Section A [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

1. Which of the following experimental techniques reduces the systematic error of the
quantity being investigated?
A
B
C
D

Measuring the diameter of a wire repeatedly and calculate its average.

Adjusting the ammeter to remove its zero error before measuring a current.
Reading off the mass of an object directly from an electronic balance.
Timing a large number of oscillations to find a period.

2. In an experiment to determine the thickness of the glass of a boiling tube, the following
readings were taken.
Internal diameter, d 1 = (2.064 0.004 ) cm
External diameter, d2 = (2.560 0.004 ) cm
The uncertainty in the thickness of the glass is
A 0.002 cm

B 0.004 cm

C 0.008 cm

D 0.016 cm

3. A steel ball is released from rest at a distance above a horizontal surface and is allowed
to bounce. Which graph represents the variation with time, t of the acceleration, a?
a

4. A body A, of mass 8.0 kg moves directly towards a stationary body B, of mass 12 kg

and collide with it. They both then move off with the same velocity. If v A is the change
in the velocity of A and v B is the change in the velocity of B, which of the following
statement is true?

v A
3
is
v B
2
v A
2
B Kinetic energy is conserved and the magnitude of
is
v B
3
v A
3
C Momentum is conserved and the magnitude of
is
v B
2
v
2
D Momentum is conserved and the magnitude of A is
3
v B

A Kinetic energy is conserved and the magnitude of

5. A small electric motor is used to raise a weight of 2.0 N at a constant speed of

20 cms-1 through a certain height. If the efficiency of the motor is 20%, what is the
electrical power supplied to the motor?
A 0.08 W

B 0.80 W

C 2.0 W

D 200 W

6. Johar is playing with a toy car of mass 0.100 kg, and he lets the toy car travel along a
track which contains a vertical circular loop of radius 0.10 m as shown in the diagram
below.

What is the minimum speed of the car required at the top of the circular loop to prevent it
from falling off the track?
A 0.30 ms-1

B 0.99 ms-1

C 1.4 ms-1

D 10 ms-1

7. A ball is thrown at an angle above the horizontal. It lands on the ground after traveling
a certain distance. Air resistance is negligible.
Which of the following best shows the correct gravitational potential energy (GPE) ,
kinetic energy (KE) and total energy (TE) graphs for the ball? (Assume GPE to be zero
on the Earths surface.)
energy

energy

TE

TE

KE

GPE
time

GPE
0

time

energy

energy

TE

TE

KE
0

KE

GPE
time

GPE

KE

time
D

8. Two satellites, A and B, orbiting around Earth have the same gravitational potential
energy. Satellite A has a larger mass than satellite B. Which of the following statements
is true?
A
B
C
D

Both satellites have the same period.

Both satellites have the same linear speed.
Satellite A is at a higher orbit than satellite B.
Satellite B is at a higher orbit than satellite A.

9. A pole of length 2 m has non-uniform composition, so that the centre of gravity is not
at its geometrical centre. The pole is laid on supports across two weighing balances as
shown in the diagram below. The balances which was previously set to zero recorded
readings of 720 g and 480 g respectively.

2m
pole
720 g

480 g

Where is the centre of gravity of the pole from its geometrical centre?

1
m to the left
5
1
C m to the left
3
A

1
m to the right
5
1
D m to the right
3

10. A uniform, vertical wire is stretched by hanging a load from its lower end. Which of
the following does not affect the strain in the wire?
A
B
C
D

the stress
its unstretched length
its cross-sectional area
the load applied

11. A container of fixed volume contains a mass m of an ideal gas at pressure p. The root
mean square (r.m.s.) velocity of the molecules is c. A further mass m of the same gas is
added into the container and the pressure rises to 2p.
What is the final r.m.s. velocity of the molecules at pressure 2p?
A

c
2

B c

C c 2

D 2c

12. Two closed vessels X and Y contain equal masses of an ideal gas. X has a greater
volume than Y. When the temperature changes, which of the following represents the
variation of the pressure (in Nm-2) of the gas in each vessel with temperature (in 0C)?
p/Nm-2

p/Nm-2
Y

X
X

/ 0C

/ 0C
B

A
p/Nm-2

p/Nm-2
X

Y
Y

/ 0C
C

/ 0C
D

13. An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder by a gas-tight, frictionless piston. The gas then
undergoes a series of changes as shown in the figure below.

Pressure / 10 Pa
A
4
3

2
1
-2

Volume / 10 m3
2

Which of the following statements is true?

A
B
C
D

There is no change in the internal energy of the gas.

Work is done on the gas.
The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is the same at both states A and B.
Heat is gained by the gas.

14. Two metal rods of the same length and cross sectional area is connected end to end.
The composite rod is insulated perfectly and its exposed ends are maintained at 100oC
and 0oC as shown in the diagram (a) below. When equilibrium is achieved , the variation
in temperature gradient with distance from the hot end of the composite rod is shown in
diagram (b).

Insulation
100oC

0 oC
Insulation

Temperature
gradient

(a)

Joint

3y

y
distance

(b)
What is the temperature at the joint of the composite rod ?
A 33oC

B 50oC

C 67oC

D 75oC

15. Some astronomical objects radiates as black bodies. These bodies are spherical where
the surface temperature is inversely proportional to its radius. X and Y are such objects
rate of energy emitted by X
?
where the radius of X is twice that of Y. Calculate
rate of energy emitted by Y
A 0.25

B 1.00

C 2.60

D 4.00

Section B [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.
16. The period of oscillation of a pendulum is given by the equation
l
T 2
g
where l is the length of the pendulum and g is the acceleration of free fall.
To determine g, a student obtained the following data :
Period of oscillation = (0.910 0.005) s
Length of pendulum = (20.6 0.1) cm
(a) Determine the percentage uncertainty in g

(b) Express g together its associated uncertainty.

