SK RAGHUWANSHI et al.

: EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINK FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION

LINK FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
S.K. Raghuwanshi1, Vikram Palodiya2, Ajay Kumar3 and Santosh Kumar4
Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, India
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

in fiber optics has become an absolute necessity. Towards this

end, several Fiber Optic Training (FOT) kits have been
developed. However, the FOT kits available currently in market
primarily deal with single wavelength measurements and
demonstrate basic communication principles [5]. However we
can analyze 4-channel WDM, transmission system by using a
proposed kit.

Abstract
In this paper, main focus is on the experimental characteristic of
optical communication link and of their components. We give an
introduction to optical fiber systems and various phenomenons related
to it. The phenomena of attenuation and dispersion are discussed
elaborately and details are provided through experimental observation
and verification. A laser diode and photodetector are also discussed
and their characteristics curves are plotted. All the details about
various topics mentioned above are concluded and verified through
experiments.
Keywords:
Attenuation, Dispersion, Source, Detector

1. INTRODUCTION
An optical fiber is a cylindrical structure made from a
transparent material such as glass and consists of a central core of
refractive index n1, surrounded by a cladding of refractive index
n2. Light gets guided through the fiber by total internal reflection,
in which a light ray incident on an interface between the denser
medium (a medium of higher refractive index) and a rarer medium
(a medium of lower refractive index) at angles greater than the
critical angle, gets totally reflected, i.e. undergoes complete
reflection [1]-[2]. The realization of low loss optical fibers and
room temperature operation of compact semiconductor lasers in
1970, laid the foundation for long distance fiber optic
communication. Technological advances such as optical
amplifiers, dispersion compensators, high speed transmitters and
receivers, optical dense wavelength division multiplexing etc.
have contributed to the phenomenal growth of optical fiber
communication industry [3]. The increased demand on the
bandwidth continues and new innovations such as photonic crystal
fibers, tunable lasers, high speed modulators, all optical signal
processing, compact integrated optical devices, new modulation
formats etc are expected to cater to this need [4].
This papers presents, complete experimental characterization
of optical fiber communication system with emphasis a laser
diode characteristics, attenuation, dispersion and, photo detector
etc. In section 2 about Light Runner kit is discussed.
Experiments of attenuation and dispersion in optical fiber are
performed in section 3 and 4 respectively. Experiments of
characterization of laser diode and photo detector are performed
on Light Runner in section 5 and 6 respectively. Finally,
conclusion of the paper is presented in section 7.

Fig.1. Light Runner kit

Light Runner enables the user to perform experiments
regarding Fiber Characteristics, Component Characteristics,
Optical Communication Systems and Testing and Analysis.

2.1 EXPERIMENT
OF
OPTICAL FIBER

ATTENUATION

IN

Intrinsically, the loss can take place because of absorption. But

stronger loss inside the optical fiber is called as a scattering loss.
During the manufacture of optical fiber, there are very small
micro-center of little difference refractive index, then the average
value. In other words, some different type of micro region
distributed all through the region. Therefore, as light tries to
traverse through the optical fiber, it seems small perturbation
through the refractive index. Fig.2 shows the phenomenon of
scattering. This phenomena is very similar to the wave signal tries
to pass through the environment having rain drops and signal
scatters. So, due to these micro-structures inside the optical fiber
takes place and these scattering is called the Rayleigh scattering.
For a sustain guiding of light, the light must be confined within
the numerical aperture. Any light scattering outside the numerical
aperture cone will not be guided by the optical fiber and will be
lost from the side walls of the optical fiber [6].
This is known as scattering loss and Rayleigh scattering is
very strong function of wavelength. The Rayleigh scattering
goes as -4. For every doubling of wavelength, the Rayleigh
scattering loss is reduced by the factor of 1/16. Now primary

2. ABOUT LIGHT RUNNER

The Fig.1 shows the Light Runner kit. In order to exploit the
full potential of fiber optic communication, exposure of faculty
and students in academic institutions as well as scientists and
engineers in R&D institutions and industries, to experimentation

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ICTACT JOURNAL ON COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, MARCH 2014, VOLUME: 05, ISSUE: 01

discussion is that 1550 nm wavelength shows low loss, compare

to 800 nm. So, this shows the substantial reduction in the
Rayleigh scattering.

