Credit Consultants Association, Inc.

BCC Examination
Study Guide

Table of Contents
Federal law ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Credit Freezes ................................................................................................................................. 4
FICO Scores Rebucket ....................................................................................................................... 4
Before Repairing Your Clients Credit ............................................................................................ 6
Getting a Free Credit Report ............................................................................................................ 9
Credit inquiries. .............................................................................................................................. 9
Soft inquiry ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Hard Inquiry or Hard pull ............................................................................................................ 9
The Five (5) Mistakes You Can Make in Credit Repair .............................................................. 10
The Best Kept Secrets of Credit Repair ......................................................................................... 11
What to Dispute First ...................................................................................................................... 12
Methods of Dispute ......................................................................................................................... 13
Delinquent accounts .................................................................................................................... 13
Forced Verification ....................................................................................................................... 14
Other Action Strategies ............................................................................................................... 14
Vacating a Judgment ................................................................................................................... 14
VantageScore ................................................................................................................................ 15
Fico Scores ..................................................................................................................................... 16
How are scores determined? ...................................................................................................... 16
Credit Score Range........................................................................................................................... 17
Rapid Credit Rescoring ............................................................................................................... 17
Federal Laws Restricting Debt Collection ................................................................................ 17
Estoppel by Silence: Validation of Debt.................................................................................... 18
Admission by Silence: Validation of Debt ................................................................................ 18
The Secret Credit Bureau ............................................................................................................ 20
Regulations ................................................................................................................................... 20
Restrictions on credit-repair organizations .............................................................................. 21
Credit-Repair Contract Requirements ...................................................................................... 21
Credit-Repair Organization Act Violations.............................................................................. 22
Credit-Repair: What Equipment and Papers You Need ........................................................ 22

Dealing with Clients .................................................................................................................... 22

Overall Utilization Example ....................................................................................................... 24
Next Step ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Items You Need from Clients ..................................................................................................... 26
More Certified-Credit-Consultant Tips .................................................................................... 26
When meeting with a client ........................................................................................................ 27
New Bankruptcy Law Passed .................................................................................................... 29
Glossary of credit terms .................................................................................................................. 31

Only the content within this guide will be on the exam.

Federal law
This training manual relies, for the most part, on the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) for
the basis of the dispute procedure. In sum, the FCRA gives you the right to dispute
anything that you believe is not accurate or verifiable. At that moment, the responsibility
shifts to the credit bureaus and the creditor who listed the information to prove otherwise
FACT ACT: Amending the FCRA
The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA) ensures that all citizens are
treated fairly when they apply for a mortgage or other form of credit. This legislation
provides consumers, companies, consumer-reporting agencies, and regulators with
important tools that (1) expand access to credit and other financial services for all
Americans, (2) enhance the accuracy of consumers' financial information, and (3) help fight
identity theft. These reforms made permanent the uniform national standards of our credit
markets and instituted new, strong, consumer protections.

Credit Freezes
A credit freeze is designed to prevent a credit reporting company from releasing your
credit report without your consent.
Credit freezes are one of the most effective tools against economic ID theft available to
consumers. To learn more click below.

FICO Scores Rebucket

This is extremely important:
Here is an example: Lets say you have a TransUnion score of 640. You have a six-year-old
collection account and a three-year-old closed account with delinquency as early as four
years ago. You also have three to four accounts in good standing and opened within the
last four years. No matter what you do, you can't get that score above 640.
Suddenly you write a letter to a collection company and are able to have that negative
account removed! You will expect that score to move up, but bang, it drops to 635. You will
be left wondering what was happening. Well you have been rebucketed which is actually a
good thing.

When that collection dropped, that was the only collection you had and you are currently
sitting in a group with other individuals who also have no collections, but they too, have
delinquent accounts. Their late accounts aren't as recent as yours, so you have one of the
lowest scores in the group. BUT, the "members" of this group are constantly changing, and
your reports are suddenly looking much better than the newcomers, and you suddenly see
a boost to 654! Three months pass and your negative accounts are aging; therefore your
good accounts have hit a milestone or reached a birthday metaphorically, and score has
been boosted to 670! In this case you are one of the best of your group, but you still have
late accounts that you are current on, Your old late accounts have dropped because your
90-days late becomes 60, 60s become 30s and they are less hurtful. You will be sitting pretty
well with a score of 740.
One day, your last reported late account drops off. Your good accounts are all much older,
around five years or more, and you have no bad accounts. You will get rebucketed again
to, maybe, 785. You wont believe your eyes.
Basically, with a collection showing, you won't make it to that next bucket; with late
accounts showing, you won't make it into the next bucket. Once they are cleared your score
will move up. This is why a score can remain the same for a few years now.
I do know that two buckets next to each other share some of the same scores. Because each
has around 30 points in either direction, you can actually get a lower score when you enter
a higher bucket. But being at the next level allows you to move up and past that old score
much faster!

The rebuck change?

In general, the changes were geared toward making clearer distinctions between good
credit risks and bad. The penalties for occasional slip-ups in making timely payments will
be reduced; while those who repeatedly make late payments will see their scores fall more.
People who are close to their limits on credit cards are now seeing lower scores. Those who
successfully manage a variety of loanssuch as having a mortgage, a car loan, and credit
cards at the same timeare rewarded for their good behavior.
In addition, other specific rules became more important under the new system. Being more
than 90 days late on a payment was already a no-no, but you make a habit of it, you'll see
your score drop as a result. On the other hand, you might get away with single delinquent
accounts if you have other loans whose payments are up-to-date. Also, simply applying for
credit too many times used to lower your score, but doing so now doesnt cause you as
much grief.

Before Repairing Your Clients Credit

Im sure that you are very excited about starting this course on learning how to repair your
clients credit. But, before you begin, you should know some important facts: Your FICO
credit score is the most important factor in getting the best interest rates (saving money)
than just simply removing items off your clients credit report. Please see chapter FICO
Scores in section 3.
The magic number you need is a score of 720, more so 740 now, and its possible to get
there in a short period if you apply the knowledge in this book. This introductory primer
will teach you how to concentrate your efforts on increasing your clients credit score first,
rather than simply repairing your clients credit. The other section of this book will
concentrate on expert credit-repair tactics as well as detailed information regarding your
clients credit score.
Here are points to consider:
1. Concentrate your efforts on entries in your clients credit report that are less than
two years old. Some things are not that important to challenge when attempting
to increase your clients credit score.
Personal information, e.g. address, employment, birthday are not important to your clients
credit score.