[4 marks]

[3 marks]

17. (a) State three assumptions of an ideal gas.

[3 marks]

(b) State in words how the temperature of an ideal gas is related to the energy of the
molecules of the gas.
[1 mark]

(c) A plasma is a mixture of gas atoms, gas ions and electrons, all in thermal equilibrium.
In a certain hydrogen plasma, the hydrogen atoms, hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons
can be assumed to behave like the molecules of a mixture of three ideal gases. The r.m.s.
4
speed of the hydrogen ions in the plasma is found to be 6.0 x 10 ms-1.
(i)

Determine the r.m.s. speed of the hydrogen atoms and electrons in the plasma.
[3 marks]

(ii) Determine the temperature of the plasma.

[2 marks]

Section C [30 marks]

Answer any two questions in this section.

18. (a) What do you understand by

(i) the mass of a body
(ii) the weight of a body
Give an example
(iii) of an object that has no mass
(iv) a situation where object that has mass but has no weight.

[4 marks]

(b) A toy rocket consists of a plastic bottle which is partially filled with water. The space
above the water contains compressed air, as shown in the diagram below.
Compressed air
Water

Nozzle

At one instant during the flight of the rocket, water of density is forced through the
nozzle of radius r at speed v relative to the nozzle. Determine in terms of , r and v,
(i)
(ii)

the mass of water ejected per unit time from the nozzle.
the rate of change of momentum of water.

Hence show that the accelerating force F acting on the rocket is given by the expression

F r 2 v 2 mg
where m is the mass of the rocket and its contents at the instant considered.
[6 marks]

(c) The toy manufacturer recommends that the rocket should contain about 550 cm3 of
5
water before take-off. If the initial air pressure is 1.6 x 10 Pa , all of this water will be
expelled and the pressure is just reduced to atmospheric pressure as the last of the water
is expelled. However , on one flight, the initial volume of water was 750 cm3 but the
5
initial air pressure in the rocket was still 1.6 x 10 Pa.
State , without calculation but with a reason, the effect of this increased volume of water
on
(i) the initial thrust
(ii) the initial resultant accelerating force
(iii) the initial acceleration
(iv) the final mass of the rocket and its contents,
(v) the maximum height reached.
[5 marks]

19.(a) (i) Define stress and strain for a wire. How are these quantities related to the
Youngs modulus of the wire.
[3 marks]
(ii) Two wires are made from the same material. If one wire is longer and have a
smaller diameter than the other, what can you deduce about the Youngs modulus of the
wires.
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Explain the term plastic deformation of a wire. How is it used to differentiate
materials that are ductile or brittle.
[3 marks]
(ii) Polymeric materials such as rubber and polythene have rather different behavior
under stress. Sketch the stress-strain graph for rubber and polythene and explain their
behaviors on elasticity.
[4 marks]
-7

(c) A load of 35.0 N applied to a wire of cross-sectional area 1.50 x 10 m2 and length
2.00 m causes an extension of 1.00 mm.
Calculate
(i) the stress on the wire
(ii) the strain of the wire
(iii) the energy stored per unit volume
[4 marks]

20.(a) The simple microscopic model of an ideal gas may be used to derive the relation

1
c 2 . By comparing this equation with the ideal gas equation pVm RT ,
3

find an expression for the temperature of a gas in terms of the average kinetic energy of
the molecules and the Boltzmann constant.
[6 marks]
(b) (i)What is meant by a degree of freedom.
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain why different types of molecules have differing degrees of freedom at
room temperature.
[4 marks]
(iii) State the Principle of Equipartition of Energy
[1 mark]
(c) It is known that the ratio of the principle molar heat capacities of a gas, , is related
to the degrees of freedom by the relation

2
where f is the degrees of freedom.
f

The value of for a certain diatomic gas is 1.40 at 300 K , but at 50 K it is 1.67.
Calculate the number of degree of freedom at these temperatures. Suggest an explanation
for the difference.
[4 marks]

Values of Constants ( Nilai Pemalar)

Acceleration of free fall

(Pecutan jatuh bebas)

g = 9.81 m s-2

Avogadro constant

(Pemalar Avogadro)

NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

Boltzmann constant

(Pemalar Boltzmann)

k = 1.38 x 10-23 J K-1

Gravitational constant

(Pemalar gravity)

Magnitude of electronic
charge

(Magnitud cas electron)

e = 1.60 x 10-19 C

Mass of the Earth

(Jisim Bumi)

ME = 5.97 x 1024 kg

Mass of the Sun

(Jisim Matahari)

MS = 1.99 x 1030 kg

Molar gas constant

(Pemalar gas molar)

R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1

Permeability of free space

(Ketelapan ruang bebas)

0 = 4 x 10-7 Hm-1

Permittivity of free space

(Ketelusan ruang bebas)

0 = 8.85 x 10 -12 Fm-1

G = 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2kg-2

1
-9
-1

x 10 F m
36
Planck constant

(Pemalar Planck)

h = 6.63 x 10-34 J s

Radius of the Earth

(Jejari Bumi)

RE = 6.38 x 106 m

Radius of the Sun

(Jejari Matahari)

RS = 6.96 x 108 m

Rest mass of electron

(Jisim rehat electron)

me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg

Rest mass of proton

(Jisim rehat proton)

mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg

Speed of light in free space

(Laju cahaya dalam ruang bebas)

c = 3.00 x 108 ms-1

Stefan-Boltzmann constant

(Pemalar Stefan-Boltzmann)

Unified atomic mass unit

(Unit jisim atom bersatu)

= 5.67 x 10-8 Wm-2K-4

u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg