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Very Valuable For Calculus For Surface

The document reviews surface area and surface integrals. It discusses how to compute the area of a non-flat surface in space using either parametric or explicit equations of the surface. For a surface given parametrically, the area is computed as a double integral of the magnitude of the cross product of the tangent vectors. For a surface given explicitly as the level set of a function, the area over a flat region is a double integral of the gradient magnitude divided by its dot product with the normal vector. Examples are provided to illustrate these formulas.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
116 views14 pages

Very Valuable For Calculus For Surface

The document reviews surface area and surface integrals. It discusses how to compute the area of a non-flat surface in space using either parametric or explicit equations of the surface. For a surface given parametrically, the area is computed as a double integral of the magnitude of the cross product of the tangent vectors. For a surface given explicitly as the level set of a function, the area over a flat region is a double integral of the gradient magnitude divided by its dot product with the normal vector. Examples are provided to illustrate these formulas.

Uploaded by

吳庭昕
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.

5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.


The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.


The surface is given in explicit form.

Review: Arc length and line integrals


I

The integral of a function f : [a, b] R is


Z b
n
X
f (xi ) x.
f (x) dx = lim
n

a
I

i=0

The arcZlength of a curve r : [t0 , t1 ] R3 in space is


t1
st1 ,t0 =
|r0 (t)| dt.
t0

The integral of a function


f :ZR3 R along a curve
Z
t1

3
r : [t0 , t1 ] R is
f ds =
f r(t) |r0 (t)| dt.
C

The circulation of aZ function F :ZR3 R3 along a curve


t1

3
r : [t0 , t1 ] R is
F u ds =
F r(t) r0 (t) dt.
C

t0

t0

3
The flux of a function F : {z = 0} R3
I {z = 0} R along
a loop r : [t0 , t1 ] {z = 0} R3 is F = F n ds.
C

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.


The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.


The surface is given in explicit form.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function


I

The double integral of a function f : R R2 R on a region


R R2 , which is the volume under the graph of f and above
the z = 0 plane, and is given by
ZZ
f dA = lim

n X
n
X

f (xi , yj ) x y .

i=0 j=0

2
The area of a flat
Z Zsurface R R is the particular case f = 1,
that is, A(R) =
dA.
R

We will show how to compute:


I

The area of a non-flat surface in space. (Today.)

The integral of a scalar function f on a surface is space.

The flux of a vector-valued function F on a surface in space.

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.


The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.


The surface is given in explicit form.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces


Review: Curves on R2 can be defined in:
I

Explicit form, y = f (x);

Implicit form, F (x, y ) = 0;

Parametric form, r(t) = hx(t), y (t)i.


The vector r0 (t) = hx 0 (t), y 0 (t)i is tangent to the curve.

Review: Surfaces in R3 can be defined in:


I

Explicit form, z = f (x, y );

Implicit form, F (x, y , z) = 0;

Parametric form, r(u, v ) = hx(u, v ), y (u, v ), z(u, v )i.


Two vectors tangent to the surface are
u r(u, v ) = hu x(u, v ), u y (u, v ), u z(u, v )i,
v r(u, v ) = hv x(u, v ), v y (u, v ), v z(u, v )i.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces


Example
Find a parametric expression for the cone z =
tangent vectors.

x 2 + y 2 , and two

Solution: Use cylindrical coordinates: x = r cos(), y = r sin(),


z = z. Parameters of the surface: u = r , v = . Then
x(r , ) = r cos(),

y (r , ) = r sin(),

z(r , ) = r .

Using vector notation, a parametric equation of the cone is


r(r , ) = hr cos(), r sin(), r i.
Two tangent vectors to the cone are r r and r,
r r = hcos(), sin(), 1i,

r = hr sin(), r cos(), 0i.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces


Example
Find a parametric expression for the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 ,
and two tangent vectors.
Solution: Use spherical coordinates:
x = cos() sin(), y = sin() sin(), z = cos().
Parameters of the surface: u = , v = .
x = R cos() sin(),

y = R sin() sin(),

z = R cos().

Using vector notation, a parametric equation of the cone is


r(, ) = R hcos() sin(), sin() sin(), cos()i.
Two tangent vectors to the paraboloid are r and r,
r = R h sin() sin(), cos() sin(), 0i,
r = R hcos() cos(), sin() cos(), sin()i.

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.


The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.


The surface is given in explicit form.

