BBA COMPUTER PRACTICAL JOURNAL SUBMISSION IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF DEGREE

GENERATION OF COMPUTER:
Generation is defined as the time period given for a consistent development of some or the other kind of
technology. Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays,
generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire Computer system.

The generation of computer is divided into:

First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation

First generation of computer where also called as ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator). It was designed by John Nauchly and John Eckert at University of Pennsylvania. It
weighed 30 tonnes, occupied 15,000 feet floor space and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes in it.
Second generation computers were been replaced by a Solid-state device known as Transistors.
Transistor was smaller, cheaper and discharged less heat than vacuum tubes. It was made of Silicon
material. The age of complex arithmetic and logic units were introduced in this generation.
Third generation is also called as small electronic
age as the use of integrated circuits was started,
which meant to be small or micro electronics.
This made in the reduction of computers size. In
this generation the Silicon material were divided
into small matrix of areas called chips. Each chip
contained of many gates and input/output
attachment points.

Fourth generation introduced a thousand of

integrated circuits which were built on one single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971,
located all the components of the computer from the central processing unit and memory input/output
controls on one single chip.
Fifth generation is the present generation of computers were the use of artificial intelligence is adopted
which is still developing. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop devices that respond
to natural language input.
BBA III RD SEM

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BBA COMPUTER PRACTICAL JOURNAL SUBMISSION IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF DEGREE

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER:
The first major development of a device to perform computations was the Abacus, which
performed complicated and complex calculations, by the start of trading business. The evolution of computer
involved hundreds of computing devices developed by the persistent efforts of man. The early developments
involved following inventions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Abacus
Napiers Logs and Bones
Slide Rule
Pascals Arithmetic Machine
Leibnitzs Calculators
Jacquards Loom
Babbages Differential Engine
Babbages Analytical Engine
Punched Cards and Holleriths Tabulating Machines

Of which, the Abacus was developed in Egypt in about 450BC and was later perfected in China in the 12th
century A.D. The use of Abacus is in variety forms for over 1000 years and still is used in some parts of Asia.

Later, John Napier developed a device made up of set of rods known as Napier bones, which could be used
to perform both multiplication and division. Than Mr. William Oughtfred introduced Slide rule, followed with
many other instruments which were really helpful in calculations of complex and complicated business
arithmetic.

BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER/COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

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The basic structure of a computer system comprises of four main components. The following are the
main units of a computer:
1. Input Unit
2. Output Unit
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4. Memory Unit

INPUT UNIT
It is the component of the computer
which links the external environment
with the computer system by allowing
data and instruction to enter the
computer system before any
computations can be performed. These
data form or instructions are
transformed into the binary codes that
the computer is designed to accept.
Functions of Input Unit:
i.
It accepts the list of instruction
and data from the outside world.
ii.
It converts these instructions
and data in computer acceptable
form.
iii.
It supplies the converted
instructions and data to the
computer system for further
processing.
Types of Input Devices/Units:
1. Keyboard: It is used to enter the data and programs. A simple layout of a keyboard is shown below:

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Keyboard is one of the most popular input devices used to enter text information into a computer. It mainly
involves three main parts as, function keys, numeric keys and main board which comprises of alphabets. The
computer keyboard has undergone various notifications. It consists of keys for all special characters.
2. Mouse: It is a device which controls the movement of the cursor or pointer
on a display screen. A mouse is a small object that can be rolled along a hard, flat
surface. Its name is derived by the appearance which looks similar to that of a
mouse. Usually a mouse contains three buttons which are left click button; right
click button and a centre scroll roll button which is used to scroll down. There are
basically three types of mouse: Mechanical Mouse, Opto-Mechanical Mouse and
Optical Mouse.

OUTPUT UNIT
This computer component links the computer to the external environment of the computer. The results
produced are in the binary form as the computers work with binary code. A special interface called output
interfaces, attached to the output unit converts the information in binary form to human acceptable form. The
functions of the output units are:
i.
It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in coded form and hence cannot be easily
understood by user.
ii.
It converts these coded results to human acceptable form.
iii.
It supplies the converted results to the outside world.
Types of Output/Devices Unit:
1. Monitor/Display Unit: It is an output device that visually
conveys text, graphics and video information. The information on the
display device exists electronically and appears for a temporary
period. The monitors are further classified on the basis of their colour
and signals.
Classification on basis of their colour:
Monochrome Monitor.
Gray Scale Monitor.
Colour Monitor.
Classification on basis of their signals:
Digital Monitor.