Fig.2. Phenomenon of scattering

The Glass is a very bad conductor of infrared. So, all the
infrared are very rapidly attenuated. Longer the wavelength, loss
increases very rapidly. As we increases the wavelength, the
Rayleigh scattering loss increases but at the same time for the
higher wavelength the infrared absorption loss starts dominating.
There is also an impurity called OH molecules which normally
water molecules. Even if we purify the glass with a high accuracy,
if it is exposed in the environment typically the water molecules
get the places inside the glass molecules. These molecules cannot
be completely removed from the glass. Water molecules gives the
absorption exactly lies in the valley. Due to the OH loss the
optical fiber attenuation window splits into two parts.
We are talking about the loss due to the intrinsic
characteristics of the optical fiber. As soon as the optical fiber is
made, we can face the loss due to scattering and absorption. But
in addition to these losses when any optical fiber is established
inside the system, some losses take place due to environment
and improper handling of the optical fiber. Absorption and
scattering loss may take place even in the ideal, before laying the
fiber inside the system. If we place the fiber inside the system,
due to the improper placement of optical fiber, the fiber may
deform in the micro scale region.

Fig.4. Phenomenon of macro-bending loss

Another type of loss takes place inside the optical fiber
known as the radiation loss. Fig.4 shows the phenomenon of
macro-bending loss. If the fiber is gently bend over a large arc
and the radius of arc is much larger compare to the wavelength,
then leakage of energy takes place and that is called as the
radiation loss. Actually, if the light passes through the straight
line inside the optical fiber, then its phase front remains
perpendicular to the surface of the optical fiber. Hence, when the
energy travels inside the optical fiber then every point in the
phase front moves with the same speed. Now, if the fiber is
gently bent, then phase front becomes an arc. Again the phase
front will be perpendicular to the direction of propagation, but
now the direction of propagation is an arc. Now the phase front
will not be parallel to each other, but it will try to meet at the
center of curvature of the arc. In this case the phase front moves
like a fan which are pivoted to center of curvature of arc. Now,
when this happen every point on the wave does not move with
the same speed. Because, as we go towards the center of
curvature of the arc the velocity decreases and as we go away
from the center of curvature the velocity increases.
Now, at a particular distance a situation comes, where the
velocity acquires the velocity of light intrinsically and beyond
that velocity cannot be increased. As a result, the energy, which
is beyond that distance, cannot propagate with these phase front.
They slowly detached and leaking from the structure. This loss
is called as the macro-bending loss or scattering loss. The
important point to be note here is no matter how gentle is the tilt
of optical fiber, we can have always distance at which the
velocity of wave become equal to the speed light in that medium
and energy will lost. The loss in an optical fiber is measured in
logarithmic units of decibels per kilometer (dB/km) and is
defined by the following equation,

Fig.3. Phenomenon of micro bending loss

Ideally the walls of the core and cladding should be straight,
but because of some pressure by external environment the side
walls of the optical fiber may get deform. Fig.3 shows the
phenomenon of micro bending loss. Even if we touch the fiber,
that pressure is enough to create the deformation in the microlevel. If the side walls of the optical fiber are purely straight and
plane, then light can travel by the multiple reflection. But if the
side walls of the optical fiber are deform, then normal changes
occurs and it cannot satisfy the critical angle condition and
simply energy leaks out. Due to the presence of micro bending
small portion of light energy leaks out from the fiber and this is
called the micro-bending loss [6].

10 PL

log
(1)
L
P0
Attenuation in dB = -10log (P2/P1)
(2)
where, P(0) is optical power at the input (z = 0) and P(L) is
optical power at the output i.e. L km away from the input ends.
Here we assume z to be the direction along the length of the
optical fiber.

dB km

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SK RAGHUWANSHI et al.: EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINK FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

TOTAL ATTENUATION (dB)

Thus if we assume that the optical power at the entrance

phase of the optical fiber is 1 mW and after a distance of 10 km
the measured power is 0.1 mW, then the loss coefficient of the
fiber will be 1dB/km. If light propagate in the same fiber over a
distance of 30 km, then the loss suffered will be 30 dB. Using
Eq.(1) we can calculate the output power of the end of the 30 km
as 1 W.
Attenuation is a very important property of any optical fiber
and it decides the maximum distance that the light wave can
propagate and still be detectable at the output of the receiver.
Attenuation is a function of wavelength and the minimum
attenuation of silica optical fibers occurs at a wavelength of
1550 nm. Typical optical fiber loss is found to be in the range of
0.20 to 0.30 dB/km at 1550 nm and therefore even after
propagating through 80 km of such a fiber, the output will be 1%
of the input power. Fig.5 shows the experimental setup with
waveform of the input signal.