The area of a surface in parametric form


Theorem
Given a smooth surface S with parametric equation
r(u, v ) = hx(u, v ), y (u, v ), z(u, v )i for u [u0 , u1 ] and v [v0 , v1 ]
Z u1 Z v1
is given by
|u r v r| dv du.
A(S) =
u0

Remark: The function

S = { r ( u, v ) }
u=

v=

v0

d = |u r v r| dv du.
represents the area of a small
region on the surface.

du r
x

dv r

This is the generalization to


surfaces of the arc-length formula
for the length of a curve.

The area of a surface in parametric form


Example
Find an expression for the area of the surface in space given by the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 0 and z = 4.
Solution: Use cylindrical coordinates. The surface in parametric
form is
r(r , ) = hr cos(), r sin(), r 2 i.
The tangent vectors to the surface r r, r are
r r = hcos(), sin(), 2r i,

r = hr sin(), r cos(), 0i.





i
j
k



sin() 2r
r r r = cos()
r sin() r cos() 0
r r r = h2r 2 cos(), 2r 2 sin(), r i.

The area of a surface in parametric form


Example
Find an expression for the area of the surface in space given by the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 0 and z = 4.
Solution: Recall: r r r = h2r 2 cos(), 2r 2 sin(), r i.
p
p
4
2
|r r r| = 4r + r = r 1 + 4r 2 .
Z

A(S) =

r
0

1 + 4r 2 dr d.

This integral will be done later on by substitution. The result is:


A(S) =



(17)3/2 1 .
6

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.


The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.


The surface is given in explicit form.

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Theorem
Given a smooth function f : R3 R, the area of a level surface
S = {f (x, y , z) = 0}, over a closed, bounded region R in the plane
{z = 0}, is given by
ZZ
|f |
A(S) =
dA.
R |f k|
z

Remark: Eq. (7), page 949, in

S = { f (x,y,z) = 0 }
k
f

y
R
x

the textbook is more general


than the equation above, since
the region R can be located on
any plane, not only the plane
{z = 0} considered here.
The vector p in the textbook is
the vector normal to R. In our
case p = k.

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Recall: The area of a level surface S = {f (x, y , z) = 0} over a flat
region R in {z = 0}, is given by
ZZ
A(S) =
R

|f |
dA.
|f k|

Example
Find the area of S = {z 1 = 0} over R in {z = 0}.
Solution: This is simple: f (x, y , z) = z 1, so f = k, hence
ZZ
|f |
= 1 A(S) =
dx dy = A(R).
|f k|
R

Remark: The formula for A(S) is reasonable: Every flat horizontal


surface S over a flat horizontal region R satisfies A(S) = A(R).

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Recall: The area of a level surface S = {f (x, y , z) = 0} over a flat
region R in {z = 0}, is given by
ZZ
A(S) =
R

|f |
dA.
|f k|

Example
Find the area of S = {y + z 1 = 0} over R in {z = 0}.
Solution: The plane S intersects the horizontal plane at a /4
angle. So, f (x, y , z) = y + z 1, and f = j + k, hence
ZZ

|f |
= 2 A(S) =
2 dx dy A(S) = 2 A(R).
|f k|
C
R

Remark: The formula for A(S) is still reasonable: Every flat


surface S having
an angle /4 over a flat horizontal region R
satisfies A(S) = 2 A(R).

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Recall: The area of a level surface S = {f (x, y , z) = 0} over a flat
horizontal region R in {z = 0}, is given by
ZZ
|f |
dA.
A(S) =
R |f k|

Remark: The formula for A(S)


can be interpreted as follows:
|f |
The factor
is the angle
|f k|
correction function needed to
obtain the A(S) by correcting the
A(R) by the relative inclination
of S with respect to R.

f
f (x,y,z) = 0

k
y
R
x

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Example
Find the area of the region cut from the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 by
the cylinder with walls x = y 2 and x = 2 y 2 .
Solution:
The surface is given by f = 0 with
z
x + 2y + 2z = 5

x=y

f (x, y , z) = x + 2y + 2z 5.
The region R is in the plane z = 0,
(
)
(x, y , z) : z = 0, y [1, 1]
R=
.
x [y 2 , (2 y 2 )]

1
2

x=2y

ZZ
Recall: A(S) =
R

|f |
dA. Here f = h1, 2, 2i.
|f k|

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Example
Find the area of the region cut from the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 by
the cylinder with walls x = y 2 and x = 2 y 2 .
ZZ
|f |
Solution: A(S) =
dA. Here f = h1, 2, 2i.
R |f k|

Therefore: |f | = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3, and |f k| = 2.
And the region R = {(x, y ) : y [1, 1], x [y 2 , (2 y 2 )]}.
So we can write down the expression for A(S) as follows,
ZZ
A(S) =
R

