12

Introduction to the Laplace Transform

Assessment Problems

eβt + e−βt
AP 12.1 [a] cosh βt =
2
Therefore,
1
∞ −(s−β)t
L{cosh βt} = [e + e−(s+β)t ]dt
2 0−
  ∞ 
1 e−(s−β)t ∞ e−(s+β)t 

= +
2 −(s − β) 0− −(s + β)  −
0
 
1 1 1 s
= + =
2 s−β s+β s2 − β2
eβt − e−βt
[b] sinh βt =
2
Therefore,
1
∞  −(s−β)t 
L{sinh βt} = e − e−(s+β)t dt
2 0−
 ∞  ∞
1 e−(s−β)t 1 e−(s+β)t
= −
2 −(s − β) 0−
2 −(s + β) 0−
 
1 1 1 β
= − =
2 s−β s+β (s2 − β 2 )

AP 12.2 [a] Let f (t) = te−at :

1
F (s) = L{te−at } =
(s + a)2
dF (s)
Now, L{tf (t)} = −
ds

12–1
 12–2 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

 
−at d 1 2
So, L{t · te }=− =
ds (s + a)2 (s + a)2

[b] Let f (t) = e−at sinh βt, then

β
L{f (t)} = F (s) =
(s + a)2 − β 2

df (t) s(β) βs
L = sF (s) − f (0− ) = − 0 =
dt (s + a)2 − β 2 (s + a)2 − β 2

[c] Let f (t) = cos ωt. Then

s dF (s) −(s2 − ω 2 )
F (s) = and = 2
(s + ω 2 )
2 ds (s + ω 2 )2

dF (s) s2 − ω 2
Therefore L{t cos ωt} = − = 2
ds (s + ω 2 )2

6s2 + 26s + 26 K1 K2 K3
AP 12.3 F (s) = = + +
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s+1 s+2 s+3

6 − 26 + 26 24 − 52 + 26
K1 = = 3; K2 = =2
(1)(2) (−1)(1)

54 − 78 + 26
K3 = =1
(−2)(−1)

Therefore f (t) = [3e−t + 2e−2t + e−3t ] u(t)

7s2 + 63s + 134 K1 K2 K3

AP 12.4 F (s) = = + +
(s + 3)(s + 4)(s + 5) s+3 s+4 s+5

63 − 189 + 134 112 − 252 + 134

K1 = = 4; K2 = =6
1(2) (−1)(1)

175 − 315 + 134

K3 = = −3
(−2)(−1)

f (t) = [4e−3t + 6e−4t − 3e−5t ]u(t)

10(s2 + 119)
AP 12.5 F (s) =
(s + 5)(s2 + 10s + 169)
√
s1,2 = −5 + 25 − 169 = −5 + j12
 Problems 12–3

K1 K2 K2∗
F (s) = + +
s + 5 s + 5 − j12 s + 5 + j12

10(25 + 119)
K1 = = 10
25 − 50 + 169

10[(−5 + j12)2 + 119]

K2 = = j4.167 = 4.167/90◦
(j12)(j24)

Therefore

f (t) = [10e−5t + 8.33e−5t cos(12t + 90◦ )] u(t)

= [10e−5t − 8.33e−5t sin 12t] u(t)

4s2 + 7s + 1 K0 K1 K2
AP 12.6 F (s) = = + +
s(s + 1)2 s (s + 1)2 s+1

1 4−7+1
K0 = = 1; K1 = =2
(1)2 −1
  
d 4s2 + 7s + 1 s(8s + 7) − (4s2 + 7s + 1) 
K2 = = 

ds s s=−1
s2 s=−1

1+2
= =3
1

Therefore f (t) = [1 + 2te−t + 3e−t ] u(t)

40 40
AP 12.7 F (s) = =
(s2 + 4s + 5)2 (s + 2 − j1)2 (s + 2 + j1)2
K1 K2 K1∗
= + +
(s + 2 − j1)2 (s + 2 − j1) (s + 2 + j1)2
K2∗
+
(s + 2 + j1)

40
K1 = = −10 = 10/180◦ and K1∗ = −10
(j2)2

 
d 40 −80
K2 = = = −j10 = 10/− 90◦
ds (s + 2 + j1)2 s=−2+j1
(j2)3

K2∗ = j10
 12–4 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

Therefore

f (t) = [20te−2t cos(t + 180◦ ) + 20e−2t cos(t − 90◦ )] u(t)

= 20e−2t [sin t − t cos t] u(t)

5s2 + 29s + 32 5s2 + 29s + 32 s+8

AP 12.8 F (s) = = =5−
(s + 2)(s + 4) s + 6s + 8
2 (s + 2)(s + 4)

s+8 K1 K2
= +
(s + 2)(s + 4) s+2 s+4

−2 + 8 −4 + 8
K1 = = 3; K2 = = −2
2 −2

Therefore,

3 2
F (s) = 5 − +
s+2 s+4

f (t) = 5δ(t) + [−3e−2t + 2e−4t ]u(t)

2s3 + 8s2 + 2s − 4 4(s + 1) 4

AP 12.9 F (s) = = 2s − 2 + = 2s − 2 +
s + 5s + 4
2 (s + 1)(s + 4) s+4

dδ(t)
f (t) = 2 − 2δ(t) + 4e−4t u(t)
dt

AP 12.10  
7s3 [1 + (9/s) + (134/7s2 )]
lim sF (s) = lim 3 =7
s→∞ s→∞ s [1 + (3/s)][1 + (4/s)][1 + (5/s)]