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BBA COMPUTER PRACTICAL JOURNAL SUBMISSION IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF DEGREE

Analog Monitor
2. Printers: These are used in producing the output in a paper format.
The result given out by the computer is sometimes recorded in the form
of documentary. There are many types of printers in present days of
market. Basically the printers are classified into two types:
Impact Printers
Non-Impact Printers

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

The processor (CPU) is the brain of the computer which performs all the
functions. It has a built in set of instructions, which can execute. All major
calculations and comparisons performed by a computer are carried-out inside its
CPU. It is responsible for activating and controlling the operations of other units
of the computer system. A computer CPU is composed of millions of transistors.
Because CPUs are so small, they are often referred to as microprocessor. So the
term processor, microprocessor and CPU are interchangeable.

Modern CPUs are what are called asIntegrated Chips. The idea behind an integrated chip
is that several types of components are integrated into a
single piece of silicon, such as one or more execution
cores, arithmetic logic unit or floating point processor,
registers, instruction memory, cache memory and the
input/output controller.
CPU Components:

Execution Core (s)

Data Bus
Address Bus
Math Co-Processor
Instruction Sets/Microcode
Multimedia Extensions
Registers
Flags
Pipelining
Memory Controller
Cache Memory

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BBA COMPUTER PRACTICAL JOURNAL SUBMISSION IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF DEGREE

MEMORY UNIT
The memory of a computer system is designed to store data and instructions that are entered into the
computer system through input unit before the actual processing starts. Similarly, it also stores intermediate
results produced by the computer for ongoing processing. The results produced by the computer after
processing is also stored before being passed on to the output unit.
Functions of memory unit:
i.
All the data to be processed and the instructions required for processing (received from input
devices).
ii.
Intermediate results of processing.
iii.
Final processing of results before these results is released to an output device.
Storage device includes devices like, floppy disk, CD drives, pen drivers etc.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERs:

Efficient and wide range of computing.

Networking.
Security.
Durability of data.
Ease of handling of data.
Magnificent educational tool.

Everything that the computer handles is stored in the form of numbers. Always the numbers are meaningless
until they are associated with the symbols which represent the number. It is a set of numbers that have a
common characteristic. In any number system there is always an ordered set of symbols known as digit with
rules defined for performing arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction etc. Usually there are two types are
numbers. The second one is generally used to represent the data.
i.
Non-Positional Numbers.
ii.
Positional Numbers.

CONVERSION OF NUMBERs
a) Decimal to Binary Number:
Decimal number systems are the numbers which always have 10 as their base number and usually
represented using 10 and with corresponding power. On the other hand binary numbers have only two
digits i.e. 0 & 1. Thus the name binary tells us that the base number used is 2. Decimal numbers are
converted into binary by a method called Double Dabble Method. In this method the mantissa number

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is repeatedly divided by two and the remainder observed will be either 1 or 0. This is done until the
mantissa becomes 0 or leaves remainder as 0.
E.g.: Convert (36)10 into binary number system.
Initially the integer part is considered first and later the fractional part if available. In the above example
we have only integer part. So, consider the integer part.
2
36
2
18 0
2
09 0
2
04 1
2
02 0
01 0
Thus the remainder obtained is considered from the bottom to top i.e. (36)10 is (100100)2
E.g.: Convert (12.75)10 into binary number system.
Here we have both integer and fractional part. First we need to consider the integer part and then the
fractional part. The fractional part is repeatedly kept multiplied with 2 until we get the fractional part
equal to 0.
2
12
2
06 0
2
03 0
11
Now we shall consider the fractional part (0.75) which is kept repeatedly multiplied with 2 until we get
the fractional part equal to 0
0.75 2 = 1.50
0.50 2 = 1.00
Thus (12.75)10 is equal to (1100.11)2

b) Octal to Binary Number:

Octal refers to the base 8. Oct means eight, thus it has only 8 unique symbols that are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
and 7.Programs often display data in octal format because it is relatively easy for humans to read and
can easily be translated into binary format, which is the most important format for computers. The
conversion from octal to binary is performed by converting each octal digit to its 3-bit binary
equivalent.
E.g.: Convert (231)8 to binary number system
The octal number is now converted into 3-bit binary equivalent
Where,
2 010
3 011
1 001
Therefore, (231)8 = (010011001)2
E.g.: Convert (3.1)8 into binary number system
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BBA COMPUTER PRACTICAL JOURNAL SUBMISSION IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF DEGREE

Here we have both fractional and integer part. We consider both at a time and convert each digit into
equivalent binary number.
Where,
3 011
0.1 001
Therefore (3.1)8 = (011.001)2
c) Decimal to Hexadecimal Number:
Hexadecimal number system consists of 16 distinct symbols: 0 to 9 digits and letters A to F. This
number system is very useful because it can represent every byte (8 bits) as two consecutive
hexadecimal digits. To convert a decimal number to hexadecimal system, it is repeatedly divided by 16
and the remainder is noted. Remainder is written from the bottom to top.
E.g.: Convert (650)10 to Hexadecimal number system
The integer part is kept dividing by 16 until the remainder we get reaches 0
16
650
16
40 A
16
02 - 8
Therefore (650)10 = (28A)16
E.g.: Convert (423)10 to Hexadecimal number system
The integer part is kept dividing by 16 until the remainder we get reaches 0
16
423
16
26 7
16
01 A
Therefore (423)10 = (1A7)16

