ROVING THE MUSEUM OF

GEOLOGY
A FIELD TRIP TO WESTERN SALT RANGE, NAMMAL GORGE & CHICHALI GORGE

ND

ABDUL WAHAB KHAN

SEMESTER MSc. GEOPHYSICS
10TH DECEMBER, 2015.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT

PAGE
NO

i.

LIST OF FIGURES

ii.

PREFACE

iii.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INRTODUCTION TO THE AREA
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

5
5
5

2. LOCATION OF THE AREA

2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
2.2 TECTONIC LOCATION

6
6
7

3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

4. GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

9
9
18
25
27
38
38
38
39
40

4.1.1 IDENTIFIED LITHOLOGY IN NAMMAL GORGE

4.1.2 IDENTIFIED LITHOLOGY IN CHICHALI GORGE
4.1.3 STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN & SECTION
4.2 IDENTIFIED STRUCTURES
4.3 TASKS
4.3.1 IDENTIFIYING ROCKS
4.3.2 USE OF BRUNTON COMPASS
4.3.3 CALCULATING STRIKE AND DIP
5. REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.Location Map of Salt Range
Figure 2. Location of the study area with reference to regional tectonic
framework
Figure 3. Chert nodules in dolomite of Wargal Formation
Figure 4. Wargal Limestone
Figure 5. The demarcation of PT BOUNDARY
Figure 3. Brachiopod fossil embedded in limestone.
Figure 4. Productus fossil in Chiddru Formation
Figure 5. Phosphoric nodules in Chiddru Formation
Figure 6. Kathwai Member
Figure 7. Narmia Member.
Figure 8. Tridan Formation.
Figure 9. Kingriali Formation.
Figure 10. Datta Formation.
Figure 11. Nodular Limestone of Sakesar Formation
Figure 12. Chert Nodules in Sakesar Formation
Figure 13. Greyish to green fossilferrous shale of Nammal Formation
Figure 14. Blackish shales and intertwining bed of limestone in Patala
Figure 15. Belemnite fossils, characteristic of this formation
Figure 16. Coal and Sulphur are present in Hangu Formation
Figure 17. Stratigraphy of Central Indus Basin (after Kadri, 1995).
Figure 18. Regional Stratigraphy Section of Salt Range
Figure 19.Fold of local scale visible in the Molass deposits in Chapri Village
Figure 20. Intra sedimentary folds

 Figure 21. Faulting in Chiddru Formation

Figure 22. Joints in Hangu Formation
Figure 23. The cave in Nammal Gorge
Figure 24. Fresh water coming from the Aquifer
Figure 25. Ripple Marks
Figure 26.Cross Bedding
Figure 27. Mud Cracks
Figure 28. Honey Comb Weathering
Figure 29. Convolute Bedding
Figure 30. Pseudo morph Salt Crystals
Figure 31. Load Casts
Figure 32.These are Hollow structures which are found in Salt Range
Formation.
Figure 33. Chopboard Weathering
Figure 34. Burrows
Figure 35. A Brunton Compass
Figure 36. Using the Brunton Compass to find strike and dip.

PREFACE

Today's students are tomorrow's decision-makers, whether their future careers

are in politics, finance, technology, medicine, geology, or other sciences. It is their
decisions that collectively will decide the fate of our planet-earth. My teachers in Dept.
of Earth sciences ensure that their students have the opportunity to obtain a sound
understanding of the Earth so that they are equipped to make informed,
environmentally responsible decisions in their future careers.
I had the opportunity to visit Pakistan's unique field museum of geology and
paleontology and found it a wonderful experience. I convey the message that
understanding the Earth is exciting, and that it enriches and heightens our sense of
awareness of the world around us.
Our field trip to Western Salt Range was to recognize and understand various
lithologies and structures in the sedimentary strata ranging from the Pre-Cambrian to
recent age of the geologic time scale. If, at the end of my report, you feel the urge to
have a glance over again, then I will have definitely paid due regard to all that I have
learned during my field trip.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We live in amazing times. In the past few decades we have learned an enormous
amount about our Earth, and new information confronts us almost daily. We can
scarcely watch the news or read a newspaper without learning of some new and
exciting discovery related to Earth. This information had come at such a bewildering
pace, that it was difficult to assimilate it all without the help of my teachers.
I feel highly obliged to the Dept. of Earth Sciences for arranging this field trip which
augmented a hands-on chapter to my all my learning so far. It has greatly improved
my understanding of all the theoretical knowledge that I have gained.
My teachers at the field encouraged and taught me on every step of the way. Their
expertise and cheerfulness kept me motivated and ensured my keen interest in
learning out there. Dr. Aamir Ali, Dr. Anwar Qadir and Dr. Tauqeer Shah satisfied my
curiosity and made it a pleasurable experience as they navigated us through all of the
members, formations and groups of the Western Salt Range that we observed. I am
greatly indebted to Dr. Mona Lisa for opening the door to various tactics of reportwriting which made substantial improvements to this text.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA

The Salt Range contains the most important geologic and paleontologic localities in
Pakistan, and is one of the outstanding field areas in the entire world. Despite its easy
accessibility, it has a wealth of geological and paleontological features. In fact, it
represents an open book of geology where various richly fossiliferous stratified rocks
are very well exposed due to lack of vegetation. These rocks also provide an excellent
opportunity for appreciation of tectonics in the field. (Sameeni, 2009)

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

A three-day field trip was carried out i.e. 27th November, 2015 to 29th November, 2015.
Our target location was Namal Gorge and Chichali. The focus of the study was to
acquaint ourselves with the knowledge of sedimentary rocks and structural features in
the Eastern Salt Range.

2. LOCATION OF THE AREA

2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
The Salt Range is confined between 3218N to 3306N and 7150E to
7345E.

Figure 1.Location Map of Salt Range

2.2 TECTONIC LOCATION

Figure 2. Location of the study area with reference to regional tectonic framework

3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Identifying and Differentiating Rocks

Lithological Correlation

Stratigraphic Relationship

Observing Sedimentary Structures

Marking Unconformity

Understanding Environment of Deposition of Formations

Measurement of Strike and Dip

4. GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

4.1.1 IDENTIFIED LITHOLOGY IN NAMMAL GORGE
A. Wargal Formation:
Etymology: The name Wargal limestone was approved by the Stratigraphic
Committee of Pakistan proposed by Teichert (1966) to the unit formerly known as
Middle Products limestone of Waagen (1879) and Wargal group of Noetling (1901).
Type Locality: Its type section is Wargal village in the central salt range.
Age: The age of Wargal Formation is Permian.
Lithology: Lithologicaly the formation is composed of limestone and dolomite of light
grey to medium grey, brownish grey and olive green colors. In Zaluch nala the
formations lithology is divided into 10 parts which shows alternate beds of sandstone,
limestone and dolomite.
The formation is 183m thick in Zaluch nala while in Marwat and Khisor ranges it is
about 174m.
Contacts: The contact of Wargal limestone with underlying Amb formation is
confirmable while upper contact with Chiddru formation is transitional.

Figure 3. Chert nodules in dolomite of Wargal Formation

Figure 4. Wargal Limestone

10

B. Chiddru Formation:
Etymology: The name Chiddru formation was introduced by Dunbar (1932) to the
Chiddru beds of Waagen (1891) and Chiddru group of Noetling (1901).
Type Locality: The type locality is at Chiddru Nala.
Age: The age of Chiddru Formation is Late Permian.
Lithology: The formation at the base is composed of shale unit of yellowish grey to
medium dark grey color with small phosphatic nodules. Above shale beds of calcareous
sandstone with few sandy limestones are present. The top most part is a white
sandstone bed which is medium to fine grained with subordinate shale partings and
contains abundant fossils.
Contacts: The formation has a transitional contact with underlying Wargal formation
while its upper contact is marked by a major unconformity the P-T boundary above
which is the Mianwali formation of Triassic age.

Figure 5. The demarcation of PT BOUNDARY

Figure 3. Brachiopod fossil embedded in limestone.