If you see a different name or Social Security number on your clients

credit report, take notice. They could be a victim of identity theft and must
make it a high priority to look into this matter and to have these items removed.
Important items are as follows:
A. Collection accounts less than two years old and duplicate collection accounts.
Some collection accounts are reported twice and that is totally illegal. Make
challenging this one of your highest priorities.
B. Other duplicate items.
C. Accounts that do not belong to you should be a high priority.
D. Credit Card Limit being reported correctly should be a high priority.
2. Important: Reduce the balance of your clients credit cards to 30 percent and
below your clients credit limit. If you have a credit card with a $5,000 limit,
your balance reported to the credit bureau should be $1500 and under in order to
have an excellent credit score. If you go over this amount, it will affect what is
called your utilization rate.

Credit score formulas respond favorably to a utilization rate of 30 percent and below. It is a
good idea to review all of your clients credit cards and align them correctly with this
formula. Use the form in the appendix (section 5). Please note: if they have an American
Express card or card with no preset limits, they will be rated on the highest credit charged
and the 30 percent rule still applies.
Have them try using the card to increase their high credit limit by spending more with the
card with cash they were already going to use. Get that limit up to a ratio that will keep
them within 30 percent of that high credit.
This is why you may have clients who pay their credit cards off in full each month with not
so great credit scores.
Explanation: The two major components accounting for about two-thirds of the total credit
score are payment history and amounts owed. Payment history tells how well you have
met your obligations over the years; the amount owed is a snapshot of your indebtedness
right now. If your clients credit history is short, their current indebtedness can be the most
important factor determining their credit score.
How do FICO credit scorers determine whether consumers are living beyond their means?
They compare the outstanding debt on each of their accounts with the maximum amount
of debt that the credit grantor has set for them on that account (credit limit). As mentioned
above, this generates a set of "utilization rates" for each of their accounts.
For example, if a client has two credit cards with maximum balances of $4,000 and $5,000,
and the actual balances are $3,000 on both card based on the most recent date of record, the
utilization rates are 75 percent and 60 percent.
The higher the utilization rates, the lower the FICO score.
Important: Clients should not open more lines of credit. This will hurt their score because
FICO has a strong distaste for multiple new accounts in a short period of time, which can
be an indicator of financial distress.
Consumers should be aware of potential problems in connection with the utilization rates
that affect their credit score. The data on debt balances as reported by credit grantors isnt
always correct. Furthermore, for various reasons, some credit grantors do not always
report the maximum limit revolving accounts. Where no maximum is reported, the highest
balance ever reported on the account is used. Since the highest balance is below the
maximum and often substantially below it, this creates higher utilization rates too. (See
number 4)
3. Paying bills on time and credit cards off each month does not mean you will
have a high credit score. However, it is important to pay your bills on time.

4. Make sure that the credit bureaus are reporting the correct credit limit on your
clients credit cards. Credit card companies have a dirty secret: they will report a
lower limit or no limit at all in your clients credit report to keep other companies
from attempting to lure them away. This will totally affect your clients credit
score because of the 30 percent utilization rule.
What can you do? Challenge this with the credit card company and then send the same
letter to the credit bureau. Watch for this in your clients credit report.

5. Your clients credit report must have a mixture of accounts to have a great score.
For example: They need at least 3 to 4 revolving accounts listed in their credit
report. Also an active installment account e.g. Mortgage, Car loan. If they have
an inactive installment thats OK, but for an optimum score it is best that they
have had an active installment account within the last two years.
6. Closing credit card accounts will lower credit scores in the short run. Credit card
companies will close an account if it is inactive for 18 months. Also please note
that credit scorers like to see deep credit roots (accounts over five years) this will
definitely raise scores greatly. So old good accounts are needed to get that high
score.
7. Before collection accounts are paid, negotiate to receive a letter of deletion.
8. Start to clean up items on your clients credit report that directly affect their
score. Note that all marks do not affect scores when they are older than two
years.
9. You can advise your client to call a creditor who is reporting them late to request
a good-faith payment adjustment. This can pay off especially if a client has
never been late before.
10. Manage your clients credit. Now you can use this Credit Consultant
Certification Training Manual in full to attack your clients credit problems.
Important Notice: When performing credit repair, you must consider
two things: temporary and permanent deletions. If you dispute an item in
your clients credit report, and the company does not respond within 30 days,
the credit bureau will remove the item from your clients credit report.
However, this could be a suppression or temporary deletion rather than
permanent. Why? Well, companies get bogged down in paperwork and do
not get a chance to respond. Therefore the item is deleted. But if they catch up
with their paperwork in 60 to 90 days, the entry can reappear on the credit
report. You should remind clients to keep an eye on their credit reports.

Getting a Free Credit Report

Everyone is entitled to obtain a free credit report once a year from annualcreditreport.com.
Here are some other ways you can get a free report.
Conditional free report from any credit bureau:
1. Unemployed and seeking employment
2

Receiving public welfare assistance

Suspect errors due to fraud

Now here is the beauty of the third condition. You can place a fraud alert on your credit
report by contacting just ONE credit bureau, and it will trigger them to contact the others.
Then you can get a FREE credit report for all three bureaus.

Credit inquiries.
Applying for a loan automatically authorizes lenders to ask for a copy of the applicants
credit report. This is how inquiries appear on your clients credit report. The inquiries
section of the report contains a list of everyone who accessed your clients credit report
within the last two years. The report you see lists both "voluntary" inquiries, spurred by
your own requests for credit, and "involuntary" inquiries, such as when lenders order your
report so as to make you a pre-approved credit offer in the mail.

Soft inquiry
A soft inquiry, or soft pull, is a term used to refer to an inquiry into your credit history that
does not adversely affect the credit score. Often, you are not even aware that there has been
a soft inquiry on your credit report. For example, if you receive a solicitation in the mail
offering you a credit card, the credit card company has most likely conducted a soft pull to
see if you qualify. When mortgage lenders pre-approve you for a loan, they initially use a
soft pull. Potential employers use it as a part of background checks, and your current credit
card companies use soft inquiries to check up on you. Banks use them to verify that you are
who you say you are when opening an account. If you check your own credit report, which
you can do for free once a year, this is done with a soft pull. Most of the time, you do not
even know when they occur, and they do not affect your credit report.

