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Result &calculation

This document summarizes experiments conducted in a chemical engineering laboratory course to study plug flow reactors (PFRs). The experiments examined the effect of residence time and temperature on a reaction occurring in a PFR. In Experiment 3, conversion of the reaction decreased as flow rate increased, resulting in shorter residence times. Experiment 4 showed conversion decreased with increasing temperature. The results aligned with theories that higher residence times and lower temperatures increase conversion by allowing more contact between reactants. Care was needed to control flow rates and avoid errors in titration measurements.

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Mohd Azman Suwandi
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80 views9 pages

Result &calculation

This document summarizes experiments conducted in a chemical engineering laboratory course to study plug flow reactors (PFRs). The experiments examined the effect of residence time and temperature on a reaction occurring in a PFR. In Experiment 3, conversion of the reaction decreased as flow rate increased, resulting in shorter residence times. Experiment 4 showed conversion decreased with increasing temperature. The results aligned with theories that higher residence times and lower temperatures increase conversion by allowing more contact between reactants. Care was needed to control flow rates and avoid errors in titration measurements.

Uploaded by

Mohd Azman Suwandi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING


UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

ECH 3905 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III

EXPERIMENT 3

: EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIME ON THE


REACTION IN A PFR

EXPERIMENT 4

: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE


REACTION IN A PFR

(SAME DAY REPORT)

LECTURER

: DR. FAIZAH BINTI MOHD YASIN

DEMONSTRATOR : MR. NORISHAM ABDUL WAHAB


PREPARED BY GROUP 7 (MONDAY) :
MOHD AZMAN BIN SUWANDI

174824

MOHAMAD ASWARI BIN BASRI

174822

ETR ALNADA SALAM ALQARNI

175604

DATE PERFORMED : 02/11/2015

THEORETICAL
A Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) consists in a long, straight pipe in which the reactive fluid
transits at steady state (no accumulation). These reactor have continuous inflow and outflow of
materials. In the tubular reactor, the feed enters at one end of a cylindrical tube and the product
stream leaves at the other end. The long tube and the lack of provision for stirring prevents
complete mixing of the fluid in the tube. Hence the properties of the flowing stream will vary
from one point to another, namely in both radial and axial directions.

Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of a Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)


Fluid is thought to be flow into the reactor as a series of infinitely thin coherent "plugs",
each with a uniform composition, traveling in the axial direction of the reactor, with each plug
having a different composition from the ones before and after it. The plug flow reactor works
well with many fluids: gases, liquids and slurries.
In the ideal tubular reactor, which is called the plug flow reactor, specific assumptions are
made about the extent of mixing which are no mixing in the axial direction, i.e., the direction of
flow, complete mixing in the radial direction and a uniform velocity profile across the radius.
Each plug of differential volume is considered as a separate entity, effectively an
infinitesimally small batch reactor, limiting to zero volume. As it flows down the tubular PFR,
the residence time () of the plug is a function of its position in the reactor. In the ideal PFR, the
residence time distribution is therefore a Dirac delta function with a value equal to .

The validity of the assumptions will depend on the geometry of the reactor and the flow
conditions. Deviations, which are frequent but not always important, are of two kinds:
1. Mixing in longitudinal direction due to vortices and turbulence.
2. Incomplete mixing in radial direction in laminar flow conditions.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT:
Table 1: Raw Data for Experiment 3 of Different Flow Rates
Flow
Rate
(L/min)
0.5
1.0
1.5

Burette Reading
(mL)
Initial
0.00
0.00
0.00

Final
19.50
18.00
17.50

Volume
of NaOH
used
(mL)

Residence
Conductivity
Time,t
(ms/cm)
(min)