11

Figure 4. Productus fossil in Chiddru Formation

Figure 5. Phosphoric nodules in Chiddru Formation

12

C. Mianwali Formation:
Etymology: The name Mianwali Series was used by Gee and later modified by
Kummel (1966) into a formation.
Type Locality: The formation is best exposed in Zaluch Nala and Khisor Range.
Age: Triassic
Lithology: The following three members have been recognized by Kummel (1966).
1. Kathwai Member.
2. Mittiwali Member.
3. Narmia Member.
1. Kathwai Member: The unit consists of dolomite in the lower part and limestone
in the upper part. The dolomite is finally crystalline and includes fossil fragments
(mainly echinoderms) and quartz grains. The upper unit is grey to brown
glauconitic limestone. The total thickness of Kathwai Member is 3.7 in Zaluch
Nala and 2.4m in Tappan Wahan.
2. Mittiwali Member: The lithology consists of grey, fine-grained, non-glauconitic
limestone with abundant ammonites. The basal beds consist of limestone. The
rest of the unit consists of greenish to greyish shale, silty shale with some
sandstone and limestone interbeds. The unit is richly fossiliferous.
3. Narmia Member: The basal bed of Narmia member is a 3 m thick limestone
which in Zaluch Nala consists of dark grey to brown fragmental limestone, sandy
in part and containing brachiopods, bivalves and ammonoids. The rest of the
unit consists of grey to black shale with interbeds of sandstone and lenticular
limestone or dolomite. The topmost bed is a grey to brown massive dolomite.
Contacts: The lower contact with the Chiddru Formation of Late Permian age is marked
by a para conformity while the upper contact with the Tradian Formation is sharp and
well-defined.

13

Figure 6. Kathwai Member

Figure 7. Narmia Member.

14

D. Tradian Formation:
Etymology: The name Tradian Formation was introduced by Gee to replace, in part,
his earlier name Kingrali Sandstone.
Type Locality: Its thickness is 76 m in the Zaluch section of the Salt Range.
Age: It is regarded as Middle Triassic.
Lithology: The formation comprises of two members; the lower is Landa Member
(Kummel, 1966) and the upper is the Khatkiara Member (Shah 1967).
1. Landa Member: It consists of sandstone and shale. The sandstone is
micaceous and varies in colour from pinkish, reddish grey to greenish
grey. It is thin to thick-bedded, with ripple marks and slump structure.
2. Khatkiara Member: It is massive, thick-bedded white sandstone that
grades into the overlying Kingrali Formation with the inclusion of some
dolomite beds in its upper part.
Contact: Its lower contact is with Mianwali Formation and upper contact with Kingrali
Formation.

Figure 8. Tridan Formation.

15

E. Kingriali Formation:
Synonym: The name Kingrali Dolomite was used by Gee(1945) and later amended as
Kingrali Formation, because several lithological facies are represented. The name
originates from Kingrali Peak in the Khisor Range.
Type Locality: Good sections of the formation occur in Zaluch Nala in the Western Salt
Range, Landa Nala In the Surghar Range and in the Tapan Wahan Gori Tang Nala in the
Khisor Range.
Age: Late Triassic.
Lithology: The formation consists of thin to thick-bedded, massive, fine to coarsegrained, light grey-brown dolomite and dolomitic limestone with interbeds of greenish
dolomitic and shale in the upper part.
Contact: Its lower contact is with the Tradian Formation which is transitional and upper
disconformable contact with Datta Formation.

Figure 9. Kingriali Formation.

16

F. Datta Formation:
Etymology: The name Datta Formation was introduced by Danilchik (1961) and
Danilchik and Shah (1967) to replace the name Variegated Stage of Gee (1945) and
earlier workers.
Type Locality: The type section is located in Datta Nala in the Surghar Range.
Age: Early Jurassic.
Lithology: The formation is mainly of continental origin and consists of variegated (red,
maroon, grey, green and white) sandstone, shale, siltstone and mudstone with
irregularly distributed calcareous, dolomitic, carbonaceous, ferruginous, glass sand
and fireclay horizons. The fireclay is normally present in the lower part while the upper
part includes a thick bed (4 to 7 m) of maroon shale easily recognizable in Salt Range
and Trans-Indus Ranges.
Contacts: It rests unconformably on the Kingrali Formation and the lower contact with
the Shinawari Formation is gradational.

Figure 10. Datta Formation.

17

4.1.2 IDENTIFIED LITHOLOGY IN CHICHALI GORGE

A. Sakesar Formation:
Etymology: Name Sakesar Limestone by Gee in 1935 was accepted by the
Stratigraphic committee.
Age: Due to the presence of these fossils, the age assigned to this formation is Early
Eocene.
Lithology: Bulk of lithology of this formation is limestone which is cream to light gray
in color, nodular, and massive in the upper part and also highly fossiliferrous. Light gray
colored Marl is also found in the top most part and having Chert nodules.
Contacts: Upper contact is with Chorgali formation and this contact is transitional and
conformable. Lower contact is with Nammal formation and it is also conformable.