FEATURES OF WINDOWS XP
1. True 32-bit Operating System: The efficiency of an operating system depends on the number of bits it
can process at a time. Windows is a 32-bit operating system, which implies that it can send, receive and
process 32 bits of information at a time.
2. Portability: The ability of an operation system to run on different microprocessor is referred to as
portability. An operating system designed in such way can take advantage of specific features of that
microprocessor. Windows is such one which can run on the earlier Intel 80486 microprocessor as well
as the latest Pentium microprocessor.
3. Scalability: Windows can use multiple microprocessors for processing data. In fact, a windows server
can support as many as 32 microprocessors simultaneously. The windows architecture is designed to
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take maximum advantage of advantage of additional processor and ensure that all microprocessor are
functional.
4. Multi-tasking Feature: Windows is a multi-tasking operating system, which means that it can
simultaneously perform more than one task. It is implemented using the principle of time sharing, where
each task is allowed to run only for a fixed duration of time. The microprocessor arranges all tasks in
queue and performs each task only for its allotted time duration.
5. Multiple User Support: Windows is also a multi-user operating system, which means that it supports
many users at a time. Several users can access the same files and share the same resources stored on the
computer.
6. Multi-Threading: The multi-tasking and multi-user support provided by windows is implemented by
the principle of multithreading. A program is typically divided into chunks called tasks, which are
further split into smaller chunks called threads. The thread in each process determines the system
resources that can access and the operation that can be performed on these resources.
7. Compatibility: Windows is compatibility with other operating systems for networking and sharing
resources.
8. Built-In Networking: Windows supports networking by using client/server architecture. Each computer
can communicate and access resources and data on the server as well as on other computers.
Networking support also enables windows to use microprocessors of other computers on a network
ensuring maximum utilisation of system resources.
9. Graphical User Interface: Windows has a user friendly graphical interface. Users can perform
complex tasks by selecting options from drop-down menus and clicking icons to execute programs.
10. Customizable Interface: Windows can be customized to suit user specific requirements. You can
change desktop colours, fonts and modify system configuration to suit your requirements.
11. Desktop Utilises and Wizards: Windows includes programs and accessories, such as word pad, paint
and windows explorer. Word pad is an editor that allows users to create simple documents and memos.

12. Support for Portable Computing: Portable computers are being used extensively by mobile users.
Windows also provides support to these types of computers. The My Brief case icon helps a user
access up-to-date introduction to operating systems documents when the user switches between two
computers, a desktop and a portable computer.
13. Fault Tolerance and Recoverability: Fault tolerance is the ability of a computer system to continue
functioning even after the failure number of hardware components. The windows server incorporates a
number of features that support fault tolerance.
14. Extensibility: The extensibility of windows provides the flexibility of adding computers to the network.

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BBA COMPUTER PRACTICAL JOURNAL SUBMISSION IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF DEGREE

15. Localisation: Windows is available in many countries around the world in local languages. Users
located in different countries can interact with the system in their native language.

COMPONENTS OF WINDOWS XP
A window has a frame, which has a title bar announcing its name. If the content is too large to fit into a
window, the window comes equipped with vertical and horizontal scroll bars to view hidden portions of the
content. A window also has other elements. But all the windows need not have all the elements. There are few
components of windows like:
1. Shortcuts.
2. Close, Minimise, Restore and Maximise Buttons.
3. Dialogue Box.
4. Folders.
5. Application Window.
SHORTCUTS
Instead of searching through a bunch of menus to get somewhere, a shortcut is created. The shortcut to
any program, document, or printer can be placed on desktop or in any folder. Then, when that file is
needed double click on the shortcut, windows immediately takes to the location and runs the program.
Right mouse button is used to click any item and see a shortcut menu. This menu contains common that
can be used on the item clicked.

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CLOSE, MINIMISE, RESTORE & MAXIMISE

Every window has an (Close Button) in the upper-right corner that can be clicked to close the
window and quit the program. Just left to the Close button there is a Restore button. This button
restores a window to its previous size and location. The third button left to the Restore button is
Minimise button. This reduces a program or window to a button on the task bar. To restore the
window to its previous size and location, click the button on the taskbar.

DIALOGUE BOX
When windows require more information from the user it displays a dialogue box. Windows also
uses a Dialogue box to display messages for the user.