FIBER LENGTH (Km)

BCN Cable

(a)
Total
MATERIAL LOSS (dB/km)

Light
Runner

Fiber Spool

RS

UV

OH

IR

SC-SC SM Fiber
Path Card

(a)
WAVELENGTH (m)

(b)
Fig.6. (a) Experimental Plot of power loss vs. fiber length (b)
different material loss vs. wavelength
From Fig.6(a), it can be seen that the power loss goes on
increasing with the increase in length. At fiber length 3km the
loss is minimum, thus the attenuation coefficient is also
minimum. It can be concluded from this experiment that the loss
as well as attenuation coefficient both increase with increase in
length of the fiber.
The Fig.6(b) shows the plot of different material loss vs.
wavelength. In this case, we consider the loss due to OH,
Infrared, UV light and Rayleigh scattering. Fig.7 shows the
effect of micro bending and macro-bending with respect to
wavelength. From this plot, it seems that macro-bending is small
than the micro-bending and both are gradually increasing with
wavelength.

(b)
Fig.5. Experimental setup for attenuation experiment (a)
waveform of the input signal, (b) waveform at the output of fiber
end after attenuation
The value of power loss in decibels (dB) is calculated
according to the Eq.(1). A graph between power loss (dB) and
length (Km) is plotted.

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Pulse Strength

BENDING LOSS (dB/km)

Micro Bending

Pulses

Macro Bending

Distance along the fiber

WAVELENGTH (m)

Fig.8. Pulse broadening phenomenon in optical fiber

Fig.7. Experimental observation of micro bending and macrobending with respect to wavelength

Hence, we can say that pulse broadening per unit length for
unit spectral width is called Dispersion. A dispersion
phenomenon is a weak phenomenon. Each dispersion can be
calculated independent of each other. When we calculate the
material dispersion, we assume that waveguide dispersion is
negligibly small. When we go for intra-modal dispersion, then
we assume that material dispersion is practically small. The total
dispersion is just the addition of all other dispersion.

2.2 EXPERIMENT OF DISPERSION IN OPTICAL

FIBER
If we put a pulse of energy inside the optical fiber, the pulse
energy travels in the different path in the form of different rays.
As a result the rays do not reach at the other end in the same
time. Due to this the pulse broadening phenomena takes place.
This phenomena is called as the Dispersion because the
multipath inside the optical fiber. If we take single mode fiber,
then these phenomena will not take place. In general, we have
three types of dispersion take place. Intermodal dispersion takes
place in a multimode fiber. But, if we take single mode optical
fiber, then two types dispersion takes place (i) Material
Dispersion (ii) Intra-modal dispersion [6-7].
If we send the signal in the form of pulses through the optical
fiber, the pulse gets broaden. Here we are not saying that this
pulse shape retained or anything. Actually theses pulses
represent the presence or absence of bits. Hence as the distance
becomes more and more, the pulse gets broaden more and more.
Initially, pulses are clearly identified, when we travel small
distance the pulses partly overlap and furthermore they start
merging into each other or they start losing their identity.
Essentially, the pulse broadening phenomena puts the restriction
over the distance at which we can send the signal, so that they
can be recovered. The Fig.8 shows the pulse broadening
phenomenon in optical fiber.
Pulse broadening intrinsically related to carrier bandwidth.
More carrier bandwidth more will be pulse broadening [8]. Also
pulse broadening is directly proportional to the traveled distance.
As we know that group velocity is given by,

vg

2.2.1 Material Dispersion:

In case of material dispersion, the refractive index is function
of wavelength but there is no guiding of light inside the fiber.
We can write the phase constant as

Pulse broadening g

dt g
d

n .

So phase constant varies with respect to

tg
But

d d d

.
d d d

2c

tg

dn
.
c d

Hence, we can write the material dispersion as

Dmat

dt g
d

d 2 n
c

d2

2.2.2 Waveguide Dispersion:

Waveguide dispersion is the dispersion due to the modal
nature inside the optical fiber. We have seen b V diagram
where V is characteristics parameter proportional to the
frequency. b is the normalized propagation constant, which is
related to the phase constant of particular mode. Hence from the
diagram we would like to find out, what will be the group
velocity, and how it can vary as a function of the wavelength. As
we have discussed that we will take one dispersion at a time.
Now, when we investigate the waveguide dispersion, then at that
time, we will assume that material dispersion is zero. The core-