Figure 11. Nodular Limestone of Sakesar Formation

18

Figure 12. Chert Nodules in Sakesar Formation

19

B. Nammal Formation
Etymology: Nammal limestone and shale by Gee (1935), Nammal Marl by
Danilchik and Shah (1967), is named as Nammal formation by Stratigraphic Committee
of Pakistan.
Age: Due to the presence of these fossils, age assigned to this formation is Early
Eocene.
Lithology: Main lithology of this formation is shale, marl and limestone alterations.
Shale is gray to green and fossiliferrous. Lime stone is gray to bluish, argillaceous and
highly fossiliferrous. Marl is light gray to bluish gray and is also fossiliferrous.
Contact: Upper contact of this formation is with overlying Sakessar formation and is
transitional and conformable. Lower contact of this formation is with underlying Patala
formation and this contact is also conformable.

Figure 13. Greyish to green fossilferrous shale of Nammal Formation

20

C. Patala Formation
Etymology: Davies and Pinfold (1937) named it as Patala shale which later was
renamed as the Patala Formation by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan.
Age: Age assigned to this formation is Late Paleocene.
Lithology: It is comprised of shale and marl with subordinate limestone and sandstone
interbeds. The shale is dark greenish grey, carbonaceous as well as calcareous, and
friable with selenite crystals distributed throughout. The limestone is light to dark grey
in color, medium bedded and nodular, whereas the sandstone is yellowish brown and
is located in the upper part of the formation. In Salt Range, it contains coal seams.
Contact: Upper contact with overlying Nammal formation is transitional and
conformable. Lower contact is with Lockhart formation and it is also transitional and
conformable.

Figure 14. Blackish shales and intertwining bed of limestone in Patala Formation

21

D. Lockhart Formation
Etymology: Davis (1930) introduced the term Lockhart Limestone for a paleocene
limestone unit in the kohat area.
Age: Paleocene
Lithology: Grey to dark gray, medium to thick massive bedded, brecciated limestone.
The limestone displays very well developed nodularity.
Contact: Upper contact with Patala formation is transitional and conformable.lower
contact is with Hangu formation and the contact is also conformable.

E. Hangu Formation
Etymology: The Hangu Shale and Hangu Sandstone by Davies (1930) have been
formalized by the stratigraphic committee of Pakistan as Hangu formation.
Age : Early Paleocene
Lithology: This formation consists of dark grey, rarely variegated sandstone, shale,
carbonaceous shale, and some nodular argillaceous limestone. The sandstone is white,
light gray, and reddish brown, weathers dark rusty brown, fine to coarse grained and
medium to thick bedded.
Contacts: Upper contact of this formation is with Lockhart formation and this contact
is transitional and conformable. Lower contact of the formation is unconformable with
Lumshiwal Formation.

Figure 15. Belemnite fossils, characteristic of this formation

22

Figure 16. Coal and Sulphur are present in Hangu Formation

23

F. Lamshiwal Formation
Etymology: Davies (1930) named this formation as Main sandstone series. Gee
(1945) suggest the name Lumshiwal sandstone. The name has been since formalised
as Lumshiwal Formation by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan.
Age: Middle Cretaceous
Lithology: It is mostly grey, thick bedded to massive, current-bedded, feldspathic and
ferroginous sandstone, but contains silty, sandy glauconitic shale towards the base.
Northward and eastward, the formation grades into a mostly marine sequence of
sandstone, siltstone and shelly limestone.
Contacts: Upper contact of this formation is with overlying Kawagarh formation and
is disconformable. Lower contact with underlying Chichali formation is gradational
and conformable.

G.