.·. f (0+ ) = 7
 
7s3 + 63s2 + 134s
lim sF (s) = lim =0
s→0 s→0 (s + 3)(s + 4)(s + 5)

.·. f (∞) = 0
 
s3 [4 + (7/s) + (1/s2 )]
lim sF (s) = lim =4
s→∞ s→∞ s3 [1 + (1/s)]2

.·. f (0+ ) = 4
 Problems 12–5

 
4s2 + 7s + 1
lim sF (s) = lim =1
s→0 s→0 (s + 1)2

.·. f (∞) = 1
 
40s
lim sF (s) = lim 4 =0
s→∞ s→∞ s [1 + (4/s) + (5/s2 )]2

.·. f (0+ ) = 0
 
40s
lim sF (s) = lim =0
s→0 s→0 (s2 + 4s + 5)2

.·. f (∞) = 0
 12–6 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

Problems

P 12.1 [a] f (t) = 5t[u(t) − u(t − 2)] + 10[u(t − 2) − u(t − 6)]+

(−5t + 40)[u(t − 6) − u(t − 8)]
[b] f (t) = (10 sin πt)[u(t) − u(t − 2)]
[c] f (t) = 4t[u(t) − u(t − 5)]

P 12.2 [a] (10 + t)[u(t + 10) − u(t)] + (10 − t)[u(t) − u(t − 10)]

= (t + 10)u(t + 10) − 2tu(t) + (t − 10)u(t − 10)

[b] (−24 − 8t)[u(t + 3) − u(t + 2)] − 8[u(t + 2) − u(t + 1)] + 8t[u(t + 1) − u(t − 1)]

+8[u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)] + (24 − 8t)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 3)]

= −8(t + 3)u(t + 3) + 8(t + 2)u(t + 2) + 8(t + 1)u(t + 1) − 8(t − 1)u(t − 1)

−8(t − 2)u(t − 2) + 8(t − 3)u(t − 3)

P 12.3

P 12.4 [a]
 Problems 12–7

[b] f (t) = −20t[u(t) − u(t − 1)] − 20[u(t − 1) − u(t − 2)]

+20 cos( π2 t)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)]
+(100 − 20t)[u(t − 4) − u(t − 5)]
     
1 1 1
P 12.5 [a] A = bh = (2ε) =1
2 2 ε
[b] 0; [c] ∞

3
3
P 12.6 [a] I = (t + 2)δ(t) dt +
3
8(t3 + 2)δ(t − 1) dt
−1 −1

= (03 + 2) + 8(13 + 2) = 2 + 8(3) = 26

2
2
2
[b] I = t2 δ(t) dt + t2 δ(t + 1.5) dt + t2 δ(t − 3) dt
−2 −2 −2

= 02 + (−1.5)2 + 0 = 2.25
  
1
∞ (4 + jω) jtω 1 4 + j0 jt0 2
P 12.7 f (t) = · πδ(ω) · e dω = πe =
2π −∞ (9 + jω) 2π 9 + j0 9
P 12.8 As ε → 0 the amplitude → ∞; the duration → 0; and the area is independent of ε,
i.e.,

∞
ε 1
A= dt = 1
−∞ π ε2 + t2

ε
1 −st esε − e−sε
P 12.9 F (s) = e dt =
−ε 2ε 2εs
 
1 sesε + se−sε 1 2s
F (s) = lim = · =1
2s ε→0 1 2s 1

P 12.10 [a] Let dv = δ  (t − a) dt, v = δ(t − a)

u = f (t), du = f  (t) dt

Therefore

∞ ∞
∞


f (t)δ (t − a) dt = f (t)δ(t − a) 
 − δ(t − a)f  (t) dt
−∞ −∞ −∞

= 0 − f  (a)

∞  
d(e−st )  
  −st
[b] L{δ (t)} = δ (t)e dt = − = − −se−st =s
0− dt t=0
t=0
 12–8 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

P 12.11

−ε/2
ε/2  

ε
4 −st −4 −st 4 −st
F (s) = 3
e dt + 3
e dt + e dt
−ε ε −ε/2 ε ε/2 ε3

4 sε
Therefore F (s) = 3
[e − 2esε/2 + 2e−sε/2 − e−sε ]
sε

L{δ  (t)} = lim F (s)

ε→0

After applying L’Hopital’s rule three times, we have

  
2s s s 2s 3s
lim sesε − esε/2 − e−sε/2 + se−sε =
ε→0 3 4 4 3 2

Therefore L{δ  (t)} = s2

dn f (t)
P 12.12 L = sn F (s) − sn−1 f (0− ) − sn−2 f  (0− ) − · · · ,
dtn
Therefore

L{δ (n) (t)} = sn (1) − sn−1 δ(0− ) − sn−2 δ  (0− ) − · · · = sn

1 1
P 12.13 [a] L{t} = ; therefore L{te−at } =
s2 (s + a)2
ejωt − e−jωt
[b] sin ωt =
j2
Therefore
     
1 1 1 1 2jω
L{sin ωt} = − =
j2 s − jω s + jω j2 s + ω2
2

ω
=
s2 + ω2
 Problems 12–9

[c] sin(ωt + θ) = (sin ωt cos θ + cos ωt sin θ)

Therefore
L{sin(ωt + θ)} = cos θL{sin ωt} + sin θL{cos ωt}
ω cos θ + s sin θ
=
s2 + ω 2