1
2c

Group delay per unit length t g

l
vg

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SK RAGHUWANSHI et al.: EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINK FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

cladding material is not having the intrinsic pulse broadening

phenomena; the dispersion is taking place just because of guided
nature [9-10]. Essentially we would like to find out the
dispersion in terms of the parameters b and V. We can write,

1550nm and 850nm laser source. The Table.1 shows the

observations of delay between position of 850 nm and 1550 nm
Laser pulses (ns) and dispersion with respect to fiber length.
GROUP DELAY

2 22
b 2
1 22
GROUP DELAY (ps/km)

where, 1 and 2 are the phase constant intrinsically for medium

core and cladding. And is the phase constant for the particular
mode. We also know that for the proper communication the core
and cladding refractive index are very close to each other. Thus
for the practical fiber or in other words for weakly guiding fiber.
n1 n2
We also know that when a mode propagates the phase
constant is also bounded by 1 and 2.
1 2

n1 n2
n1

WAVELENGTH (m)

Since, n1 and n2 is very close to each other the range of is

very small

2
1 2
DISPERSION (ps/km.nm)

(a)
DISPERSION

2
2 1 b 1

= 2[1+b]
Group delay

tg

d n2

d c

d bV

1 dV

Material

Waveguide

Total

1, 3093 [micron], Slope: 0, 08219 [ps/nm8km]

where,

a
n12 n22
c
Hence, we can write the waveguide dispersion
V

WAVELENGTH (m)

(b)

n 2 d 2 bV
Dwg

V
d
c
dV 2
Total dispersion is the summation of the two dispersions.
Both the dispersion because of the finite bandwidth. These
dispersion are together is called the chromatic dispersion.
Chromatic dispersion = Dmat + Dwg
Dmat depends upon the material taken for the construction of
the optical fiber. Dwg is the parameter that depends upon the
structure of the fiber. It depends upon the fiber based parameters
and it can be manipulated as a result the total dispersion quantity
is manipulated. Fig.9(a) shows the experimentally observed
value variation of group delay vs. wavelength; it seems from this
plot that group delay is gradually increases with wavelength.
Fig.9(b) shows the effect of wavelength on dispersion.
The Fig.10 shows the experimental setup along with the output
waveform. Using the experiment it is possible to check if lower
wavelengths travel slower or faster than longer wavelengths,
whether the time difference increases linearly with increasing
length of the fiber [11]. The Fig.11 shows the input waveform for
dt g

Fig.9. Experimental observation of (a) group delay vs.

wavelength (b) dispersion vs. wavelength

Light
Runner

Fiber Spool

SC-SC SM Fiber
Path Card

Fig.10. Experimental setup along with the output waveform

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shows the P-N junction laser diode and its mechanisms and
Fig.12(b) shows the characteristics curve.

Fig.11. Input waveform for 1550 nm and 850 nm laser source

Laser Diode
(a)

Table.1. Observation of dispersion with respect to fiber length

Optical
Power

Delay between
Position of Position of position of 850
Fiber
850 nm
1550 nm nm and 1550 Dispersion
Length
Laser Laser Pulse nm Laser
per km
(km)
Pulse (s)
(s)
pulses
(ns)
1.0
19.93
19.45
0.48
0.48
2.0
20.09
19.45
0.64
0.32
3.0
19.93
19.45
0.48
0.16
4.0
19.93
19.77
0.16
0.04
5.0
19.77
19.45
0.32
0.064
6.0
19.93
19.77
0.16
0.032
7.0
20.09
19.93
0.16
0.023
8.0
19.77
19.14
0.63
0.078
Average Dispersion per km = 0.149
Dispersion from Sellemeier equation = 10 s
Due to dispersion, pulses of light launched at 850 nm and
1550 nm take different times and the time difference determined
per km is consistent with the estimation obtained from the
Sellemeier equation.

