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Cheat Sheet

This document provides information on various chemistry concepts including: 1. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation relates the vapor pressure of a substance to temperature. Common constants for elements are provided. 2. Henry's law describes the solubility of a gas in a liquid. The van't Hoff factor is used to calculate changes in boiling point and freezing point elevation for solutions. 3. Phase diagrams illustrate the relationships between temperature, pressure, and state changes for substances. 4. Equilibrium constants like Ksp describe the equilibrium state for chemical reactions. The Nernst equation relates cell potential to reaction quotient for electrochemical cells.

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643 views2 pages

Cheat Sheet

This document provides information on various chemistry concepts including: 1. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation relates the vapor pressure of a substance to temperature. Common constants for elements are provided. 2. Henry's law describes the solubility of a gas in a liquid. The van't Hoff factor is used to calculate changes in boiling point and freezing point elevation for solutions. 3. Phase diagrams illustrate the relationships between temperature, pressure, and state changes for substances. 4. Equilibrium constants like Ksp describe the equilibrium state for chemical reactions. The Nernst equation relates cell potential to reaction quotient for electrochemical cells.

Uploaded by

redhoodie
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHE102

Clausius-Clapeyron equation
(
)
Hvap 1
1
Pvap1
=

ln
Pvap2
R
T1
T2

Common constant
12.01
19.00
35.45
44.01
100.1

C
F
Cl
CO2
CaCO3
R

NA

N
P
Ag
H2 O
NO2

14.01
30.97
107.9
18.02
46.01

O
S
Pb
HCl
Hg

16.00
32.07
207.2
36.46
200.6

Henrys law
Pi = ki xi

L atm
J
= 0.082058
K mol
K mol
6.02 1023 /mol

mol solute
kg solvent .

Molarity=

Pi
ki

where ki is the Henrys law constant for the solution, xi


is the mole fraction of the gas, and temperature, and Ci
mL gas
is L solvent .
Relationship in liquid phase: k increases, solubility
decreases

8.314

Concentration
Molality=

Ci =

mol solute
L solution .

Daltons
Pi = yi Ptotal
yi : molfraction in vapor

Gases
Kinetic theory
P = 13 m
u2 N
V , where N is the number of molecules.

Raoults
Pi = xi Pivap
xi :mol fraction in liquid

Boiling/freezing point elevation

Van der Waals equation

Tb = iKb m

Tf = iKf m

where i 1 is the van t Ho factor (average # of ions


2
1000g/kg is the
per molecule of solute) and m = m2m/M
1
molality of the solution.

RT
a

=P
Vm b Vm2
)
(
a
P + 2 (Vm b) = RT
Vm

Phase diagram

P Vm3 (bP + RT )Vm2 + aVm ab = 0


where Vm = Vn , a increases with intermolecular attraction, and b increases with gas molecule size.

From lower -> higher T along const. P, enthalpy


increases (heat absorbed)

Compressibility factor

From lower -> higher P along const. T, volume


decreases

Z=

P Vm
RT

Vreal
Videal .

Generally, 0.1 < Z < 1.5.


Osmotic pressure

Eusion and diusion

M2
1
Diusion: Rate
=
Rate2
M1 .

M2
N1
1
Eusion: Rate
Rate2 = N2
M1

= cRT

V = nRT

where c = nV2 is the molar concentration of the solute. n


is the mol of solute

N
Rate of eusion: Zw = 4V
u
A where N is the #
of molecules, V is volume, A is the pinhole area, u
is
Solubility product constant Ksp
average speed.

Ksp = [A]a [B]b

Vapors
Antoines equation

Solubility

B
ln Pvap1 = A
C +T
where A, B, C are constants that depend on the substance and temperature.

(
S=

Ksp
aa bb

1
) a+b

Concentration of solute that can dissolve.


1

Vant Ho Equation
ln

K2
H
=
K1
R

1
1

T1
T2

Galvanic cell

Anode
Cathode
Electrons flow from
to
This happens oxidation reduction
Charge
+
higher E -> better oxidating and the other way
around for reduction. Oxidation: lose e

Percent dissociation
- dont use Vant Ho but this
Tf = Ki mef f

Standard state

Equilibrium

In the standard state, the half-cells have concentrations


of 1.0 M, pressures of 1 atm, and temperatures of 25 C.
If E is positive, the reaction goes .

Equilibrium constant K
For a simple, one-step equilibrium reaction
aA + bB cC + dD

Nernst equation

the equilibrium constant is

For a half-cell reaction


c

K=

[C] [D]
[A]a [B]b

0.0592
RT
o
ln Q
Ecell = Ecell

lnQ
nF
n
where K can be Kc (if [A] is molar concentration of A at
where R = 8.314, n is the # of e transferred, F =
equilibrium) or Kp (if [A] is pressure of A at equilibrium). NA
4
e 9.65 10 is Faradays constant (coulombs per
To convert, Kp = Kc (RT )c+dab . Reverse Kp & Kc by
mole) & Q: reaction quotient. At Ecell = 0, the cell is in
add negative to the exponent
o
equilibrium. For concentration cell, Ecell
=0

Ecell = Ecell

Reaction quotient Q

pH = log10 [H + ]

Use the equilibrium equation with current rather than


equilibrium values. Q = K: reaction is in equilibrium. Relationship b/w K & E
Q < K: reaction goes . Q > K: reaction goes .
9
nEcell
K = 10( 0.0592 )

Electrochemistry
Chemical kinetics

Oxidation states

Rate of reaction r - A, B are reactants, C is product


1 d[A]
1 d[C]
F: 1. Cl, Br, I: 1 except with O or other halogens.
r=
=
= k[A]n [B]m
a dt
c dt
H: +1, but 1 with metals.
Order
Rate law
Integrated Rate
Straight line
Group 1, 2 metals: 1, 2.

O: 2, but 1 for peroxides (H2 O2 ), +2 with F.


Group -1, -2, -3 have corresponding oxidation states.
Balancing redox reactions

0
1
2

R = k[A]
R = k[A]2

Order

R=k

[A]t = kt + [A]o

ln[A]t = kt + ln[A]o
1
1
[A]t = kt + [A]0
Unit

[A] vs time

ln[A] vs time
1
[A] vs time

Half-life

[A]o
0
-ve slope
2k
ln2
1
+ve slope
k
1
2
slope
k[A]o
*** Radioactive is always 1st order
mol
Ls
1
s
L
mols

Write half-reactions.
Balance atoms except H and O.
Balance O by adding H2 O.

Balance H by adding H + to the hydrogen-deficient Arrhenius equation


side (acid) or H2 O to it and OH to the other side
Ea
(base).
k = Ae RT
Balance charges by adding e .

Ea
k2
=
ln
k1
R

1
1

T1
T2

where A is the pre-exponential constant for the reaction


and Ea is the activation energy. Note that you can obtain

Add the two half-reactions to cancel e .


2

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