∞ ∞
e−st  1 1
[d] L{t} = te−st dt = 2 (−st − 1)  = 0 − 2 (0 − 1) = 2
0 s 0 s s
[e] f (t) = cosh t cosh θ + sinh t sinh θ
From Assessment Problem 12.1(a)
s
L{cosh t} = 2
s −1
From Assessment Problem 12.1(b)
1
L{sinh t} = 2
s −1
 
· s 1
. . L{cosh(t + θ)} = cosh θ 2 + sinh θ 2
s −1 s −1
sinh θ + s[cosh θ]
=
s2 − 1

∞
−at
P 12.14 [a] L{te }= te−(s+a)t dt
0−

∞
e−(s+a)t
= − (s + a)t − 1
(s + a)2 0−

1
= 0+
(s + a)2
1
.·. L{te−at } =
(s + a)2
[b]

d −at s
L (te ) = −0
dt (s + a)2
s
=
(s + a)2

d −at
[c] (te ) = −ate−at + e−at
dt
−a 1 −a s+a
L{−ate−at + e−at } = + = +
(s + a)2 (s + a) (s + a)2 (s + a)2

d −at s
.·. L (te ) = CHECKS
dt (s + a)2
 12–10 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

ε

e−st ∞
P 12.15 [a] L{f  (t)} = dt + − ae−a(t−ε) e−st dt
−ε 2ε ε
 
1 sε a
=(e − e−sε ) − e−sε = F (s)
2sε s+a
a s
lim F (s) = 1 − =
ε→0 s+a s+a
1
[b] L{e−at } =
s+a
s s
Therefore L{f  (t)} = sF (s) − f (0− ) = −0=
s+a s+a

∞
∞
−at −at −st
P 12.16 L{e f (t)} = [e f (t)]e dt = f (t)e−(s+a)t dt = F (s + a)
0− 0−

t 
−ax F (s) 1
P 12.17 [a] L e =
dx =
0− s s(s + a)

t   
1 1 1
[b] L y dy = 2
= 3
0− s s s

t −at
1 e
[c] e−ax dx = −
0− a a


1 e−at 1 1 1 1
L − = − =
a a a s s+a s(s + a)

t

t2 t2 1 2 1
y dy = ; L = · 3 = 3
0− 2 2 2 s s

d sin ωt sω
P 12.18 [a] L = −0
dt s2 + ω2

d cos ωt s2
[b] L = −0
dt s2 + ω 2

 
d3 (t2 ) 2
[c] L =s 3
− s2 (0) − s(0) − 2(0) = 2
dt3 s3
d sin ωt ωs
[d] = (cos ωt) · ω, L{ω cos ωt} =
dt s2 + ω 2
d cos ωt
= −ω sin ωt + δ(t)
dt
ω2 s2
L{−ω sin ωt + δ(t)} = − + 1 =
s2 + ω 2 s2 + ω 2
d2 (t2 ) d3 (t2 )
= 2u(t); = 2δ(t); L{2δ(t)} = 2
dt2 dt3
 Problems 12–11

P 12.19 [a] f (t) = 5t[u(t) − u(t − 2)]

+(20 − 5t)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 6)]
+(5t − 40)[u(t − 6) − u(t − 8)]
= 5tu(t) − 10(t − 2)u(t − 2)
+10(t − 6)u(t − 6) − 5(t − 8)u(t − 8)

5[1 − 2e−2s + 2e−6s − e−8s ]

.·. F (s) =
s2
[b]

f  (t) = 5[u(t) − u(t − 2)] − 5[u(t − 2) − u(t − 6)]

+5[u(t − 6) − u(t − 8)]
= 5u(t) − 10u(t − 2) + 10u(t − 6) − 5u(t − 8)

5[1 − 2e−2s + 2e−6s − e−8s ]

L{f  (t)} =
s
[c]

f  (t) = 5δ(t) − 10δ(t − 2) + 10δ(t − 6) − 5δ(t − 8)

L{f  (t)} = 5[1 − 2e−2s + 2e−6s − e−8s ]

 12–12 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

t
t2
P 12.20 [a] x dx =
0− 2

t2 1
∞
L = t2 e−st dt
2 2 0−
 ∞ 
1 e−st 2 2 

= (s t + 2st + 2)
 −
2 −s3 0

1 1
= (2) =
2s3 s3

t 
1
.·. L x dx =
0− s3

t 
L{t} 1/s2 1
[b] L x dx = = = 3
0− s s s

t 
1
.·. L x dx = CHECKS
0− s3
40e−3s
P 12.21 [a] L{40e−8(t−3) u(t − 3)} =
(s + 8)
[b] First rewrite f (t) as

f (t) = (5t − 10)u(t − 2) + (40 − 10t)u(t − 4)

+(10t − 80)u(t − 8) + (50 − 5t)u(t − 10)
= 5(t − 2)u(t − 2) − 10(t − 4)u(t − 4)
+10(t − 8)u(t − 8) − 5(t − 10)u(t − 10)

5[e−2s − 2e−4s + 2e−8s − e−10s ]