Drive
Current

Ith
(b)

Fig.12. (a) P-N junction laser diode (b) characteristics curve

Schematically, we can take the P-N junction. Then, if we
make a reflecting mechanism over the P-N junction, then photon
will be trapped inside the region and stimulated radiation action
will take place. In fact by making the fabrication of LED in such
a way that we have some kind of reflecting boundary which will
make the photon confine for longer time, the same LED can be
converted into the laser.
The principle is that a proper P-N junction material with
proper polishing so that photons can be trapped inside the
material, for stimulated radiation action. A highly polished LED
can acts as a Laser. This is the device that will be very
compatible with the electronic circuit. Laser diode is widely
used for the long distance communication. Initially, the
efficiency was very small, electric current flows [12]. This
provides the recombination between electrons and holes but
most of the photon gets lost but there are linearity between the
optical power and current flowing through the circuit. The same
things happen along with the laser diode, because photons are
confined. For some current we are having high optical power.
Again the relationship between the optical power and currents
are linear but the change in the optical power for small change in
current are more in comparison to LED.
At low current stimulated emission still not overcome the
losses inside the device. So, the device starts functioning like
LED. So, for low current efficiency of device is very small.
Once we reach to a certain value beyond which the stimulated
emission overcomes the losses suddenly lasing action starts and
we have large efficiency of the device. Even for the small

2.3 EXPERIMENT OF CHARACTERIZATION OF

LASER DIODE
An optical source is one of the most important components
of the optical communication link. Although there are abundant
of light source in the universe. These sources are not very well
suitable for optical communication. The reasons are very simple.
Some sources are having very spectral width. Many of the
sources cannot be used as an optical source in optical
communication. Many of the sources cannot be switched on and
off at very large rate [6]. As LED have larger spectral width and
also it has very low efficiency. So, it cannot be used as a long
distance communication. Inside LED we have P-N junction, and
by making the P-N junction forward biased, the electrons and
holes are injected in a common region, they recombines and then
we are having the generation of light due to recombination. But,
the photon generated can move in all possible direction. Hence,
LED has extremely low conversion efficiency. So, we required
to create some type of positive feedback mechanism inside the
P-N junction. They will remain for the longer time inside P-N
junction; they will create the stimulated emission and generate
the directed beam of light inside the P-N junction. Fig.12(a)

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SK RAGHUWANSHI et al.: EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINK FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

LASER OPTICAL POWER (mW)

change in the current, we have the large change in the output.

The laser diode has the typical characteristics that almost
changes at threshold current.
LED can be easily used for the analog communication due to
linear characteristics over a wide range. By changing the current
we can get the same behavior in the optical signal. Whereas in
case of the laser diode we have sudden break in its
characteristics and it shows switching action. Hence, device is
more suitable for the switching purpose. In both cases, we can
see the linear variation, but characteristics are not very stable for
the modulation as far as laser diode is concern. Hence, the laser
diode is not suitable for the linear modulation, rather suitable for
the switching types of action i.e., suitable for the digital
modulation. Fig.13 shows the experimental setup for laser diode
characteristics.
BCN Cable

LASER CURRENT (mA)

(b)
Fig.14. Experimental observation of (a) diode current with
respect to laser optical power and (b) laser current vs. laser
optical power
Light
Runner

Fiber Spool

The Fig.14(b) shows the plot of laser current vs. laser optical
power. It is seen from the characteristics the optical power rises
from linearly after a certain value of the laser current, known as
threshold current and, linearly changes with the diode current.

2.4 EXPERIMENT OF CHARACTERIZATION OF

PHOTO DETECTOR

SC-SC SM Fiber
Path Card

A photo detector is a device which converts optical power

into electrical current. Usually it is a reverse biased p-n diode
with an intrinsic region between the p- and n-region and hence
the name PIN photodiode. An incident photon is absorbed by the
semiconductor and results in the creation of electron hole pair in
it. The generated electrons and holes are swept away from the
junction region by the applied voltage resulting in a current in
the external circuit. The amount of current depends on the light
power incident on the photo detector. This is quantified by a
quantity called responsivity R which is ratio of the current
produced by the photo detector to the optical power incident on
it. The responsivity is measured in units of amperes per watt
(A/W).Thus if the responsivity of a photo detector is 0.4 A
When an optical power of 2mW incident on the photo detector
would generate a current of 0.8mA. Photodiode can be operated
either in photoconductive or in photovoltaic mode depending on
whether they are externally biased (photoconductive). In the
photovoltaic mode, (like in a solar cell) the voltage developed
across the photodiode is a non linear function of the light
intensity incident on it.
However when the photodiode is operated under reverse bias
(photoconductive mode) the photocurrent generated is linearly
dependent on the light intensity up to about six orders of
magnitude of power variation. Since the junction capacitance
decreases due to the reverse biasing, photodiode operated in the
photoconductive mode is faster than the photovoltaic mode even
though the former is noisier. Usually photodiodes in
photoconductive mode are operated in conjunction with a
transimpedance amplifier to convert the photocurrent developed

Fig.13. Experimental setup for laser diode characteristics

DIODE CURRENT (mA)

The Fig.14(a) shows the plot of diode current with respect to

laser optical power. From the measurement it is found that the
threshold current is 5.7mA, the optical power of the laser is
linear with respect to its forward current and the monitor diode
current is directly proportional to the laser power.