Hard Inquiry or Hard pull

A hard pull on a credit report is different. It does affect your credit score. Anytime that you
are actually getting a loan or a new credit card, the lender conducts a hard pull on your
credit report. This stays on the record. It also lowers your credit score by about five points
for six months. For this reason, it is important to guard your credit report from too many
hard pulls. If you get a store credit card just to save 10 percent on a single purchase, you
have hurt your credit score. That is probably not worth the 10 percent savings. Some banks
even use a hard pull if you are opening a savings account, so be sure to check your
potential banks policy. Additionally, the incentives that credit card companies offer for
signing up may not be worth the hit to your credit score.
A good rule of thumb for your credit report is to try to avoid any inquiries that are
considered hard pulls. By limiting them your credit will be in good shape and you can
qualify for the best interest rate available to you when it comes time for you to apply for a
loan that you truly need.

Public record and collection items

Credit reporting agencies also collect public record information from state and county
courts and information on overdue debt from collection agencies. Public record
information includes bankruptcies, foreclosures, suits, wage attachments, liens, and
judgments.

The Five (5) Mistakes You Can Make in

Credit Repair
The credit-repair business is not difficult, but you can shoot yourself in the foot if you dont
pay attention to a few little things. Here are common mistakes consultants make that are
easily avoidable:
Failing to dispute with the credit bureaus FIRST. In credit repair, always dispute your
negatives with the credit bureaus before doing anything else. Ten to twenty percent of all
items disputed in an initial round of disputes fall off. Why not pick off the low hanging
fruit in the beginning so you can concentrate on the tough stuff? In addition, you cannot
take legal action as an individual against companies who are acting illegally by reporting
you if you dont dispute first.
Failing to document your efforts. If you are not using software, make sure you keep notes
and dates of all your efforts. Make a note of everything, even if you have your client to
speak with a person, make sure they get that persons name. When you send letters and
when your client receives letters, make sure all letters and disputes are sent via certified

mail, return receipt requested. Put everything in a file folder. You dont have to get too
fancy.
Documentation is especially important when you are disputing items with the credit
bureaus. Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), credit bureaus have 30 days to get
back with the results of an investigation on your dispute. If you do not hear from them,
within 30 days, they must remove the item.
Disputing items online. Never do this! You will not have any written records of your
dispute (the return receipt). Plus, you are making it easy for them by disputing online.
Your dispute will become a two-letter code and will be sent (using eOscar) to an offshore
computer for analysis. You will also not be able to dispute specific information within the
listing, for instance, wrong high balance; wrong date account was opened, etc. You will not
be able to send documentation. In addition, if your clients name, SSN or address is
incorrect, the request has to be in writing any way.
Being unrealistic. Do not lie to your clients. If their credit report is in bad shape, there isnt
a quick fix. The process takes time, usually from six months to a year. In addition, some
items are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove: bankruptcies, tax liens,
judgments, and child support. If they have any of those
listings, you may be in it for the long haul. Just be honest and they will appreciate your
efforts.
Giving up. The process may seem overwhelming at first, especially if you are new to credit
repair. Just take baby steps and work on your personal credit and family first. You dont
have to do everything at once. After the first dispute letters are mailed, you really
shouldnt have to spend any more than 20 minutes to an hour a month working on your
credit or a clients. The earning power is very rewarding.

The Best Kept Secrets of Credit Repair

The quickest way to repair your clients credit is to increase their
credit score.
The quickest way to increase a score is to remove any outstanding collections.
However, be careful not to remove an old account that is helping the credit score
(see credit score factors). Many people have collections accounts in their credit
report and most are very small. For example an unpaid utility or phone bill or
unpaid medical bills and credit card balances. Anything showing outstanding debt!
An unpaid collections entry on your clients credit report can hurt their score by 20
points and even more. So call up those collection agencies that they owe and ask one
main question: Do you delete credit entries? Most do not know that collection

agencies will voluntarily delete your negative credit item from your current report if
you just ask them to and pay them the balance that is owed.
At least fifty percent of the time the collection agency will be able to delete bad items off a
credit report. The good part is you can ask for and obtain a deletion letter showing that the
intention of the creditor in question to delete the bad entry. This is very important!
Because if you are attempting to increase your clients credit score now, the fastest way is
to have that letter mailed/faxed or personally delivered to the credit bureau and within
days your credit score will increase. Otherwise, it will take up to 60 days for this to correct
thru normal processes. This is why that letter is very important.

What to Dispute First

Please Note, according to the Credit Repair Organizations Act, you
are prohibited from advising your clients to make untrue statements. You
will see strategies within this book that may go against these methods, but we
do not agree or encourage you to use those strategies.

Action Strategy 2: Dispute those items you know are incorrect and are
affecting the client score, meaning accounts that do not belong to your client or
outdated accounts. However, if those accounts are helping your clients score e.g.
adding length to their history, do not touch them!!!
Note: Don't dispute negative accounts just because the balance is
incorrect unless it hurts your score. For example, if you dispute negative
accounts by saying "I paid this account in full" you will possibly lock yourself
into a negative mark for at least seven (7) years. The only thing that the credit
bureau will do is change the balance; the negative mark will not be removed.
We will show you how to dispute these incorrect items.

Action Strategy 3: It is OK to dispute at once all the negative

marks that are not your clients or are outdated; otherwise dispute only three
(3) accounts or two to four inquiries at a time. This takes longer, but the
strategy has been proven to be effective. If you dispute too many items at
once, the credit bureau will think you are trying to get off the hook and will
delay or not reinvestigate your request using the "frivolous or irrelevant"
clause under the FCRA. You must work within the system; the results are a
lot more favorable.

Don't dispute more than three (3) items, unless you are disputing false
information.
Question: How and why should you dispute items listed in clients credit report that are
correct? Is this unethical or lying?
Answer: You can dispute items for any reason you feel necessary, but never admit guilt.
For example, many of these companies may have reported your clients account as better
than it is (i.e. that the client actually paid them more), but it is still listed as a negative
account. You can dispute this account as incorrect because it is incorrect. The object of the
game is to find something wrong with the accounts that are listed negatively in your
clients credit report, such as incorrect dates, payments, amounts, and anything else you
can find. If you want to get even more technical, some credit-repair companies have
disputed an account simply because the company's name is abbreviated by the credit
bureau.
"Why should we accept their method of reporting? It is more convenient for them,
not us, to abbreviate names. Many of these abbreviations are confusing and it can be
very difficult to interpret." This is what credit consultants usually say.
Just remember, you have the right to question the accuracy of any item you feel is
inaccurate. As for claiming accurate accounts inaccurate, is this unethical, misleading or
lying? Only you can answer these questionshowever, dont break the law. We can only
say that yes, were sure that many credit consultants are still doing this and clearing up bad
marks on their clients credit report.