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FOLDERS
Folders contain the various files of even heterogeneous types. The
folder becomes very handy device to transport data whenever it is
required.

APPLICATION WINDOW
An application window houses either a program or a folder as required by the user. The various
components of the application window are:
1. Control Box Menu: Located in the upper left corner of the screen, which allows resizing
and positioning the windows.
2. Title Bar: Located at the top of the screen displaying the name of the application and the
active document
3. Maximize/Restore Button: Located in the upper right corner of the screen allowing
controlling the size of the window.
4. Minimise Button: Located to left of the maximise/restore button which reduces the window
to an icon.
5. Menu Bar: Located below the title bar, which lists the word menu options.
6. Status Bar: Located along the bottom of the screen that provides information about the
active document.

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BBA COMPUTER PRACTICAL JOURNAL SUBMISSION IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF DEGREE

ADVANYAGES OF SPREAD SHEET

1. Establish Relationship: Spreadsheet offer a host of routines for important financial and statistical
relationships. They perform complex analysis.
2. Logical Decisions: They make it possible to automate choice of best option from among two or more
alternatives.
3. Allow Sensitivity Analysis: Spreadsheets not only display calculated values of solutions but also input
conditions on which solutions are based. The linkage between spreadsheet cells make it possible to do
sensitivity analysis.
4. Collective Output: They assemble details from different corporate divisions and consolidate them into
firms financial statements and cash budgets. They integrate information from marketing, manufacturing
and other functional organisations to evaluate capital investments.

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5. Report Generation: Spreadsheets communicate as well as calculate their output includes tables, charts
that can be incorporated into reports. They interplay with immense databases that corporations use for
directing and controlling global operations.

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SPREADSHEET
1. Not Much Reliable: Spreadsheets have significant reliability problems. Research studies estimate that
roughly 94% of spreadsheets deployed in the field contain errors.
2. Requirement of Modern Features: The practical expressiveness of spreadsheets can be limited unless
their modern features are used.
3. Change In Dimension Is Complex: The alteration of a dimension demands major surgery. When rows
(or columns) are added to or deleted from a table, one has to adjust the size of many downstream tables
that depend on table being changed.
4. Difficulty in Collaboration: Collaboration in authoring spreadsheet formulas can be difficult when
such collaboration occurs at the level of cells and cell addresses.
5. Lack of Cell level Focus by Users: Productivity of spreadsheet user is reduced by the antiquated celllevel focus of spreadsheet that is seldom used today.

APPLICATION OF SPREADSHEET
Many applications of electronic spreadsheets involve collecting numeric information that can be
organised in the form of an electronic spreadsheet. Their applications are in the following fields:
Finance.
Marketing.
Accounting

APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF FINANCE:

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1. Bond Underwriting: One of their important lines of business is underwriting municipal bonds, with its
transactions typically valued in the tens of millions of dollars. It is vital that the bonds structure and
pricing be attractive to the client selling the bond and the investors who will ultimately buy the bond.
2. Calculation of NPV: while we calculate NPV by hand, it is more common that it will be done with the
help of spreadsheet. Just as with keystroke calculations on financial calculator, a spreadsheet can make
easy work of NPV calculations.

APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF MARKETING:

1. Coding Surveys: Each row is record and each column is a variable which are measured in survey, each
participant in the spreadsheet are assigned an identification number. After running preliminary
frequencies having case ID data field, that enables to quickly find and correct suspect data like odd
value codes or missing cases.

2. Lead Generation and Sales Development: In order to meet the constant demand for this difficult-toobtain information, a Marketing Operations Manager created a spreadsheet called the Lead Performance
Analysis Workbook (LPAW). It analysis the performance of the various lead generation and sales
development processes and is recognised as the one source within company that can be relied upon to
accurately quantify the return on specific lead generation investments.

APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF ACCOUNTING:

1. In this spreadsheet one can list every financial business transactions that have actually taken place- bills
we have paid, things we were charged for and money we received.
2. It can also figure out the tax liability and show separately the tax we paid on our purchases.
3. There is also one more interesting automatic feature- the customer sales analyses and vendor purchase
analysis. The application will automatically show what each customer has bought from year-to-date, and
what we have bought from each of our vendors for the same period.

BUILT IN FUNCTIONS
Library functions are called as built-in functions in spreadsheet or excel sheets. Some of the
commonly used Library functions are:
FUNCTIONS
a) Sum

DESCRIPTION
Adds all the values for the specified cells.

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b) Average
c) Min
d) Max
e) Counta
f) Count

Returns the average value of all the cells specified.

Returns the lowest value of all the cells specified.
Returns the highest value of all the cells specified.
Returns the number of cells containing information.
Returns the number of cells containing numeric
information.

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