hormones like secretin, demonstrated hormone roles in processes like metamorphosis, and coined the term "hormone".

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views39 pages

    AKU4301 - Lect 1 - Intro

    Uploaded by

    Syafiq Zaimi
    The document provides a chronological overview of early endocrine studies from 1849 onwards. It discusses key findings and researchers that advanced the understanding of endocrinology, including: - In 1849, experiments on roosters showed that castration affected comb growth and behavior, which could be reversed with testicular extracts. - In the 1850s, Claude Bernard proposed the concept of an "internal secretions" system where hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells. - In the early 20th century, studies identified hormones like secretin, demonstrated hormone roles in processes like metamorphosis, and coined the term "hormone".

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 39

    Annie Christianus

    Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture,


    Universiti Putra Malaysia

    Chronology on Early Endocrine Studies


    1st record of endocrine experiments:

    tests on roosters in 1849 while he was


    curator of the local zoo.

    Ablation and replacement


    Found that a rooster's comb is an
    androgen-dependent structure. Following
    castration, the comb atrophies, aggressive
    male behavior disappears, and it lost
    interest in the hens.
    Courtesy: Dale Buchanan Hales,
    PhD
    Department of Physiology &
    Biophysics
    www.uic.edu.

    However these castration-induced changes


    could be reversed by administration of a
    crude testicular extract (or prevented by
    transplantation of the testes).

    Stated : the endocrine system regulates the


    internal milieu of an animal
    The internal secretions were liberated by one
    part of the body, traveled via the bloodstream to
    distant targets cells. Circa 1854
    Claude Bernard
    (1813-1878)

    Ernest Henry Starling


    (1866-1927)
    Discovered the functional significance of serum
    proteins.
    In 1902 along with Bayliss he demonstrated that
    secretin stimulates pancreatic secretion.
    In 1924 along with E. B. Vernay he demonstrated
    the reabsorption of water by the tubules of the

    kidney.
    He was the first to use the term hormone

    Charles Edouard Brown-Squard (1817-1894)


    scientific interest in chemical contents of testes with

    his famous auto-experimentation.


    In 1889, Brown-Sequard reported that he had increased
    his physical strength, mental abilities and appetite by
    self-injection with an extract derived from the testicles
    of dogs & guinea pigs
    Although never substantiated, this claim prompted
    researchers around the world to pursue the new field of
    organotherapy

    Schafer & Hering (1906): extract of pituitary


    gland from cod when injected to dog-caused
    kidney dilation & diuresis
    Gudernatsch (1912): feeding of horse thyroid
    to juvenile tadpoles- induced metamorphose
    into frog
    Kopec (1922): hormone from brain control
    moulting in moth
    Turner (1948): 1st text book- General
    Endocrinology
    (Source: Matty, 1985)

    Endocrine system regulates development


    & growth processes in fish
    (source: Reinecke et al., 2006)
    Endocrine regulation involved system
    integration of neuroendocrine, hormones,
    homeostasis, etc.

    Endocrine system
    -A complex system of glands (pituitary,
    pancreas, gonads, etc...)
    -It produce hormones
    -Endocrine system disruption can result in
    adverse effect to body

    -Disruptions include = disruption in the


    synthesis, secretion, transport, binding,
    action, maintenance of homeostasis,
    reproduction, development, behavior

    Homeostasis

    Endocrine system maintains


    homeostasis
    Concept: Hormones act on distant target cells to
    maintain the stability of the internal milieu (this was
    a major advance in physiological understanding)
    The secretion of the hormone was evoked by a change
    in the milieu and the resulting action on the target
    cell restored the milieu to normal.
    The desired return to the status quo results in the
    maintenance of homeostasis

    Homeostasis
    ~ The ability of the body or a cell to seek and
    maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability
    within its internal environment when dealing with
    external changes
    i.e.: In humans, homeostasis happens when the
    body regulates body temperature in an effort to
    maintain an internal temperature around 98.6
    degrees Fahrenheit. For example, we sweat to
    cool off during the hot summer days, and we
    shiver to produce heat during the cold winter
    season.

    Sensing and signaling


    Endocrine glands
    synthesize and store
    hormones. These glands
    have a sensing and
    signaling system which
    regulate the duration and
    magnitude of hormone
    release via feedback from
    the target cell.

    Endocrine vs. Nervous System


    Major communication systems in the body
    Integrate stimuli and responses to changes in external

    and internal environment


    Both are crucial to coordinated functions of highly
    differentiated cells, tissues and organs
    Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system is
    anatomically discontinuous.

    Nervous system
    The nervous system exerts
    point-to-point control through
    nerves, similar to sending
    messages by conventional
    telephone. Nervous control is
    electrical in nature and fast.

    Hormones

    Hormones travel via the


    bloodstream to target cells
    The endocrine system broadcasts its
    hormonal messages to essentially all
    cells by secretion into blood and
    extracellular fluid. Like a radio
    broadcast, it requires a receiver to get
    the message - in the case of endocrine
    messages, cells must bear a receptor
    for the hormone being broadcast in
    order to respond.