Methods of Dispute
Delinquent accounts
Your client must be totally caught up on their bills and have made at least three (3)
payments on time before you should dispute these accounts. It is better to wait until the
account is paid in full before you dispute it; however, accounts of this type have been
successfully removed in cases were payments are still being made.
Dispute: "I paid this company on time" or, "I paid this company on time as agreed."
Remember, that good defense attorneys usually never admit guilt.

Forced Verification
Power Move: Forced Verification (method of verification)
Some credit bureaus are not investigating disputes when challenged, using various types of
reasons and some simply ignoring letters. There is a three-part system called e-oscar that
they use to investigate disputes instead of contacting creditors directly (http://www.eoscar.org/about.htm).
Please note that, if you get a notice from your credit bureaus telling you the information
you disputed has been verified as accurate, you can request the method of verification,
which is your right under the FCRA section 611 (a) (7). The credit bureau must give you
this information within 15 days of the request.
Here is the process you should use for tough disputes. The only issue is that you have to do
this on behalf of your client. The best approach is to have your client make the call and
keep a log.

Other Action Strategies

These strategies will help make the credit-repair process work a lot smoother if followed
correctly:
1. Send all correspondence to the credit bureau online via priority mail where you
can have a delivery confirmation e.g. stamps.com or endicia.com. Fedex and UPS will also
work very well. Only use certified mail if it is required by a court in your area. Being able
to track your mailings online is a plus for a great log system. You can print the postage on
your printer and tape it on the envelope. No need to take your letters to your local post
office anymore unless you are required by a court.

Vacating a Judgment
If a judgment was filed against your client, there is a chance to get it dismissed or vacated.
Vacating a judgment is a legal way of having a judgment voided and filing an appeal with
the court. Keep in mind that most of you are not lawyers, but certified credit consultants
can point their client in the right direction of understanding their rights.
There are rules of the courts when filing lawsuits and many who file lawsuits, even
collection agencies, do not follow procedure. We know that judges are supposed to provide
some form of protection; but, for various reasons, these procedures in consumer law are
not followed.

Just because you are sued does not mean that they will win. You have a chance, too, even if
it is on a technicality. For the most part, those who sue usually win their case by default
because the defendant did not show or respond to the court.

VantageScore
Recently the three major credit bureaus have introduced a new scoring system that shares
data from all three agencies.
The new system, "VantageScore," is designed to provide better reports and more accurate
data, and covers a more extensive consumer base, including the elusive "thin credit file" for
consumers who have little to no credit history.
It's also a direct challenge to the Fair Isaac Corporation's FICO score, which provides the
most commonly used credit scoring for mortgage lenders and other agencies.
The FICO score has, until now, been the model for the three bureausEquifax, Experian,
and TransUnionto directly gauge customer credit-worthiness, or to develop their own
scores.
With the arrival of the VantageScore, the major players in the credit industry are claiming
that they "will provide consumers and businesses with a highly predictive, consistent score
that is easy to understand and apply."
But some observers say that the new scoring model won't change the biggest problem
consumers face when it comes to credit scoring: inaccurate or incomplete data in their
individual reports.
The VantageScore system utilizes data culled from a sampling of millions of credit files
reviewed by the three agencies, creating a single consistent score, utilizing "cutting-edge,
patent-pending analytic techniques."
According to company press, the new score would provide far less variation than the
proprietary scores used by some of the major bureaus.
The FICO score (as discuss next) model grades consumers' credit ratings based on factors
such as debt-to-income ratio, credit usage and history, bad credit items, and so on.
Whereas the FICO score ranges from 300 to 850, with most Americans scoring between 670
and 700, the new VantageScore goes from 501 to 990, with each score range being grouped
by letter. Consumers with scores in the 900 and higher range would be grouped in the "A"
range, while those in the 600 and below range would receive a grade of "F." Time will tell
about this system.

Fico Scores
A FICO score is a credit score developed by Fair, Isaac & Co. (now known as Fair Issac
Corporation or FICO). Credit scoring is a method of determining the likelihood that credit
users will pay their bills. Fair Isaac began its pioneering work with credit scoring in the late
1950s, and since then, scoring has become widely accepted by lenders as a reliable means of
credit evaluation. A credit score attempts to condense a borrowers credit history into a
single number. Fair Isaac and the credit bureaus do not reveal how these scores are
computed. The Federal Trade Commission has ruled this to be acceptable. Credit scores are
calculated by using scoring models and mathematical tables that assign points for different
pieces of information which best predict future credit performance.
Developing these models involves studying how thousands, even millions, of people have
used credit. Score-model developers find predictive factors in the data that have proven to
indicate future credit performance. Models can be developed from different sources of
data. Credit-bureau models are developed from information in consumer credit-bureau
reports.

How are scores determined?

The FICO model has five (5) main elements:
1. Past payment history (about 35 percent of the score)
The fewer the late payments the better. Recent late payments will have a much greater
impact than a very old Bankruptcy with perfect credit since.
Myth: paying off cards with recent late payments will fix things. Payoffs do not affect
payment history.
2. Credit use (about 30 percent of the score)
Low balances across several cards are better than the same balance concentrated on a few
cards used closer to maximums. Too many cards can bring down the score, but closing
accounts can often do more harm than good if the entire profile is not considered.
BE CAREFUL WHEN CLOSING ACCOUNTS!
3. Length of credit history (15 percent of the score)
The longer accounts have been open the better for the score. Opening new accounts and
closing seasoned accounts can bring down a score a great deal.
4. Types of credit used (10 percent of the score)
Finance Company accounts score lower than bank or department store accounts.

5. Inquiries (10 percent of the score)

Multiple inquiries can be a risk if several cards are applied for or other accounts are close to
maxed out. Multiple mortgage or car inquiries within a 14-day period are counted as one
inquiry.

Credit Score Range

Given the current credit score stats, how does this relate to your own personal score?
Generally, if your score is higher than 660, you will be considered a good credit risk. If your
score is below 620, then you might have a tougher time getting a loan. The following
ratings explain the impact of the different score ranges:
720-850
700-719
675-699
620-674
560-619
500-559

ExcellentThis represents the best score range and best financing terms.
Very GoodQualifies a person for favorable financing.
AverageA score in this range will usually qualify for most loans.
SubprimeMay still qualify, but will pay higher interest.
RiskyWill have trouble obtaining a loan.
Very RiskyNeed to work on improving your rating.