19.50
18.00
17.50

2.52
1.59
1.08

3.92
3.58
3.17

Table 2: The results for total flow rate of 0.5,1, and 1.5 L/min
Flow rate F1301
F1302
T1101 T1102
Q1401
Q1401
0
0
(L/min) (L/min) (L/min)
( C)
( C)
(mS/cm) (mS/cm)
0.5
1.54
0.28
38.4
48.5
20.19
2.40
1.0
1.13
1.39
38.4
48.9
20.19
3.39
1.5
1.37
1.52
33.7
42.2
20.19
3.68
Table 3: The results for temperature of 500C , 600C, and 70 0C
Date Time Temperat F1301
F1302
T1101 T1102
0
ure ( C) (L/min) (L/min)
(0C)
(0C)
19/10 1414
50
1.09
0.89
34.3
40.9
19/10 1448
60
1.15
0.89
39.1
38.6
23/3 1453
70
1.11
1.39
46.9
42.3

Q1401
(mS/cm)
20.19
20.19
20.19

Q1401
(mS/cm)
3.59
3.46
3.53

Table 4: Analyzed Data for Experiment 3


Flow rate, F

Residence
time, (min)

Volume of

Conversion,

NaOH used,

0.5
1.0

(L/min)

Rate constant, k
L/(mol.min)

2.747

V(ml)
19.5

Rate of
reaction, -rA
(mol/L.min)

0.890

0.00382

29.45

1.984

18.0

0.860

0.00607

30.96

1.5

1.730

17.5

0. 850

0.00737

32.75

Table 5: Analyzed Data for Experiment 4


Temperature

Residence
time
(min)

Volume of

Conversion,

NaOH used

50

2.525

21.5

0.93

60

2.451

18.5

0.87

7
0.00461

27.30

70

2.000

17.5

0.85

0.00637

28.33

( C)

(ml)

Rate
of Rate constant, k
reaction, -rA L/(mol.min)
(mol/L.min)
0.0025 52.61

CALCULATED RESULT:
Preparation of Solutions:
Concentration NaOH, CNaOH = 0.05 mol/L
Concentration ethyl acetate, Cethyl acetate = 0.05 mol/L
55L of each solution are required.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Relative molecular mass of NaOH= 40.0g/mol
Volume of NaOH in feed = 35L
Density of NaOH =2000g/L

No of moles of NaOH required = Concentration NaOH, CNaOH volume of solution


mol
0.05
35 L
=
= 1.75 mol
L
Mass of NaOH required = no of moles 40.0 g/mol
= 1.75 mol 40.0 g /mol = 70 g
Ethyl Acetate (EtAC)
Relative molecular mass of CH3COOC2H5= 88.11g/mol
Density of CH3COOC2H5 = 0.897 g/cm

No of moles of CH3COOC2H5 required = Concentration CH3COOC2H5, C CH3C00C2H5 volume


of solution

0.05

mol
30 L
L

= 1.50 mol
= no of moles 88.11 g/mol
= 1.50 mol 88.11 g /mol

Mass of CH3COOC2H5 required

=132.165 g
=

Mass of CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 required


Density of CH 3 COOC 2 H 5

132.165 g
3
0.897 g /c m

Volume of CH3COOC2H5 required

= 147.34 cm3

Residence Time
= V / o
For flow rates of 0.5 L/min:
o = 1.54 L/min NaOH + 0.28 L/min Et (Ac) = 1.82 L/min
V = 5L
= 2.747 mi n
Conversion, X
Moles of reacted NaOH, n1 = Concentration NaOH x Volume of NaOH titrated
= 0.1 M x 0.0195 L = 0.00195 mol
Moles of unreacted HCl, n2 = Moles of reacted NaOH n2= n1 , n2= 0.00195 mole
Volume of unreacted HCl, V
=

0.00195
= 0.0078 L
0.25

Volume of HCl reacted, V2 = Total volume HCl V1 = 0.01 0.0078 = 0.0022 L


Moles of reacted HCl, n3 = Concentration HCl x V2 = 0.25 x 0.0022 =0.00055 mol
Moles of unreacted NaOH, n4, n4= n3= 0.00055 mol
Concentration of unreacted NaOH

n4
volume sample

0.00055
0.05

= 0.011 M

Xunreacted = (Concentration of unreacted NaOH)/(Concentration of NaOH) =


Xreacted = 1 - Xunreacted = 1 - 0.11 = 0.89
Conversion for flow rate 0.5L/min = 0.89 x 100% = 89%