.·. F (s) =
s2

∞
P 12.22 L{f (at)} = f (at)e−st dt
0−

Let u = at, du = a dt, u = 0− when t = 0−

and u=∞ when t=∞

∞
du 1
Therefore L{f (at)} = f (u)e−(u/a)s = F (s/a)
0− a a
ω
P 12.23 [a] f1 (t) = e−at sin ωt; F1 (s) =
(s + a)2 + ω 2
sω
F (s) = sF1 (s) − f1 (0− ) = −0
(s + a)2 + ω 2
 Problems 12–13

s+a
[b] f1 (t) = e−at cos ωt; F1 (s) =
(s + a)2 + ω 2
F1 (s) s+a
F (s) = =
s s[(s + a)2 + ω 2 ]
d −at
[c] [e sin ωt] = ωe−at cos ωt − ae−at sin ωt
dt
ω(s + a) − ωa ωs
Therefore F (s) = =
(s + a) + ω
2 2 (s + a)2 + ω 2

t
−ae−at cos ωt + ωe−at sin ωt + a
e−ax cos ωx dx =
0− a2 + ω 2
Therefore
 
1 −a(s + a) ω2 a
F (s) = 2 + +
a + ω (s + a) + ω
2 2 2 (s + a) + ω
2 2 s
s+a
=
s[(s + a)2 + ω 2 ]

∞ 
∞
dF (s) d
P 12.24 [a] = f (t)e−st dt = − tf (t)e−st dt
ds ds 0− 0−

dF (s)
Therefore L{tf (t)} = −
ds
d2 F (s)
∞ 2 d3 F (s)
∞ 3
[b] = t f (t)e−st dt; = −t f (t)e−st dt
ds2 0− ds3 0−

∞
dn F (s) n
Therefore = (−1) tn f (t)e−st dt = (−1)n L{tn f (t)}
dsn 0−
 
d4 1 120
[c] L{t5 } = L{t4 t} = (−1)4 =
ds4 s2 s6
 
d β 2βs
L{t sin βt} = (−1)1 =
ds s + β2
2 (s2 + β 2 )2

L{te−t cosh t}:

From Assessment Problem 12.1(a),

s
F (s) = L{cosh t} = 2
s −1
dF (s2 − 1)1 − s(2s) s2 + 1
= = −
ds (s2 − 1)2 (s2 − 1)2
dF s2 + 1
Therefore − = 2
ds (s − 1)2
 12–14 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

Thus
s2 + 1
L{t cosh t} =
(s2 − 1)2
(s + 1)2 + 1 s2 + 2s + 2
L{e−t t cosh t} = =
[(s + 1)2 − 1]2 s2 (s + 2)2

∞
∞
∞ 
∞
∞ 
−ut −ut
P 12.25 [a] F (u)du = f (t)e dt du = f (t)e du dt
s s 0− 0− s

∞
∞
∞   
e−tu ∞
= f (t) e−ut du dt = f (t) dt
0− s 0− −t s

∞  

−e−st f (t)
= f (t) dt = L
0− −t t
2βs
[b] L{t sin βt} = 2
(s + β 2 )2


∞ 
t sin βt 2βu
therefore L = du
t s (u + β 2 )2
2

Let ω = u2 + β 2 , then ω = s2 + β 2 when u = s, and ω = ∞ when u = ∞;

also dω = 2u du, thus


∞    
t sin βt dω −1 ∞ β
L =β = β  2 2= 2
t s2 +β 2 ω 2 ω s +β s + β2
1.2s 1 1 1
P 12.26 Ig (s) = ; = 1.6; = 1; = 1.6
s2 + 1 RC LC C

V (s) 1 V (s)
+ + C[sV (s) − v(0− )] = Ig (s)
R L s

1 1
V (s) + + sC = Ig (s)
R Ls

Ig (s) LsIg (s) 1

C
sIg (s)
V (s) = = L =
1
R
+ Ls
1
+ sC R
s + 1 + s2 LC s2 + RC1
s+ 1
LC

(1.6)(1.2)s2 1.92s2
= =
(s2 + 1.6s + 1)(s2 + 1) (s2 + 1.6s + 1)(s2 + 1)

vo − Vdc 1
t dvo

P 12.27 [a] + vo dx + C =0
R L 0 dt
R
t dvo
.·. vo + vo dx + RC = Vdc
L 0 dt
 Problems 12–15

R Vo Vdc
[b] Vo + + RCsVo =
L s s
.·. sLVo + RVo + RCLs2 Vo = LVdc
(1/RC)Vdc
.·. Vo (s) =
s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
1
t
[c] io = vo dx
L 0
Vo (1/RCL)Vdc
Io (s) = =
sL s[s + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)]
2

1 1
P 12.28 [a] = = 50 × 106
LC (200 × 10 )(100 × 10−9 )
−3

1 1
= = 2000
RC (5000)(100 × 10−9 )
70,000
Vo (s) =
s2 + 2000s + 50 × 106
s1,2 = −1000 ± j7000 rad/s
70,000
Vo (s) =
(s + 1000 − j7000)(s + 1000 + j7000)
K1 K1∗
= +
s + 1000 − j7000 s + 1000 + j7000
70,000
K1 = = 5/− 90◦
j14,000
vo (t) = 10e−1000t cos(7000t − 90◦ )u(t) V

= 10e−1000t sin(7000t)u(t) V
35(10,000)
[b] Io (s) =
s(s + 1000 − j7000)(s + 1000 + j7000)
K1 K2 K2∗
= + +
s s + 1000 − j7000 s + 1000 + j7000
35(10,000)
K1 = = 7 mA
50 × 106
35(10,000)
K2 = = 3.54/171.87◦ mA
(−1000 + j7000)(j14,000)

io (t) = [7 + 7.07e−1000t cos(7000t + 171.87◦ )]u(t) mA

 12–16 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

1
t vo dvo
P 12.29 [a] Idc = vo dx + +C
L 0 R dt
Idc Vo (s) Vo (s)
[b] = + + sCVo (s)
s sL R
Idc /C
.·. Vo (s) =
s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
dvo
[c] io = C
dt
sIdc
.·. Io (s) = sCVo (s) =
s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)

1 1
P 12.30 [a] = = 500
RC (1 × 10 )(2 × 10−6 )
3

1 1
= = 40,000
LC (12.5)(2 × 10−6 )
500,000Idc
Vo (s) =
s + 500s + 40,000
500,000Idc
=
(s + 100)(s + 400)
15,000
=
(s + 100)(s + 400)
K1 K2
= +
s + 100 s + 400
15,000 15,000
K1 = = 50; K2 = = −50
300 −300
50 50
Vo (s) = −
s + 100 s + 400
vo (t) = [50e−100t − 50e−400t ]u(t) V
0.03s
[b] Io (s) =
(s + 100)(s + 400)
K1 K2
= +
s + 100 s + 400
0.03(−100)
K1 = = −0.01
300
0.03(−400)
K2 = = 0.04
−300
 Problems 12–17

−0.01 0.04
Io (s) = +
s + 100 s + 400
io (t) = (40e−400t − 10e−100t )u(t) mA

[c] io (0) = 40 − 10 = 30 mA
Yes. The initial inductor current is zero by hypothesis, the initial resistor
current is zero because the initial capacitor voltage is zero by hypothesis. Thus
at t = 0 the source current appears in the capacitor.
dv1 v1 − v2
P 12.31 [a] C + = ig
dt R
1
t v2 − v1
v2 dτ + =0
L 0 R
or
dv1 v1 v2
C + − = ig
dt R R
v1 v2 1
t
− + + v2 dτ = 0
R R L 0
V1 (s) V2 (s)
[b] CsV1 (s) + − = Ig (s)
R R
V1 (s) V2 (s) V2 (s)
− + + =0
R R sL
or
(RCs + 1)V1 (s) − V2 (s) = RIg (s)

−sLV1 (s) + (R + sL)V2 (s) = 0

Solving,
sIg (s)
V2 (s) =
C[s2 + (R/L)s + (1/LC)]
1 1 R
P 12.32 = 5 × 106 ; = 25 × 106 ; = 8000
C LC L

(6 × 10−3 )(5 × 106 )

V2 (s) =
s2 + 8000s + 25 × 106

s1,2 = −4000 ± j3000

30,000
V2 (s) =
(s + 4000 − j3000)(s + 4000 + j3000)
K1 K1∗
= +
s + 4000 − j3000 s + 4000 + j3000
 12–18 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

30,000
K1 = = −j5 = 5/− 90◦
j6000

v2 (t) = 10e−4000t cos(3000t − 90◦ )

= [10e−4000t sin 3000t]u(t) V

P 12.33 [a] For t ≥ 0+ :

vo dvo
+C + io = 0
R dt
dio dvo d2 io
vo = L ; =L 2
dt dt dt
L dio d2 io
.·. + LC 2
R dt dt
d2 io 1 dio 1
or 2
+ + io = 0
dt RC dt LC
1 1
[b] s2 Io (s) − sIdc − 0 + [sIo (s) − Idc ] + Io (s) = 0
RC LC

1 1
Io (s) s2 + s+ = Idc (s + 1/RC)
RC LC
Idc [s + (1/RC)]
Io (s) =
[s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)]
1 1
P 12.34 = 8000; = 16 × 106
RC LC
0.005(s + 8000)
Io (s) =
s2 + 8000s + 16 × 106
s1,2 = −4000

0.005(s + 8000) K1 K2
Io (s) = = +
(s + 4000)2 (s + 4000)2 s + 4000


K1 = 0.005(s + 8000)  = 20

s=−4000

d
K2 = [0.005(s + 8000)]s=−4000 = 0.005
ds
20 0.005
Io (s) = +
(s + 4000)2 s + 4000

io (t) = [20te−4000t + 0.005e−4000t ]u(t) V

 Problems 12–19

di1 d d di1
P 12.35 [a] 300 = 60i1 + 25 + 10 (i2 − i1 ) + 5 (i1 − i2 ) − 10
dt dt dt dt
d di1
0=5 (i2 − i1 ) + 10 + 40i2
dt dt
Simplifying the above equations gives:
di1 di2
300 = 60i1 + 10 +5
dt dt
di1 di2
0 = 40i2 + 5 +5
dt dt
300
[b] = (10s + 60)I1 (s) + 5sI2 (s)
s
0 = 5sI1 (s) + (5s + 40)I2 (s)

[c] Solving the equations in (b),

60(s + 8)
I1 (s) =
s(s + 4)(s + 24)
−60
I2 (s) =
(s + 4)(s + 24)
K1 K2 K3
[d] I1 (s) = + +
s s + 4 s + 24
(60)(8) (60)(4)
K1 = = 5; K2 = = −3
(4)(24) (−4)(20)
(60)(−16)
K3 = = −2
(−24)(−20)
 
5 3 2
I1 (s) = − −
s s + 4 s + 24
i1 (t) = (5 − 3e−4t − 2e−24t )u(t) A
K1 K2
I2 (s) = +
s + 4 s + 24
−60 −60
K1 = = −3; K2 = =3
20 −20
 
−3 3
I2 (s) = +
s + 4 s + 24
i2 (t) = (3e−24t − 3e−4t )u(t) A

[e] i1 (∞) = 5 A; i2 (∞) = 0 A

 12–20 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

[f] Yes, at t = ∞
300
i1 = = 5A
60
Since i1 is a dc current at t = ∞ there is no voltage induced in the 10 H
inductor; hence, i2 = 0. Also note that i1 (0) = 0 and i2 (0) = 0. Thus our
solutions satisfy the condition of no initial energy stored in the circuit.