Datta Formation:

Etymology: The name Datta Formation was introduced by Danilchik (1961) and
Danilchik and Shah (1967) to replace the name Variegated Stage of Gee (1945) and
earlier workers.
Type Locality: The type section is located in Datta Nala in the Surghar Range.
Age: Early Jurassic.
Lithology: The formation is mainly of continental origin and consists of variegated
(red, maroon, grey, green and white) sandstone, shale, siltstone and mudstone with
irregularly distributed calcareous, dolomitic, carbonaceous, ferruginous, glass sand
and fireclay horizons. The fireclay is normally present in the lower part while the
upper part includes a thick bed (4 to 7 m) of maroon shale easily recognizable in Salt
Range and Trans-Indus Ranges.
Contacts: It rests unconformably on the Kingrali Formation and the lower contact
with the Shinawari Formation is gradational.
24

4.1.3 STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN & SECTION

Figure 17. Stratigraphy of Central Indus Basin (after Kadri, 1995).

25

Figure 18. Regional Stratigraphy Section of Salt Range

26

4.2 INDENTIFIED STRUCTURES

A. Folds:
Folds are formed due to compressive forces. Various folds were observed with a
variety in their types during the field.

Figure 19.Fold of local scale visible in the Molass deposits in Chapri Village

Figure 20. Intra sedimentary folds

27

B. Faults:

Figure 21. Faulting in Chiddru Formation

C. Joints:

Figure 22. Joints in Hangu Formation

28

D. Cave and Mouth of Aquifer

In Nammal Gorge a cave was visited which had a little pond that was made by
accumulation of fresh water from an aquifer.

Figure 23. The cave in Nammal Gorge

Figure 24. Fresh water coming from the Aquifer

29

E. Ripple Marks:
Ripple cross-laminae forms when deposition takes place during migration of
current or wave ripples. A series of cross-laminae are produced by superimposing
migrating ripples. The ripples form lateral to one another, such that the crests of
vertically succeeding laminae are out of phase and appear to be advancing upslope.
This process results in cross-bedded units that have the general appearance of
waves in outcrop sections cut normal to the wave crests. In sections with other
orientations, the laminae may appear horizontal or trough-shaped, depending
upon the orientation and the shape of the ripples. Ripple cross-laminae will always
have a steeper dip downstream, and will always be perpendicular to paleo flow
meaning the orientation of the ripples will be in a direction that is ninety degrees
to the direction that current if flowing. Scientists suggest current drag, or the
slowing of current velocity, during deposition is believed to be responsible for ripple
cross-laminae. In the field we identified ripple marks in Sandstone.

Figure 25. Ripple Marks

30

F. Cross Bedding:
In geology, the sedimentary structures known as cross-bedding refer to (near-)
horizontal units that are internally composed of inclined layers. This is a case in geology
in which the original depositional layering is tilted, and the tilting is not a result of postdepositional deformation. Cross-beds or "sets" are the groups of inclined layers, and
the inclined layers are known as cross strata.
Cross bedding forms during deposition on the inclined surfaces of bedforms such as
ripples and dunes, and indicates that the depositional environment contained a
flowing medium (typically water or wind). Examples of these bedforms are ripples,
dunes, anti-dunes, sand waves, hummocks, bars, and delta slopes. In the field we
observed cross bedding in Khewra Sandstone.

Figure 26.Cross Bedding

31

G. Mud Cracks:
Mud cracks (also known as desiccation cracks or mud cracks) are sedimentary
structures formed as muddy sediment dries and contracts. Naturally forming mud
cracks start as wet, muddy sediments desiccates, causing contraction. A strain is
developed because the top layer tries to shrink while the material below stays the
same size. When this strain becomes large enough, channel cracks form in the
desiccated surface material, relieving the strain. Individual cracks spread and join up
forming a polygonal, interconnected network. These cracks may later be filled with
sediment and form casts on the base of the overlying bed.

Figure 27. Mud Cracks

32

H. Honey Comb Weathering:

Honeycomb weathering, also known as fretting, cavernous weathering,
alveoli/alveolar weathering, stone lattice, stone lace is a type of salt weathering
common on coastal and semi-arid granites, sandstones and limestone. Honeycomb
weathering is not limited to natural settings and can be seen to develop on buildings
where a rate of development can be established. This rate can be as fast as several
centimeters in 100 years.

Cause
For honeycomb weathering to occur, a source of salt is needed because the basic
mechanism for this kind of weathering is salt heaving. Salt is deposited on the surface
of the rock by saltwater spray or by wind. Moisture must be present to allow for the
salt to settle on the rocks so that as the salt solution evaporates the salt begins to
crystallize within the pore-spaces of the rock. Porous rock is also needed so that there
are pore-spaces for the salt to crystallize within. These salt crystals pry apart the
mineral grains, leaving them vulnerable to other forms of weathering. It takes
prolonged periods for this weathering to become visible, as the rock goes through
cycles of wetting and drying. We observed the honey comb weathering in Sandstone.