0.011
0.1 = 0.11

Reaction Rate Constant, k

For flow rates of 0.5 L/min:


V0= Total inlet flow rate= 1.82 L/min
VTFR= Volume for reactor = 5 L
CA0= inlet concentration of NaOH= 0.1 M
X = 0.89
k=

1.82
0.89
L
(
)
29.45
=
5 ( 0.1 ) 10.89
mol . min

Rate of Reaction, -rA;


r A=k (C AO)2 (1 X)2 =29.45(0.1)2(10.89)2
0.00382

mol
L .min

(Experiment 3)

Conversion vs Flowrate
0.9
0.89
0.88
0.87
Conversion, X

0.86
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

Flowrate, F (L/min)

1.4

1.6

Figure 1: Graph of Conversion vs Flowrate

Rate of Reaction vs Residence Time


0.01
0.01
Rate of Reaction,-ra,mol/L .min

0
0
0
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Residence Time, min

Figure 2: Rate of Reaction vs Residence Time


(Experiment 4)

Conversion vs Temperature
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
Conversion,X

0.86
0.84
0.82
0.8
40

45

50

55

60

Temperature,T (C)

Figure 3: Conversion vs Temperature

65

70

75

Rate of reaction vs Residence Time


0.01
0.01
0.01
0

Rate of Reaction,-ra (mol/L.min)

0
0
0
2.7

2.5

2.3

2.1

1.9

1.7

0
1.5

Residence Time, (min)

Figure 4: Rate of reaction vs Residence time

DISCUSSION:
The objectives of this experiment is to examine the effect of a step change input in a plug flow
reactor and to construct a residence time distribution (RTD) function for the plug flow reactor.
There are two parameters vary in the experiment which are flow rate in experiment 3 and
temperature in experiment 4. . Before the experiment begins, 0.05M NaOH and 0.05M ethyl
acetate, EtAc were prepared to fill up both tanks HB1 and HB2 respectively. The result of
experiment 3 and 4 are shown in Table 4 and 5.
The conversion, X is measured by taking the sample from the reactor at the end of each flow rate
is be titrated with hydrochloric acid. In Figure 1 shows the result of the experiment which it is
observed that the conversion X, which is the ratio of number of moles NaOH reacted to initial
number of moles of NaOH decreases with the increase in flow rates. By this, it is known that
number of moles of NaOH reacted decrease as flow rates increase. The highest percentage of
conversion is 0.890 when the flow rate is at the lowest, which is 0.5 L/min. This is because when
the flow rate decreases, both solutions have longer residence time in the reactor, which means
that the solutions have longer time of contact and more sodium acetate, NaAc will be formed.
Residence time is defined as the time where reactant spent in the reactor. Figure 2 shows that the
longer residence time, the lower the rate of reaction. The trend is following the theory of rate of
reaction. Therefore, the trend is proved in this experiment.

Based on Figure 3, which is graph of Conversion vs Temperature, it shows that as the


temperature increase, the conversion will be decreasing. The trend in the experiment is correct
since collision theory state that as the temperature increase, the reactant molecule will produce
higher kinetic energy which cause the molecule move faster and collide more frequently.
Therefore, the rate of reaction will increase.
Figure 4 shows that, as the residence time higher, the rate of reaction will be higher. It is because,
when the temperature increases, the reactant will have more energy. Therefore, the reaction takes
short time to complete the reaction.
There are a few problems or errors that occurred during the experiment. One of the main
problems is that the flow rates are very hard to be controlled. The flow rate is never constant
during the experiment. Therefore, errors are considered when the values of flow rates are out of
range which is +/- 0.1 L/min. The accuracy of titration is also very important as it affects the
conversion of the reactants. Parallax errors must be considered.

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