Rapid Credit Rescoring

You've probably come across claims made by certain companies that they can fix your
clients credit in twenty-four (24) hours. Most of those claims are fraudulent, but you can
get your clients credit score recalculated in a few days by any one of the two hundred (200)
companies who specialize in rapid credit-rescoring and who have special relationships
with the three major credit-reporting agenciesEquifax, Experian and TransUnion. In
addition, these rapid rescoring companies can only be accessed by mortgage lenders and
brokers and not by the general public. This means that if you want to have your clients
credit report rapidly rescored, you must ask your mortgage lender to do it for you. The cost
is modest, around $25 to $50 for each item they fix. It is certainly worth paying for this,
since an improved credit score can result in reducing your monthly mortgage payment
significantly.

Federal Laws Restricting Debt Collection

In March of 1978, The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 14 U.S. C. A. ssl692,
became effective. The Act originally affected only professional debt collectors (collection
agencies), with the purpose of protecting consumers from the use of abusive, deceptive, or
unfair debt collection practices. Creditors and anyone employed by creditors, such as

attorneys, were not directly regulated by the Act. However, effective July 1, 1986, Congress
included creditors, their employees, and attorneys under the provisions of the Act.

Estoppel by Silence: Validation of Debt

Doctrine of Estoppel by Silence may be a term you are unfamiliar with, but can prove very
powerful with collection agencies who ignored Validation of Debt letters (VOD).
According to Blacks Law Dictionary, the meaning is: Estoppel is a: A legally imposing bar
resulting from one's own conduct and precluding any denial assertion regarding a fact. A
doctrine that prevents a person from adopting an inconsistent position, attitude or action if
it will result in injury to another. An affirmative defense alleging good faith.
Estoppel by Silence: Estoppel that arises when a party is under a duty to speak but fails to.
Take a look at the meaning of it on the encyclopedia website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel
The Estoppel letter is used when you request VOD and do not get a response from the
Collection Agency. It uses the "Doctrine of Estoppel" which tells the collection agency that
their silence must mean they agree with you. This letter can be used after you have sent
two (2) VOD requests to the collection agency. Check in the appendix for this letter (section
5).

Admission by Silence: Validation of Debt

This tool is similar to the Estoppel by Silence letter, but different.
This may be the most valuable VOD tool available. Most credit experts do not know about
this tool and it will give you an edge.
The purpose of this letter is to advise a collection agency of the following: Here is the
meaning from Blacks Law Dictionary: The failure of a party to speak after an assertion of
fact by another party that, if untrue, would naturally compel a person to deny the
statement. This is a powerful statement! If you are right, you speak up; if you are wrong
you do nothing to stand your ground. The goal is to make the collector think twice about
whom they are dealing with and give them the option of proving their claim of losing it all
together. Check in the appendix for this letter too (section 5).
Know Your Rights Under the Consumer Protection Laws.
Get familiar with the various federal and state laws enacted to protect consumers from
unfair business practices. The laws you should familiarize yourself with are as follows:

The Fair Credit Reporting Act: enacted to protect consumers from abusive
credit reporting practice
The Fair Credit Billing Act: enacted to help consumers settle disputes with
creditors and to guarantee fair handling of your clients credit accounts
Equal Credit Opportunity Act: enacted to protect consumers against
discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, age, marital status, public
special assistance income, and national origin
Truth-in-Lending Act: enacted to make creditors disclose clear and easy-tounderstand credit information, such as finance charges, terms, and etc.
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act: enacted to restrict collections procedures
from collections agencies and any third party collector.

The Secret Credit Bureau

Scottsdale, ArizonaInnovis, a new credit reporting agency (CRA), shares information
with consumers only under duress. CRAs keep consumer profiles which contain a person's
entire payment history. This history is used to determine the hit to a consumer's wallet
when shopping credit cards, mortgage rates, and insurance premiums.
CRAs such as Experian, Equifax and TransUnion are well known within the industry and
consumers have a relatively easy time obtaining access to their credit reports from these
companies. Several consumers report that it was like pulling teeth to get a copy of their
Innovis report, and some have said that the company mentioned they didn't give out credit
reports as "their database was being updated." Others had to write threatening letters to the
company or verbally point out that refusal to give out the information was in violation of
the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Also the company address is not posted on their
website (http://www.innovis-cbc.com).
Barriers to accessing consumer credit reports borders on the illegal and should be brought
to the attention of the FTC immediately! Even credit-savvy consumers are unaware of this
fourth CRA, ignorance of which could provide a nasty surprise in the future. With rising
incidents of identity theft, victims of this crime may have to relive the credit-cleansing
horror with Innovis should all lenders start to use this database as a matter of route.
Innovis, owned by CBC Companies, is already referred to as the fourth credit bureau by
many financial institutions. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two biggest buyers of home
mortgages in the United States, have recently begin requiring mortgage companies to
report accounts that are 90-days late to Innovis.
I am urging consumers to complain about Innovis to the FTC. An online complaint form is
available at: http://www.ftc.gov. For consumers wishing to contact Innovis:
Innovis Data Solutions
Post Office Box 219297
Houston, TX 77218-9297
800.540.2505
877-INNOVIS

Regulations
The Credit Repair Organization Act (CROA) was put in place to protect consumers from
unscrupulous practices by organizations who claim to repair credit. Check here to see
credit-repair laws by state. The Act seeks to ensure that consumers who decide to use
credit-repair services are aware of their rights and are able to make an informed decision
about choosing to pay a credit-repair company.

A credit-repair organization is any person or business that takes money in exchange for
improving your credit.

Restrictions on credit-repair organizations

Here are a few things credit-repair organizations cannot legally do:

Lie or advise you to lie about your credit history to your current or future
creditors
Alter your identity, e.g. get a new EIN or new identity, to try to get a new credit
history
Misrepresent the services they provide to you
Ask you to pay for services before they have been provided

The law requires you, the credit-repair consultant, to provide your clients with a disclosure
called Consumer Credit File Rights under State and Federal Law that lets you know your
right to obtain a credit report and to dispute inaccurate information on your own. You
should also provide the right for your client to sue your organization for violating the
CROA.

Credit-Repair Contract Requirements

Before you can perform any services for your client, you must provide a contract, you must
sign the contract, and the three (3)-business day cancellation period must expire.
The contract should include the following:

Payment amount required

A description of the services that will be performed to repair your credit
An estimate of the time it will take to complete the services (or a date by which
the services will be completed)
A visible statement letting you know you can cancel the contract within three
business days

Your client has the right to cancel a signed contract within three business days. You cannot
charge your client a fee for this cancellation as long as its made within the specified time
frame. Your contract should include a Notice of Cancellation form that you can fill out and
return to cancel the contract.

Waiving rights
You cannot ask your client to sign any kind of form waiving their rights under the CROA.
Any waiver they sign is considered void and cannot be enforced by federal or state law.