LASER OPTICAL POWER (mW)

(a)

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into a voltage that is easier to measure and for further

amplification [3].
Bandwidth is another very important characteristic of a
receiver. If modulated light wave is incident on a photo detector,
then it should produce a similar modulated current output since
the current generated by the photo detector depends on the
corresponding incident light power. Now if the frequency of
modulation of the input light wave is increased, it would be found
that the depth of modulation in the output current reduces and for
very high frequency of input light modulation, the current
produced by the photo-detector remains almost constant. One of
the primary reasons for the drop in the depth of modulation of the
current output is the RC time constant of the photo detector
circuit. The photo detector is characterized by a capacitance C and
if the photo detector circuit has a resistance R then the photo
detector circuit behaves like an RC circuit. It is well known that
the speed of operation of an RC circuit is limited by the time
constant RC. The corresponding BW is given by,

BW

Fig.15. Output waveform of characteristics of photo-detector

The Fig.15 shows the output waveform of characteristics of
photo-detector. Ideally the rise time of the photo detector is
inversely proportional to and the output voltage is directly
proportional to the resistance but according to our observations
there are some variations as the data is experimental. The
capacitance of the photodiode is calculated as per the formula in
photovoltaic and photoconductive modes. This paper is very
useful for beginners to study the different phenomena occurs in
fiber communication links.

0.7
1

tr
2RC

By measuring the rise time of the photo detector the quantity

R can be estimated. Knowing the value of R, the corresponding
capacitance of the photo detector can be found. On the load
resistance R in the circuit. Although, large resistance will give a
higher voltage at the output of the detector circuit, it would bring
down the bandwidth of the detector and hence the high speed
operation is not possible. Hence it can be understood that larger
the bandwidth, the smaller will be the output and hence the
signal to noise ratio (SNR). Table.2 and Table.3 shows the
various observations under photoconductive mode and
photovoltaic mode respectively.

3. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have provided the detailed description of
attenuation and dispersion and its effect inside the optical fiber
with some experimental result implemented on light runner. The
paper describes the theoretical background of optical sources
(LASER) and optical detector and its importance in modern
technological scenario with some experimental result reflecting
the characteristics of laser and optical detector.

Table.2. Observation under photoconductive mode

Observed
Resistance Output Rise time Bandwidth
capacitance
(k)
voltage(V)
(MHz)
(s)
(pF)
100
0.459
1.276
0.55
2.894
82
0.426
2.55
0.274
7.08
68
0.459
2.55
0.274
8.54
47
0.36
2.55
0.274
12.36
33
0.36
1.9138
0.36
13.39
22
0.39
1.9138
0.36
20.09
10
0.36
1.9138
0.36
44.21

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors would like to acknowledge to Fiber Optika to
provide us Light Runner to do these experiments. One of the
authors Santosh Kumar also wants to acknowledge to Nikhila
Mandre (KIIT, Bhubaneswar) to help during these experiments.

REFERENCES
[1] S.K. Raghuwanshi, Contemporary Optical Fiber
Technology, Agrawal Publication, 2012.
[2] Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communication, McGrawHILL International Edition, 2000.
[3] Ching Fuh Lin, Optical Components for Communication:
Principles and Applications, Springer, 2004.
[4] R.P. Khare, Fiber optics and optoelectronics, Oxford
University Press, 2004.
[5] Reference manual for Light Runner, Fiber optic
communication bench top laboratory With WDM.
[6] R.K. Shevgaonkar, Speakfirst, L28-Integrated Optics-I,
2011.
[7] S.K. Raghuwanshi and V. Kumar, Analysis of double clad
single-mode step-index fibers, World Journal of Science
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Table.3. Observation under photovoltaic mode

Observed
Rise Bandwidth
Resistance Output
capacitance
(k)
Voltage (V) time (s) (MHz)
(pF)
100
0.426
2.55
0.274
5.81
82
0.39
1.9138
0.36
5.39
68
0.39
3.1898
0.22
10.64
47
0.39
1.9138
0.36
9.4
33
0.39
2.55
0.274
17.6
22
0.39
1.9138
0.36
20.09
10
0.39
2.55
0.274
58.08

875

SK RAGHUWANSHI et al.: EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINK FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

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