P 12.36 From Problem 12.26:

1.92s2
V (s) =
(s2 + 1.6s + 1)(s2 + 1)

s2 + 1.6s + 1 = (s + 0.8 + j0.6)(s + 0.8 − j0.6); s2 + 1 = (s − j1)(s + j1)

Therefore

1.92s2
V (s) =
(s + 0.8 + j0.6)(s + 0.8 − j0.6)(s − j1)(s + j1)
K1 K1∗ K2 K2∗
= + + +
s + 0.8 − j0.6 s + 0.8 + j0.6 s − j1 s + j1

1.92s2 
K1 =  = 1/− 126.87◦
(s + 0.8 + j0.6)(s + 1) s=−0.8+j0.6
2


1.92s2 
K2 = 
 = 0.6/0◦
(s + j1)(s + 1.6s + 1) s=j1
2

Therefore

v(t) = [2e−0.8t cos(0.6t − 126.87◦ ) + 1.2 cos(t)]u(t) V

K1 K2 K3
P 12.37 [a] F (s) = + +
s+1 s+2 s+4

8s2 + 37s + 32 
K1 = =1
(s + 2)(s + 4) s=−1

8s2 + 37s + 32 
K2 = =5
(s + 1)(s + 4) s=−2

8s2 + 37s + 32 
K3 = =2
(s + 1)(s + 2) s=−4

f (t) = [e−t + 5e−2t + 2e−4t ]u(t)

 Problems 12–21

K1 K2 K3 K4
[b] F (s) = + + +
s s+2 s+3 s+5

8s3 + 89s2 + 311s + 300 
K1 = = 10
(s + 2)(s + 3)(s + 5) s=0

8s3 + 89s2 + 311s + 300 
K2 =  =5
s(s + 3)(s + 5) s=−2

8s3 + 89s2 + 311s + 300 
K3 =  = −8
s(s + 2)(s + 5) s=−3

8s3 + 89s2 + 311s + 300 
K4 =  =1
s(s + 2)(s + 3) s=−5

f (t) = [10 + 5e−2t − 8e−3t + e−5t ]u(t)

K1 K2 K2∗
[c] F (s) = + +
s+1 s+2−j s+2+j

22s2 + 60s + 58 
K1 = = 10
s2 + 4s + 5 s=−1

22s2 + 60s + 58 
K2 =  = 6 + j8 = 10/53.13◦
(s + 1)(s + 2 + j) s=−2+j
f (t) = [10e−t + 20e−2t cos(t + 53.13◦ )]u(t)
K1 K2 K2∗
[d] F (s) = + +
s s+7−j s+7+j

250(s + 7)(s + 14) 
K1 = = 490
s2 + 14s + 50 s=0

250(s + 7)(s + 14) 
K2 =  = 125/− 163.74◦
s(s + 7 + j) s=−7+j

f (t) = [490 + 250e−7t cos(t − 163.74◦ )]u(t)

K1 K2 K3
P 12.38 [a] F (s) = + +
s 2 s s+5

100 
K1 = = 20
s + 5 s=0
 
d 100 −100 
K2 = = = −4
ds s + 5 (s + 5)2 s=0

100 
K3 = =4
s2 s=−5
f (t) = [20t − 4 + 4e−5t ]u(t)
12–22 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

K1 K2 K3
[b] F (s) = + +
s (s + 1)2 s+1

50(s + 5) 
K1 = = 250
(s + 1)2 s=0

50(s + 5) 
K2 =  = −200
s s=−1
   
d 50(s + 5) 50 50(s + 5)
K3 = = − = −250
ds s s s2 s=−1

f (t) = [250 − 200te−t − 250e−t ]u(t)

K1 K2 K3 K3∗
[c] F (s) = + + +
s2 s s+3−j s+3+j

100(s + 3) 
K1 = 2 = 30
s + 6s + 10 s=0
 
d 100(s + 3)
K2 =
ds s2 + 6s + 10
 
100 100(s + 3)(2s + 6)
= 2 − = 10 − 18 = −8
s + 6s + 10 (s2 + 6s + 10)2 s=0

100(s + 3) 
K3 = 2 = 4 + j3 = 5/36.87◦
s (s + 3 + j) s=−3+j

f (t) = [30t − 8 + 10e−3t cos(t + 36.87◦ )]u(t)

K1 K2 K3 K4
[d] F (s) = + + +
s (s + 1)3 (s + 1)2 s + 1

5(s + 2)2 
K1 = = 20
(s + 1)3 s=0

5(s + 2)2 
K2 =  = −5
s s=−1
   
d 5(s + 2)2 10(s + 2) 5(s + 2)2
K3 = = −
ds s s s2 s=−1

= −10 − 5 = −15
 
1 d 10(s + 2) 5(s + 2)2
K4 = −
2 ds s s2
 
1 10 10(s + 2) 10(s + 2) 10(s + 2)2
= − − +
2 s s2 s2 s3 s=−1
 Problems 12–23

1
= (−10 − 10 − 10 − 10) = −20
2
f (t) = [20 − 2.5t2 e−t − 15te−t − 20e−t ]u(t)
K1 K2 K2∗ K3 K3∗
[e] F (s) = + + + +
s (s + 2 − j)2 (s + 2 + j)2 s + 2 − j s + 2 − j

