Chemistry 5: Chemical Compounds Chapter-4 Chemical Reactions
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Trip AdlerChemistry 5: Chemical Compounds Chapter-4 Chemical Reactions
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Trip AdlerChemistry 5
Chapter-3
Chemical Compounds
Chapter-4
Chemical Reactions
25 September 2002
Naming Organic and
Inorganic Compounds
Familiarize yourself with rules for
naming inorganic and organic
compounds in sections 3.5-3.7 of text.
Oxidation States
What is oxidation state (OS)?
The oxidation state can be simply defined as
the number of electrons an atom loses or
gains in forming a chemical compound.
Rules (often broken?) for assigning
oxidation states:
• Oxidation state of individual atoms in a free element
is zero.
Fe(s): OS(Fe) = 0 Hg(l): OS(Hg) = 0 Cl2(g): OS(Cl) = 0
• Sum of atom oxidation states must equal net charge
of compound or ion.
NaCl: OS(Na)+ OS(Cl) = 0
• In compounds, group-I metals have +1 and group-II
metals have +2 oxidation states.
NaCl: OS(Na) = +1 MgO: OS(Mg) = +2
• In compounds, the oxidation states of H, halogens &
oxygen are +1, -1 & -2, respectively.
H2O: OS(H) = +1
MgO: OS(O) = -2
NaCl: OS(Cl) = -1
Oxidation States: Examples
barium sulfate BaSO4
OS(Ba) = +2
I2 OS(I) = 0
sodium fluoride NaF
OS(Na) = +1
OS(F) = -1
BaTiO3 OS(Ba) = +2
OS(O) = -2
Charge of Ba + O = (+2) + 3(-2) = -4
OS(Ti) = +4
HgCl2 OS(Cl) = -1
OS(Hg) = +2
Chemical Reactions (ch4)
What is a chemical reaction?
A process in which a set of substances– reactants– are
converted into another set of substances– products.
Chemical equations:
• Unbalanced
A chemical equation is a formula that describes a chemical
reaction with reactants on left, products on right, and arrow
indicating direction of reaction:
Co(H2O)62+ + Cl- Æ CoCl2 + H2O
• Balanced
In a balanced chemical equation, the number of atoms of each
element on both sides of the equation is the same!
Co(H2O)62+ + 2Cl- Æ CoCl2 + 6H2O
• Stoichiometric coefficients
The coefficients required to balance a chemical equations are
called the stochiometric coefficients. These coefficients are
central to quantitative analysis of reactions.
Co(H2O)62+ + 2Cl- Æ CoCl2 + 6H2O
Stoichiometric coefficients: 1 (Co(H2O)62+)
2 (Cl-)
1 (CoCl2)
6 (H2O)
Chemical Reactions: Examples
Burning a clean fuel:
Hydrogen and Oxygen
H2 + O2 Æ H2O
2H2 + O2 Æ 2H2O
Oxygen transport in our bodies:
Hemoglobin (Hb) and Oxygen
Hb + O2 Æ Hb(O2)
Hb + 4O2 Æ Hb(O2)4
Atmospheric Chemistry:
Chlorine and Ozone
Cl + O3 Æ ClO + ?
Cl + O3 Æ ClO + O2
Reaction Stoichiometry
The coefficients in a balanced chemical
equation enable quantitative analysis
e.g, relationships between atomic/formula masses
Consider reaction of vinegar and baking
soda:
• What is overall reaction?
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 Æ CO2 + CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O
(vinegar) (baking soda)
• Consequences of stoichiometric
coefficients?
For complete reaction, stoichiometric coefficients
define a 1:1 mole mixture of CH3COOH and
NaHCO3.
What happens when we vary the stoichiometry?
Limiting Reactants
stoichiometric proportions:
When all reactants are completely consumed in a
chemical reaction, they are in stoichiometric
proportions– the mole ratios defined by coefficients of the
chemical equation.
Limiting reactants
When one reactant is completely converted into product
using an excess of another reactant, the reactant
completely used up is called the limiting reactant.
• baking soda + vinegar reaction
Reaction carried in three regimes-- Demonstration
• SiCl4 + Mg
SiCl4 + 2Mg Æ Si + 2MgCl2
• cisplatin (anticancer drug)
(NH4)2PtCl4 + 2NH3 Æ 2NH4Cl + Pt(NH3)2Cl2
Cisplatin: Anticancer Drug
Reactions in Solution
Solvents & solutes.
Solvents are liquids used to dissolve chemical reactants
and provide a uniform environment for every reactant
molecule.
Solutes are the components dissolved within the solution–
the reactants in a chemical reaction.
Concentration:
To quantify amounts of reactant/solute in a solution we
define a concentration– molarity, M:
M = moles solute/volume solution (liters)
Stoichiometry (yet again):
Stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products in a
chemical equation define mole quantities.
Hence, in solution reactions we use volumes and
molarity; i.e., volume x molarity = moles
Example: AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) Æ AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Is one reactant limiting?
50 ml 0.1 M AgNO3
2 ml 2.5 M NaCl
Some Complexity in Reactions
consecutive reactions–
reactions that are carried sequentially to yield a product.
Example: atmospheric chemistry
2Cl + 2O3 Æ 2ClO+ 2O2
2ClO Æ O2 + 2Cl
simultaneous reactions–
reactions in which two or more substances react
independent of one another in separate reactions
occurring at the same time.
EDTA4- + Ca2+ Æ [CaEDTA]2-
EDTA4- + Pb2+ Æ [PbEDTA]2-
Belousov-Zhabotinskii Reaction