3
3
dx dy =
2
2

2y 2

dx dy .
1

y2

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Example
Find the area of the region cut from the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 by
the cylinder with walls x = y 2 and x = 2 y 2 .
Z Z
2
3 1 2y
Solution: A(S) =
dx dy .
2 1 y 2
3
A(S) =
2

1
2

2y y
1

3
dy =
2


2 2y 2 dy



y 3  1
1
A(S) = 3
1 y dy = 3 y
=3 1 +1
3 1
3
1

2
4
A(S) = 3 2
=3
A(S) = 4.
3
3
Z

1
3
C

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Example
Find the area of the surface in space given by the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 0 and z = 4.
Solution: The surface is the level surface of the function
f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 z. The region R is the disk z = x 2 + y 2 6 4.
ZZ
|f |
A(S) =
dx dy , f = h2x, 2y , 1i, f k = 1,
|f

k|
R
ZZ p
A(S) =
1 + 4x 2 + 4y 2 dx dy .
R

Since R is a disk radius 2, it is convenient to use polar coordinates


in R2 . We obtain
Z 2 Z 2 p
A(S) =
1 + 4r 2 r dr d.
0

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Example
Find the area of the surface in space given by the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 0 and z = 4.
Z

Solution: Recall: A(S) =


0

Z
A(S) = 2

2p

1 + 4r 2 r dr d.

2p

1 + 4r 2 r dr ,

u = 1 + 4r 2 , du = 8r dr .

2
A(S) =
8
We conclude: A(S) =

17

u
1

1/2

2 2  3/2 17 
du =
u .
8 3
1



(17)3/2 1 .
6

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Remark: The formula for the area of a surface in space can be
generalized as follows.

Theorem
The area of a surface S given by f (x, y , z) = 0 over a closed and
bounded plane region R in space is given by
z

f
f (x,y,z) = 0

ZZ
A(S) =
R

|f |
dA,
|f p|

p
k
R

where p is a unit vector normal to the region R and f p 6= 0.

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Proof in a simple case: Assume that the surface us given in
explicit form:

S = {(x, y , z) : z = g (x, y )},

On the one hand, a simple parametric form is to use u = x, v = y


and z(u, v ) = g (u, v ). Hence
(
x r = h1, 0, x g i
r(x, y ) = hx, y , g (x, y )i
y r = h0, 1, y g i,
x r y r = hx g , y g , 1i
On the other hand, an implicit form for the surface is
f (x, y , z) = g (x, y ) z
Therefore,

x f = x g ,

y f = y g ,

z f = 1.

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Proof in a simple case: Recall: x r y r = hx g , y g , 1i and
x f = x g ,

y f = y g ,

z f = 1.

One can show (with chain rule) that x r y r is given by


D f f E
x
x
,
,1
x ry r =
z f z f

1
hx f , y f , z f i.
z f

x ry r =

f
. We then obtain
f k
Z x1 Z y1
ZZ
A(S) =
|x r y r| dy dx =

That is, x r y r =

x0

y0

|f |
dA.
|f k|

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Proof: Introduce a partition in R R2 , and consider an arbitrary
rectangle R in that partition. We compute the area P.
(x i , yi , z i )

It is simple to see that

P
v

u
(x i +

(x i ,y i +

P = |u v|,

y, z i )

x, yi , z i )

and

k 0
uxv

u = hx, 0, (zi zi )i,


v = h0, y , (zi z i )i.

x
y


i

u v = x
0

j
0
y

Therefore,



k

(zi zi ) = hy (zi zi ), x(zi z i ), xy i.
(zi z i )

The area of a surface in space in explicit form


Proof: Recall: u v = hy (zi zi ), x(zi z i ), xy i.
The linearization of f (x, y , z) at (xi , yi , zi ) implies
f (x, y , z) ' f (xi , yi , zi ) + (x f )i x + (y f )i y + (z f )i (z zi ).
Since f (xi , yi , zi ) = 0, f (xi + x, yi , zi ) = 0, f (xi , yi + y , z i ) = 0,
0 = (x f )i x + (z f )i (zi zi )

(zi zi ) =

(x f )i
x,
(z f )i

0 = (y f )i y + (z f )i (zi z i )

(zi z i ) =

(y f )i
y .
(z f )i

u v = h(x f )i , (y f )i , (z f )i i
P =

|(f )i |
xy
|(f k)i |

(f )i
xy
uv =
xy .
(f k)i
(z f )i
ZZ
|f |
A(S) =
dA.
R |f k|

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