Credit-Repair Organization Act Violations

Organizations that violate the law can be sued for actual damages, punitive damages, and
attorneys fees. Consumers can report violations to the FTC, your state attorney general,
and can file suit in your state. Your client will have five (5) years from the date the violation
occurred (or the date you learned of the violation) to take action against the organization.

Credit-Repair: What Equipment and Papers You Need

Insurance bond (required by (some states)

Phone
Fax machine ( I like efax.com)
Computer with word processor and broadband Internet Access. If you dont
have a fax machine, you need a scanner.
If you will have an office and see clients face to face, you will need a copier.
File Folders, pins, legal pads for notes
Secure, locked file cabinet

Dealing with Clients

Face-to-face can give you an edge in your area. However, this service can be performed
completely by phone and mail or over the Internet. If you are local, you should have the
ability for your clients to drop off files at your office.
You can get a Virtual Office or Executive Suite to solve this problem.
Instead of having an official office, you will be sharing office space and a
receptionist and have the ability to pick up mail and documents from your
clients. Virtual Offices/Executive Suites can cost between $50 -$200 per month
and can make your company appear larger.
When a client comes into your office, or you pick up their case on the Internet, you will
need to do the following:
This should be done before a face to face meeting; usually over the phone or via email:
Use the Credit Restoration Preliminary Forms at the back of this book. One form is for
over-the-phone office use and the other is to provide to your client via email or fax.
1. First find out your clients goals, e.g. purchasing a home, car, etc. This way, when
they reach their goal, you will know that your work is complete.

2. Remember that your primary goal is to increase the clients credit score rather
than to just delete items off their credit report.
3. Collect customer preliminary contact information, e.g. name, email address, city
and state, and phone number.
4. If they are married, you will need to get information on both. If they keep their
credit separate, then you assist just one.
5. Listen to the clients problems.
6. Find out if they were recently denied credit. If they were denied, find out the
reason based on the denial letter.
7. Discuss available services you offer based on their problems; quote prices.
8. Have the client list their credit cards in writing. What you are looking for is their
credit limit and current balances, type of credit, and length of credit. If they
dont know the balances of their credit cards, have them give you their best
estimate. You will need this information to assess how you can help them to
improve their credit, even before you see their credit report or score. I dont need
to explain why because, if you read this book and the chapter on credit scores, it
is self-explanatory. Remember that some credit companies do not report their
customers credit limits.
Collecting preliminary data from your clients will assist you in developing a plan of action
right from the start. Just think that getting this information will put you ahead of the game.
OK, Ill explain again with some more tools:
As said in this book, one of the first steps when repairing credit is to pay down any credit
accounts where the balance is more than 30 percent of the accounts credit limit. When your
credit score is calculated, substantial consideration is taken on a simple calculation. This
calculation is called your utilization ratio. It simply means how much of your total
available credit you are using. In other words, lenders are asking themselves, Is this
person spending money without realizing that it must be paid back?
Utilization of your credit card is a huge factor when a credit score is calculated.
When your credit score is calculated, you should consider your overall utilization ratio.
This is calculated by adding together the balances of all of your revolving accounts, and
then adding together all of the credit limits. Then divide the balance by the limit. For
accurate results use this calculator for your clients.

Overall Utilization Example

Credit Card #1 Balance: $250 Limit: $500

Credit Card #2 Balance: $500 Limit: $800
Credit Card #3 Balance: $600 Limit: $1000
Total balance: $1350 Total credit limit: $2300
Utilization = $1350 / $23000 = 59% Total revolving utilization

Therefore, as you can see, a credit card with a $0 balance has 100 percent utilization.
In addition to your overall credit utilization, individual credit account utilization is also
taken into account. This basically means that if you have ANY individual account where
the balance is over 30 percent of the credit limit, it is likely hurting your credit. Therefore, if
your overall credit utilization is under 30 percent, and any one of those accounts have a
balance over 30 percent, your credit score is affected.

Its about ratio, not actual numbers

You may wonder if the credit limit dollar amount matters. Well, if you have a credit card
with a credit limit of $300, and every month its reported that you use over 50 percent of
the available credit, the question is, does it matter? Based on logic it appears that it
shouldnt apply because its likely that this person can easily pay off a $300 balance every
month. However, utilization does apply the limit does not matter. If you have a credit
card with a $300 credit limit, spending over $75 to $90 per credit reporting cycle, will hurt
your credit score.
When you are repairing or building credit, its good to have a credit card even if the credit
limit is low. However, as you begin to build credit for your client, it is in your best interest
to have them to request credit limit increases when the time is appropriate. Remember:
keep their utilization ratio as low as possiblepreferably at or around 25 percent, but no
more than 30 percent.
Once you have their credit card information, use the calculator and tell the client that you
already see problems that you can solve, but dont give them information on how you are
going to do this. You are the consultant and getting paid for this information. Get paid first;
then give data.

Next Step
1. Have the client obtain their credit reports and scores from all three bureaus
before you meet with them in order to properly access their problems and to be
able to develop a strategy to increase their credit score. It is important to know
exactly where the client stands credit wise.
2. Establish an arrangement or become an affiliate with a credit reporting service
e.g. credit.com or one of the credit bureaus to be able to assist the client in
obtaining their credit reports and scores. As an affiliate, you have created
another profit center for your business. You could do this over the phone and use
your clients credit card to get this information, or the clients can perform this
task themselves and give you the password to access the information on line. The
client must be aware that this could cost around $34 to $49 dollars to get their
credit score from all three bureaus. They can get their credit report free with
Annual Credit Report, but would have to pay for the score.
3. Please remember, you can talk until you are red in the face but until you know
the clients official credit status, you cannot help them.
4. Once you get the credit report and score, develop a plan of action to increase
their credit score; deleting items may not be the only option. Sometimes it is
about rearranging credit balances or making sure the credit bureaus are
reporting the correct credit card limits.
5. Lets say that your client has a late payment on an account that is three years old
and now closed. If you dispute the negative item, it may come off, but the clients
score could actually go down. Why? Because the length of credit is very
important and you just deleted an account that shows a lengthy credit history. Be
careful and understand the credit factors in this manual before you just start
disputing inaccurate negative items in your clients report. I will discuss this
issue again below in More Certified-Credit-Consultant Tips, because it is very
important to your success as a credit consultant to understand this matter.
6. You will show your clients their starting credit score. Your job will be totally
completed when the score has improved to an acceptable level or when you help
the clients reach their credit goals. Sometimes it means getting new credit for
your client. They will have to be willing to take your advice, e.g. to use creditbuilding bank loans and secure credit cards or merchandising cards.
7. Remember, as a credit consultant, you will find out your clients goals and base
your success on fulfilling their needs. They may just want to get a mortgage with
the best interest rates possible. Whatever the case may be, your job is to help
them reach their credit goals.