400 

K1 = = 16
(s2 + 4s + 5)2 s=0

400 
K2 =  = 44.72/26.57◦
s(s + 2 + j)2 s=−2+j
   
d 400 −400 −800
K3 = = 2 +
ds s(s + 2 + j)2 s (s + 2 + j)2 s(s + 2 + j)3 s=−2+j

= 12 + j16 − 20 + j40 = −8 + j56 = 56.57/98.13◦

f (t) = [16 + 89.44te−2t cos(t + 26.57◦ ) + 113.14e−2t cos(t + 98.13◦ )]u(t)

P 12.39 [a] 5
F (s) = s2 + 6s + 8 5s2 + 38s + 80
5s2 + 30s + 40
8s + 40
8s + 40 K1 K2
F (s) = 5 + =5+ +
s2+ 6s + 8 s+2 s+4

8s + 40 
K1 = = 12
s + 4 s=−2

8s + 40 
K2 = = −4
s + 2 s=−4
f (t) = 5δ(t) + [12e−2t − 4e−4t ]u(t)

[b] 10
F (s) = s2 + 48s + 625 10s2 + 512s + 7186
10s2 + 480s + 6250
32s + 936
32s + 936 K1 K2∗
F (s) = 10 + = 10 + +
s2 + 48s + 625 s + 24 − j7 s + 24 + j7

32s + 936 
K1 =  = 16 − j12 = 20/− 36.87◦
s + 24 + j7 s=−24+j7
f (t) = 10δ(t) + [40e−24t cos(7t − 36.87◦ )]u(t)
 12–24 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

[c] s − 10
F (s) = s2 + 15s + 50 s3 + 5s2 − 50s − 100
s3 + 15s2 + 50s
−10s2 − 100s − 100
−10s2 − 150s − 500
50s + 400
K1 K2
F (s) = s − 10 + +
s + 5 s + 10

50s + 400 
K1 = = 30
s + 10 s=−5

50s + 400 
K2 = = 20
s + 5 s=−10
f (t) = δ  (t) − 10δ(t) + [30e−5t + 20e−10t ]u(t)
K1 K2 K3 K3∗
P 12.40 [a] F (s) = + + +
s2 s s + 1 − j2 s + 1 + j2

100(s + 1) 
K1 = 2 = 20
s + 2s + 5 s=0
   
d 100(s + 1) 100 100(s + 1)(2s + 2)
K2 = = 2 −
ds s + 2s + 5
2 s + 2s + 5 (s2 + 2s + 5)2 s=0

= 20 − 8 = 12

100(s + 1) 
K3 = 2 = −6 + j8 = 10/126.87◦
s (s + 1 + j2) s=−1+j2
f (t) = [20t + 12 + 20e−t cos(2t + 126.87◦ )]u(t)
K1 K2 K3 K4
[b] F (s) = + + +
s (s + 5)3 (s + 5)2 s + 5

500 
K1 = =4
(s + 5)3 s=0

500 
K2 = = −100
s s=−5
 
d 500 −500 
K3 = = = −20
ds s s2 s=−5
 
1 d −500 1 1000 
K4 = = = −4
2 ds s2 2 (s3 ) s=−5
f (t) = [4 − 50t2 e−5t − 20te−5t − 4e−5t ]u(t)
 Problems 12–25

K1 K2 K3 K4
[c] F (s) = + + +
s (s + 1)3 (s + 1)2 s+1

40(s + 2) 
K1 = = 80
(s + 1)3 s=0

40(s + 2) 
K2 =  = −40
s s=−1
   
d 40(s + 2) 40 40(s + 2)
K3 = = − = −40 − 40 = −80
ds s s s2 s=−1
 
1 d 40 40(s + 2)
K4 = −
2 ds s s2
 
1 −40 40 80(s + 2) 1
= − 2 + = (−40 − 40 − 80) = −80
2 s2 s s3 s=−1
2
f (t) = [80 − 20t2 e−t − 80te−t − 80e−t ]u(t)
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5
[d] F (s) = + + + +
s (s + 1)4 (s + 1)3 (s + 1)2 s+1

(s + 5)2 
K1 = = 25
(s + 1)4 s=0

(s + 5)2 
K2 =  = −16
s s=−1
   
d (s + 5)2 2(s + 5) (s + 5)2
K3 = = −
ds s s s2 s=−1

= −8 − 16 = −24
 
1 d 2(s + 5) (s + 5)2
K4 = −
2 ds s s2
 
1 2 2(s + 5) 2(s + 5) 2(s + 5)2
= − − +
2 s s2 s2 s3 s=−1

1
= (−2 − 8 − 8 − 32) = −25
2
 
1 d 2 2(s + 5) 2(s + 5) 2(s + 5)2
K5 = − − +
6 ds s s2 s2 s3
 
1 −2 2 4(s + 5) 2 4(s + 5) 4(s + 5) 6(s + 5)2
= − + − + + −
6 s2 s2 s3 s2 s3 s3 s4 s=−1

1
= (−2 − 2 − 16 − 2 − 16 − 16 − 96) = −25
6
f (t) = [25 − (8/3)t3 e−t − 12t2 e−t − 25te−t − 25e−t ]u(t)
 12–26 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

−1 K K∗
P 12.41 f (t) = L +
s + α − jβ s + α + jβ

= Ke−αt ejβt + K ∗ e−αt e−jβt

= |K|e−αt [ejθ ejβt + e−jθ e−jβt ]
= |K|e−αt [ej(βt+θ) + e−j(βt+θ) ]
= 2|K|e−αt cos(βt + θ)
 
n n dn F (s)
P 12.42 [a] L{t f (t)} = (−1)
dsn

1 dn F (s) (−1)n n!
Let f (t) = 1, then F (s) = , thus =
s dsn s(n+1)
 
(−1)n n! n!
Therefore L{tn } = (−1)n (n+1)
= (n+1)
s s

(r − 1)!
It follows that L{t(r−1) } =
sr
(r − 1)!
and L{t(r−1) e−at } =
(s + a)r

K K Ktr−1 e−at
Therefore L{tr−1 e−at } = = L
(r − 1)! (s + a)r (r − 1)!

