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    12V 4A Solar Charger

    Uploaded by

    doraemon007
    This circuit uses a pulse time modulation charging algorithm to charge batteries from solar panels up to 4 amps and 75 watts of power. A MOSFET controls current flow from the solar panel to the battery based on the battery's voltage, as measured by a TL431 voltage reference chip. An oscillator made of transistors and a capacitor causes the MOSFET to pulse on and off for float charging the lead-acid battery as it becomes fully charged. Adjustments are made using a potentiometer and voltmeter to set the circuit's switch point for charging the battery accurately at 14.3 volts.

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    12V 4A Solar Charger

    Uploaded by

    doraemon007
    205 views2 pages
    This circuit uses a pulse time modulation charging algorithm to charge batteries from solar panels up to 4 amps and 75 watts of power. A MOSFET controls current flow from the solar panel to the battery based on the battery's voltage, as measured by a TL431 voltage reference chip. An oscillator made of transistors and a capacitor causes the MOSFET to pulse on and off for float charging the lead-acid battery as it becomes fully charged. Adjustments are made using a potentiometer and voltmeter to set the circuit's switch point for charging the battery accurately at 14.3 volts.

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    12V 4A Solar Charger

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    This circuit uses a pulse time modulation charging algorithm to charge batteries from solar panels up to 4 amps and 75 watts of power. A MOSFET controls current flow from the solar panel to the battery based on the battery's voltage, as measured by a TL431 voltage reference chip. An oscillator made of transistors and a capacitor causes the MOSFET to pulse on and off for float charging the lead-acid battery as it becomes fully charged. Adjustments are made using a potentiometer and voltmeter to set the circuit's switch point for charging the battery accurately at 14.3 volts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    205 views2 pages

    12V 4A Solar Charger

    Uploaded by

    doraemon007
    This circuit uses a pulse time modulation charging algorithm to charge batteries from solar panels up to 4 amps and 75 watts of power. A MOSFET controls current flow from the solar panel to the battery based on the battery's voltage, as measured by a TL431 voltage reference chip. An oscillator made of transistors and a capacitor causes the MOSFET to pulse on and off for float charging the lead-acid battery as it becomes fully charged. Adjustments are made using a potentiometer and voltmeter to set the circuit's switch point for charging the battery accurately at 14.3 volts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    12V 4A Solar Photovoltaic Charger Schematic

    The circuit handles up to 4 amps of current from a solar panel, which equates to about 75 watts of
    power. A charging algorithm called pulse time modulation is introduced in this design. The current
    flow from the solar panel to the battery is controlled by an N-channel MOSFET, T1. This MOSFET
    does not require any heat sink to get rid of its heat, as its RD-S(on) rating is just 0.024 ?.
    Components List:
    R1 = 15k?
    R2,R3 = 3.3k? 1% R4 = 2.2M?
    R5 = 1k?
    P1 = 5k? preset
    C1 = 22?F 25V, radial
    D1 = MBR1645G (ON Semiconductor) D2 = LED, 5mm
    IC1 = TL431ACLP (Texas instruments)
    T1 = IRFZ44NPBF (International Rectifier)
    T2 = 2SC1815 (Toshiba) (device is marked: C1815)
    T3 = BC547
    Miscellaneous:
    K1,K2 = 2-way PCB terminal block, lead pitch 5mm
    How the circuit works:

    Schottky diode D1 prevents the battery discharging into the solar panel at night, and also provides
    reverse polarity protection to the battery. In the schematic, the lines with a sort-of-red highlight
    indicate potentially higher current paths. The charge controller never draws current from the
    batteryit is fully powered by the solar panel. At night, the charge controller effectively goes to
    sleep. In daytime use, as soon as the solar panel produces enough current and voltage, it starts
    charging the battery. The battery terminal potential is divided by resistor R1 and trimpot P1.
    The resulting voltage sets the charge state for the controller. The heart of the charge controller is
    IC1, a type TL431ACZ voltage reference device with an open-collector error amplifier. Here the
    battery sense voltage is constantly compared to the TL431 s internal reference voltage. As long as
    the level set on P1 is below the internal reference voltage, IC1 causes the MOSFET to conduct. As the
    battery begins to take up the charge, its terminal voltage will increase. When the battery reaches the
    charge-state set point, the output of IC1 drops low to less than 2 volts and effectively turns off the
    MOSFET, stopping all current flow into the battery.
    With T1 off, LED D2 also goes dark. There is no hysteresis path provided in the regulator IC.
    Consequently, as soon as the current to the battery stops, the output of IC1 remains low, preventing
    the MOSFET to conduct further even if the battery voltage drops. Lead-acid battery chemistry
    demands float charging, so a very simple oscillator is implemented here to take care of this. Our
    oscillator exploits the negative resistance in transistors. In this implementation, a commonplace NPN
    transistor type 2SC1815 is used.
    When the LED goes out, R4 charges a 22-?F capacitor (C1) until the voltage is high enough to cause
    the emitter-base junction of T2 to avalanche. At that point, the transistor turns on quickly and
    discharges the capacitor through R5. The voltage drop across R5 is sufficient to actuate T3, which in
    turn alters the reference voltage setting. Now the MOSFET again tries to charge the battery. As soon
    as the battery voltage reaches the charged level once more, the process repeats. A 2SC1815
    transistor proved to work reliably in this circuit. Other transistors may be more temperamentalwe
    suggest studying Esakis laureate work to find out why, but be cautioned that there are Heavy
    Mathematics Ahead.
    As the battery becomes fully charged, the oscillators on time shortens while the off time
    remains long as determined by the timing components, R4 and C1. In effect, a pulse of current gets
    sent to the battery that will shorten over time. This charging algorithm may be dubbed Pulse Time
    Modulation. To adjust the circuit youll need a good digital voltmeter and a variable power supply.
    Adjust the supply to 14.9 V, thats the 14.3 volts battery setting plus approximately 0.6 volts across
    the Schottky diode.
    Turn the trimpot until at a certain point the LED goes dark, this is the switch point, and the LED will
    start to flicker. You may have to try this adjustment more than once, as the closer you get the
    comparator to switch at exactly 14.3 V, the more accurate the charger will be. Disconnect the power
    supply from the charge controller and you are ready for the solar panel. The 14.3 V setting
    mentioned here should apply to most sealed and flooded-cell lead-acid batteries, but please check
    and verify the value with the manufacturer. Select the solar panel in such a way that its amps
    capability is within the safe charging limit of the battery you intend to use.

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