Figure 28. Honey Comb Weathering

33

I. Convolute Bedding:
Convolute bedding forms when complex folding and crumpling of beds or laminations
occur. This type of deformation is found in fine or silty sands, and is usually confined
to one rock layer. Convolute laminations are found in flood plain, delta, point-bar, and
intertidal-flat deposits. They generally range in size from 3 to 25 cm, but there have
been larger formations recorded as several meters thick. We also observed it in
sandstone.

Figure 29. Convolute Bedding

34

J. Pseudo morph Salt Crystals:

In mineralogy, a pseudo morph is a mineral or mineral compound that appears in an

atypical form (crystal system), resulting from a substitution process in which the
appearance and dimensions remain constant, but the original mineral is replaced by
another. The name literally means "false form".

Figure 30. Pseudo morph Salt Crystals

35

K. Load Casts:
Load casts or Sole marks are sedimentary structures found on the bases of certain
strata that indicate small-scale (usually on the order of centimeters) grooves or
irregularities. This usually occurs at the interface of two differing lithologies and/or
grain sizes. They are commonly preserved as casts of these indents on the bottom of
the overlying bed (like flute casts). This is similar to casts and molds in fossil
preservation. Occurring as they do only at the bottom of beds.

Figure 31. Load Casts

L. Hollow Structures:

Figure 32.These are Hollow structures which are found in Salt Range
Formation.

36

M.

Chopboard Weathering:

We observed chopboard weathering in Mianwali Formation.

Figure 33. Chopboard Weathering

N. Burrows:

Figure 34. Burrows

37

4.3 TASKS
4.3.1 IDENTIFYING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
We identified sedimentary rocks on the basis of their

Color
Clast Size
Hardness
Texture
Effervescence

4.3.2 USE OF BRUNTON COMPASS

The Brunton compass is used by more geologists for field mapping of geological
objects than other brands. This preference, especially in North America, is because
Brunton provides a precise sighting-clinometer and hand level capability, and can be
used at both waist and eye levels; advantages that are absent in other brands such as
Silva which lacks a leveling system for sighting bearings (Compton, 1985).

Figure 35. A Brunton Compass

38

4.3.3 CALCULATING STRIKE AND DIP WITH BRUNTON

COMPASS

Figure 36. Using the Brunton Compass to find strike and dip.

A bed was assigned to each group to find out its strike and dip by employing Brunton
Compass, I obtained the readings stated below

Strike
Dip

ENE-WSW
33 NNW
39

5. REFERENCES

1. Compton, R. R., 1985. Geology in the Field. John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 398p.
2. SAMEENI S.J. (2009). - The Salt Range: Pakistan's unique field museum
of geology and paleontology. - In: LIPPS J.H. & GRANIER B.R.C. (eds.),
PaleoParks - The protection and conservation of fossil sites
worldwide.- Carnets de Gologie / Notebooks on Geology, Brest, Book
2009/03, Chapter 6
3. Cotter.G.de P., 1933, The geology of the part of Attock District, west
of Longitude 7245 E: India Geol. Surv., Mem.,v.55,pp.63.
4. Danilchik, W., 1961, The Iron formation of the Surgar and western Salt
Range, Mianwali Distt, West Pakistan: U.S Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 424D, pp.228-231.
5. Davies, 1930a, The fossil fauna of the Samana Range and some
neighbouring areas: Part 6, The Paleocene Foraminifera, An
Introductory note: India Geol. Surv., Mem., Paleont. Indica, New
Series, v.15, 15p.
6. Davies, and Pinfold, E.S., 1937, The Eocene beds of the Punjab Salt
range: India Geol. Surv., Mem., Paleont. Indica, New Series, v.24, no.1,
79p.
7. Gee, E.R., 1935, Recent observations on the Cambrian sequence of the
Punjab Salt Range: India Geol. Surv., Ress., v. 68, pt.1, pp.115-120.
8. Kazmi and Abbasi, 2008. Stratigraphy and Historical Geology of
Pakistan
9. Ibrahim Shah, 1977. Stratigraphy of Pakistan

40