−1 K K∗
[b] f (t) = L +
(s + α − jβ)r (s + α + jβ)r
Therefore
Ktr−1 −(α−jβ)t K ∗ tr−1 −(α+jβ)t
f (t) = e + e
(r − 1)! (r − 1)!
|K|tr−1 e−αt  jθ jβt 
= e e + e−jθ e−jβt
(r − 1)!
 
2|K|tr−1 e−αt
= cos(βt + θ)
(r − 1)!
 
1.92s3
lim sV (s) = s→∞
P 12.43 [a] s→∞ lim 4 =0
s [1 + (1.6/s) + (1/s2 )][1 + (1/s2 )]

Therefore v(0+ ) = 0

[b] No, V has a pair of poles on the imaginary axis.

 Problems 12–27

8s3 + 37s2 + 32s

P 12.44 [a] sF (s) =
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 4)
lim sF (s) = 0, .·. f (∞) = 0
s→0

lim sF (s) = 8, .·. f (0+ ) = 8

s→∞

8s3 + 89s2 + 311s + 300

[b] sF (s) =
(s + 2)(s2 + 8s + 15)
lim sF (s) = 10; .·. f (∞) = 10
s→0

lim sF (s) = 8, .·. f (0+ ) = 8

s→∞

22s3 + 60s2 + 58s

[c] sF (s) =
(s + 1)(s2 + 4s + 5)
lim sF (s) = 0, .·. f (∞) = 0
s→0

lim sF (s) = 22,

s→∞
.·. f (0+ ) = 22

250(s + 7)(s + 14)

[d] sF (s) =
(s2 + 14s + 50)
250(7)(14)
lim sF (s) = = 490, .·. f (∞) = 490
s→0 50
lim sF (s) = 250,
s→∞
.·. f (0+ ) = 250

100
P 12.45 [a] sF (s) =
s(s + 5)
F (s) has a second-order pole at the origin so we cannot use the final value
theorem.
lim sF (s) = 0, .·. f (0+ ) = 0
s→∞

50(s + 5)
[b] sF (s) =
(s + 1)2
lim sF (s) = 250, .·. f (∞) = 250
s→0

lim sF (s) = 0, .·. f (0+ ) = 0

s→∞

100(s + 3)
[c] sF (s) =
s(s2 + 6s + 10)
F (s) has a second-order pole at the origin so we cannot use the final value
theorem.
lim sF (s) = 0, .·. f (0+ ) = 0
s→∞
 12–28 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

5(s + 2)2
[d] sF (s) =
(s + 1)3
lim sF (s) = 20, .·. f (∞) = 20
s→0

lim sF (s) = 0, .·. f (0+ ) = 0

s→∞

400
[e] sF (s) =
(s2 + 4s + 5)2
lim sF (s) = 16, .·. f (∞) = 16
s→0

lim sF (s) = 0,
s→∞
.·. f (0+ ) = 0

P 12.46 All of the F (s) functions referenced in this problem are improper rational functions,
and thus the corresponding f (t) functions contain impulses (δ(t)). Thus, neither the
initial value theorem nor the final value theorem may be applied to these F (s)
functions!
sVdc /RC
P 12.47 sVo (s) =
s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)

lim sVo (s) = 0, .·. vo (∞) = 0

s→0

lim sVo (s) = 0,

s→∞
.·. vo (0+ ) = 0

Vdc /RCL)
sIo (s) =
s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)

Vdc /RLC Vdc Vdc

lim sIo (s) = = , .·. io (∞) =
s→0 1/LC R R

lim sIo (s) = 0,

s→∞
.·. io (0+ ) = 0

(Idc /C)s
P 12.48 sVo (s) =
s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)

lim sVo (s) = 0, .·. vo (∞) = 0

s→0

lim sVo (s) = 0, .·. vo (0+ ) = 0

s→∞

s2 Idc
sIo (s) =
s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)

lim sIo (s) = 0, .·. io (∞) = 0

s→0

lim sIo (s) = Idc ,

s→∞
.·. vo (0+ ) = Idc
 Problems 12–29

100(s + 1)
P 12.49 [a] sF (s) =
s(s2 + 2s + 5)
F (s) has a second-order pole at the origin, so we cannot use the final value
theorem here.
lim sF (s) = 0,
s→∞
.·. f (0+ ) = 0
500
[b] sF (s) =
(s + 5)3
lim sF (s) = 4, .·. f (∞) = 4
s→0

lim sF (s) = 0,
s→∞
.·. f (0+ ) = 0

40(s + 2)
[c] sF (s) =
(s + 1)3
lim sF (s) = 80, .·. f (∞) = 80
s→0

lim sF (s) = 0,
s→∞
.·. f (0+ ) = 0

(s + 5)2
[d] sF (s) =
(s + 1)4
lim sF (s) = 25, .·. f (∞) = 25
s→0

lim sF (s) = 0,
s→∞
.·. f (0+ ) = 0

Idc s[s + (1/RC)]

P 12.50 sIo (s) =
s2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)

lim sIo (s) = 0, .·. io (∞) = 0

s→0

lim sIo (s) = Idc ,

s→∞
.·. io (0+ ) = Idc