    A cell is a target because is has a specific receptor for the


    hormone
    Most hormones circulate in blood, coming into contact with essentially
    all cells. However, a given hormone usually affects only a limited
    number of cells, which are called target cells. A target cell
    responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the
    hormone.

    Principal functions of the


    endocrine system
    Maintenance of the internal environment in the

    body (maintaining the optimum biochemical


    environment).
    Integration and regulation of growth and
    development.
    Control, maintenance and instigation of sexual
    reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus,
    fertilization, fetal growth and development and
    nourishment of the newborn.

    Types of cell-to-cell signaling


    Classic endocrine hormones travel
    via bloodstream to target cells;
    neurohormones are released via
    synapses and travel via the
    bloostream;

    paracrine hormones act on adjacent


    cells and
    autocrine hormones are released
    and act on the cell that secreted
    them.
    Also, intracrine hormones act
    within the cell that produces them.

    Response vs. distance traveled


    Endocrine action: the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to
    distant target cells.
    Paracrine action: the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its
    source to target cells in the neighborhood.
    Autocrine action: the hormone acts on the same cell that produced
    it.

    Regulation of hormone secretion


    Sensing and signaling: a biological need is sensed,
    the endocrine system sends out a signal to a target
    cell whose action addresses the biological need.

    Key features of this stimulus response system are:

    receipt of stimulus
    synthesis and secretion of hormone
    delivery of hormone to target cell
    evoking target cell response
    degradation of hormone

    Control of Endocrine Activity


    The physiologic effects of hormones depend
    largely on their concentration in blood and
    extracellular fluid.
    Almost inevitably, disease results when hormone
    concentrations are either too high or too low, and
    precise control over circulating concentrations of
    hormones is therefore crucial.

    Control of Endocrine Activity


    The concentration of hormone as seen by target
    cells is determined by three factors:
    Rate of production
    Rate of delivery
    Rate of degradation and elimination

    Rate of production: Synthesis and secretion of


    hormones are the most highly regulated aspect of
    endocrine control. Such control is mediated by positive
    and negative feedback circuits, as described below in
    more detail.
    Rate of delivery: An example of this effect is blood flow
    to a target organ or group of target cells - high blood flow
    delivers more hormone than low blood flow.

    Rate of degradation and elimination: Hormones,


    like all biomolecules, have characteristic rates of
    decay, and are metabolized and excreted from the
    body through several routes.
    Shutting off secretion of a hormone that has a very
    short half-life causes circulating hormone
    concentration to plummet, but if a hormone's
    biological half-life is long, effective concentrations
    persist for some time after secretion ceases.

    Feedback Control of Hormone Production


    Feedback loops are used
    extensively to regulate
    secretion of hormones in the
    hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
    An important example of a
    negative feedback loop is seen
    in control of thyroid hormone
    secretion

    Inputs to endocrine cells

    Neuroendocrine

    Neural control
    Neural input to hypothalamus stimulates synthesis

    and secretion of releasing factors which stimulate


    pituitary hormone production and release

    Chronotropic control
    Endogenous neuronal rhythmicity
    Diurnal rhythms, circadian rhythms (growth

    hormone and cortisol), Sleep-wake cycle; seasonal


    rhythm

    Episodic secretion of hormones


    Response-stimulus coupling enables the endocrine

    system to remain responsive to physiological demands


    Secretory episodes occur with different periodicity
    Pulses can be as frequent as every 5-10 minutes

    Episodic secretion of hormones


    The most prominent episodes of release occur with
    a frequency of about one hourreferred to as
    circhoral
    An episode of release longer than an hour, but less
    than 24 hours, the rhythm is referred to as
    ultradian
    If the periodicity is approximately 24 hours, the
    rhythm is referred to as circadian
    usually referred to as diurnal because the increase in

    secretory activity happens at a defined period of the day.

    Circadian (chronotropic) control

    Circadian Clock

    Physiological importance of
    pulsatile hormone release
    Demonstrated by GnRH infusion
    If given once hourly, gonadotropin secretion and
    gonadal function are maintained normally
    A slower frequency wont maintain gonad function
    Faster, or continuous infusion inhibits
    gonadotropin secretion and blocks gonadal steroid
    production

    Clinical correlate
    Long-acting GnRH analogs (such as leuproline) have been

    applied to the treatment of precocious puberty, to


    manipulate reproductive cycles (used in IVF), for the
    treatment of endometriosis, PCOS, uterine leiomyoma etc

    Feedback control
    Negative feedback is most common: for example, LH from

    pituitary stimulates the testis to produce testosterone which in


    turn feeds back and inhibits LH secretion
    Positive feedback is less common: examples include LH
    stimulation of estrogen which stimulates LH surge at ovulation

    Negative feedback effects of cortisol

    Substrate-hormone control
    Glucose and insulin: as glucose increases it stimulates

    the pancreas to secrete insulin

    Feedback control of insulin by


    glucose concentrations

    You might also like