8. After you prepare letters of dispute, make sure you have your follow-up system
in place. I recommend that you get one of the software programs listed in this
manual.
That was simple wasnt it? All you have to do is follow these steps and you are in business.
Now you need clients. This is where marketing will come into play.

Items You Need from Clients

It is good to have a COPY of the following items from your clients.
Please send copies of the following items:
1
2

4
5

Driver's license or State ID Card

Your Social Security Card (if you have) or any document that shows your name,
and Social Security number (i.e. W-2 forms, paycheck stub, bank statement,
medical insurance card, etc.)
Any one of the following showing your NAME and CURRENT ADDRESS:
electric, gas, water, or cable TV bill, voters or auto registration card, or the top
part of any bank statement.
Documentation that will assist in identifying any errors, misrepresentations, or
omissions.
Tell the client to fill out the form below and follow the above instructions or your
application will be further delayed.

More Certified-Credit-Consultant Tips

Credit bureaus
Credit bureaus have up to 30 days to investigate disputes; however, if you received a free
annual report, they have 45 days.
Inquiries
Multiple hard inquiries can hurt your score, even after the application has been approved
or denied.
A creditor should run your credit once when you apply for a loan. If you end up with
several hard inquiries based on the creditor, especially AFTER they have either approved
or declined your loan application, contact the credit bureau to have the inquiry reclassified.
The Fair Credit Reporting Act allows only credit or collection inquiries to be report to third
parties.

Bankruptcy disputes
1. Make sure that you do NOT send your clients bankruptcy papers to the credit
bureau, even if they are requested. They will usually include good accounts not
included as part of the bankruptcy. Also, every creditor listed in your credit
report could be listed too. This could really lower your score.
2. Make sure that the filing date is correct.
3. Most credit reports with a bankruptcy have discharged accounts that still show a
balance in many instances
4. In some cases, many creditors will continue to access your clients credit file and
in the process possibly lower their credit scores. Please note: they do NOT have
the right or permission to access your credit report after the discharge and there
is a $1,000 penalty for each violation. Check your credit and if they have violated
your rights, get your money.
Your bankruptcy attorney could help you with this, however; you may need to educate
them on this matter.

Chapter 13 bankruptcy
Although chapter 13 (wage earn plan) bankruptcies are usually deleted in seven years, they
could remain for up to 10 years. Why? Because they are covered under Title 11 of the
United States Bankruptcy Code.
A voluntary bankruptcy petition may be reported for ten years from the date that it is
filed, because the filing of the petition constitutes the entry of an ``order for relief''
under this subsection, just like a filing under the Bankruptcy Act (11 U.S.C. 301).
Section 605(a)(2)--``Suits and judgments which, from date of entry, antedate the
report by more than seven years or until the governing statute of limitations has
expired, whichever is the longer period.''
Please Note: Collection accounts must be deleted if the consumer no longer has the
account. Why? Because this account is no longer verifiable. Sometimes, accounts are passed
around to multiple collection companies. Make sure that all of them are not reporting the
same account.

When meeting with a client

1. Start a log and track everything. You will need to keep all records in case you
need to take legal action against a credit bureau. This is why I recommend a
good credit restoration software, e.g. Credit Money Machine software.
2. Understand the problems and develop a strategy. Make sure you order the
correct credit reports to solve their problems.
3. Get the reports; analyze and point out pertinent incorrect data.
4. You must assess the factors of their current credit score and try to resolve why
the client has this score. The credit bureau will provide data on this. Then
determine what to dispute and what NOT to dispute. Next, you must determine
how you are going to dispute the items.
5. You do not want to cause irrevocable damage to your clients report.
6. There are some things that cannot be Undone, if you make a mistake.
7. Do not dispute an item simply because it is showing or not showing in different
credit-bureau report. What you do in one credit report could affect all reports.
Assess each report for each bureauthey usually have different scores. Make a
decision on why an item affects the score at that bureau. If you tell the credit
bureau that another credit bureau is not showing a negative account, all three
bureaus could end up with that same negative account. Be smart and deal with
issues affecting the score.
8. It is OK to leave some bad marks on your clients credit reports. They do not
have to be squeaky clean. Your goal should be to increase their credit scores.
9. Do not dispute negative accounts that actually increase your clients scores.
Remember the credit factors: Payment History, Credit Use, Type of Credit,
Length of History, and Inquiries. What if your client has a limited credit history
and you dispute old trade lines (accounts), those over two years old? Do you
know what would happened? It will affect one of the credit factorslength of
history. You must understand how each of these factors relates to your clients
score.
10. If you mess up and dispute accounts that help their score, it is usually impossible
to get these closed accounts re-reported after they have been deleted. So, dont
disputes old and irrelevant late payments. Remember credit scores are affected
by things under two years old. Many accounts older than two years do not
matter anymore. A charge-off deleted from your account can lower FICO scores.
In this matter, the account history increases the scores by more points than are
lost due to the charge-off.

11. Be careful of false or frivolous disputes. If your client used a credit-repair firm in
the past, the credit bureau could have a record that they directly lied to them and
this could hold up in court. Make sure there is consistency in what was said
before.

New Bankruptcy Law Passed

If you are interested in the specifics of the complete bill, visit http://thomas.loc.gov/cgibin/bdquery/z?d109:SN00256: for a summary.

Key changes
The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) of 2005, a
major reform of the bankruptcy system, was passed by Congress and signed into law by
President Bush in April 2005. Changes instituted by this new law took effect on October 17,
2005. Below are some of the key changes that came about as a result of this new bankruptcy
law.

Mandatory credit counseling

As of October 17, 2005, before filing for bankruptcy most applicants must now undergo
credit counseling in a government-approved program. You can get more information on
the procedure for pre-filing credit counseling (and a list of approved credit counseling
agencies) from the U.S. Trustee Program (a component of the Department of Justice
responsible for overseeing the administration of bankruptcy cases).

Stricter eligibility for Chapter 7 filing

Under the new law, bankruptcy applicants who wish to file under Chapter 7 must meet
certain eligibility requirements under a "means test." described above.
Under the "means test," if your current monthly income is less than the median income in
your state, you can file for bankruptcy under chapter 7. But if your current monthly income
is above the median income in your state, and you can afford to pay $100 per month
toward paying off your debt, you cannot file under chapter 7 and must proceed under
chapter 13 (more on Chapter 13 below). Whether you can afford to pay $100 per month (or
$6,000 over a five-year period) is based on a formula that includes your monthly income,
your expenses, and the total amount of your debt. Get more information on means testing
from the U.S. Trustee Program (a component of the Department of Justice responsible for
overseeing the administration of bankruptcy cases).

Tax returns and proof of income required

Under the new bankruptcy law, people wishing to file bankruptcy under chapter 7 or
chapter 13 must show proof of their income by providing federal tax returns from the last
tax year. If a bankruptcy filer has not paid taxes for the previous tax year, he or she must
do so before the bankruptcy can proceed.

More filings under Chapter 13

As discussed above, if a bankruptcy applicant is ineligible for filing under chapter 7 based
on the "means test," he or she must file under chapter 13 instead. There are a number of
major differences between chapter 7 and chapter 13 bankruptcy, but the main distinction is
that under chapter 13, the debtor enters into a five-year repayment plan in which he or she
must pay a certain amount of money to creditors, based on a strict expenses-to-income
formula. For a detailed look, see Chart: Comparing Chapter 7 and Chapter 13.

Fewer "Automatic Stay" Protections for filers

People who file for bankruptcy have traditionally been entitled to certain immediate
protections from creditors and others, including most debt collection and lawsuit actions.
These protections are part of what is called the "automatic stay" effect of a bankruptcy
filing, because many potential legal actions against the filer are stopped (known as "stayed"
in legal terms). But, under the new bankruptcy law which took effect in October 2005, some
of these protections have been eliminated. For example, filing for bankruptcy no longer
delays or stops eviction actions, driver's license suspensions, legal actions for child support,
or divorce proceedings.

New priority for unpaid child support and alimony

Bankruptcy laws provide a system of re-payment priority for people and companies that
are owed money (called "creditors"). Under the new bankruptcy law, among the changes in
creditor priority is that people who are owed unpaid child support and alimony (i.e. the
bankruptcy filer's family members) take priority over any other creditor.

Mandatory financial management education

After the conclusion of bankruptcy proceedings, but before any debt can be discharged,
bankruptcy debtors must participate in a government-approved financial-management
education program. You can get more information on the procedure for financial
management education (and a list of approved debtor education providers) from the U.S.
Trustee Program (a component of the Department of Justice responsible for overseeing the
administration of bankruptcy cases).

Glossary of credit terms

-AAccount condition
Indicates the present state of the account, but does not indicate the payment history of
the account that led to the current state. (i.e. open, paid, charge off, repossession,
settled, foreclosed, etc).
Account number
The unique number assigned by a creditor to identify your account with them. Experian
removes several digits of each account number on the credit report as a fraudprevention measure.
Accounts in good standing
Credit items that have a positive status and should reflect favorably on your
creditworthiness
Adjustment
Percentage of the debt that is to be repaid to the credit grantors in a chapter 13
bankruptcy
AKA
Also Known As
Annual fee
Credit card issuers often (but not always) require you to pay a special charge once a
year for the use of their service, usually between $15 and $55.
Annual percentage rate (APR)
A measure of how much interest credit will cost you, expressed as an annual percentage
Authorized user
Person permitted by a credit cardholder to charge goods and services on the
cardholder's account but who is not responsible for repayment of the debt. The account
displays on the credit reports of the cardholder as well as the authorized user. If you
wish to have your name permanently removed as an authorized user on an account,
you will need to notify the credit grantor.

-B Balloon payments
A loan with a balloon payment requires that a single, lump-sum, payment be made at
the end of the loan.
Bankruptcy Code
Federal laws governing the conditions and procedures under which persons claiming
inability to repay their debts can seek relief
-CCapacity
Factor in determining creditworthiness. Capacity is assessed by weighing a borrower's
earning ability and the likelihood of continuing income against the amount of debt the
borrower carries at the time the application for credit is made. While capacity may be
considered in a credit decision, the credit report does not contain information about
earning ability or the likelihood of continuing income.
Chapter 7 Bankruptcy
Chapter of the Bankruptcy Code that provides for court-administered liquidation of the
assets of a financially troubled individual or business
Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
Chapter of the Bankruptcy Code that is usually used for the reorganization of a
financially troubled business. Used as an alternative to liquidation under chapter 7. The
U.S. Supreme Court has held that an individual may also use chapter 11.
Chapter 12 Bankruptcy
Chapter of the Bankruptcy Code adopted to address the financial crisis of the nation's
farming community. Cases under this chapter are administered like chapter 11 cases,
but with special protections to meet the special conditions of family farm operations.
Chapter 13 Bankruptcy
Chapter of the Bankruptcy Code in which debtors repay debts according to a plan
accepted by the debtor, the creditors, and the court. Plan payments usually come from
the debtor's future income and are paid to creditors through the court system and the
bankruptcy trustee.
Charge-off
Action of transferring accounts deemed uncollectible to a category such as bad debt or
loss. Collectors will usually continue to solicit payments, but the accounts are no longer
considered part of a company's receivable or profit picture.

Civil action
Any court action against a consumer to regain money for someone else. Usually, it will
be a wage assignment, child support judgment, small claims judgment, or a civil
judgment.
Claim amount
The amount awarded in a court action
Closed date
The date an account was closed.
Co-maker
A creditworthy co-maker is sometimes required in situations where an applicant's
qualifications are marginal. A co-maker is legally responsible to repay the charges in the
joint account agreement.
Consumer Credit Counseling Service
A non-profit organization that assists consumers in dealing with their credit problems.
Consumer Credit Counseling Service has offices throughout the United States that can
be located by calling 800 388 CCCS (2227).
Co-signer
Person who pledges in writing as part of a credit contract to repay the debt if the
borrower fails to do so. The account displays on both the borrower's and the co-signer's
credit reports.
Credit limit/Line of credit
In open-end credit, the maximum amount a borrower can draw upon or the maximum
that an account can show as outstanding.
Credit items
Information reported by current or past creditors
Credit report
Confidential report on a consumer's payment habits as reported by their creditors to a
consumer credit reporting agency. The agency provides the information to credit
grantors who have a permissible purpose under the law to review the report.
Credit scoring
Tool used by credit grantors to provide an objective means of determining risks in
granting credit. Credit scoring increases efficiency and timely response in the credit
granting process. Credit scoring criteria are set by the credit grantor.
Creditworthiness

The ability of a consumer to receive favorable consideration and approval for the use of
credit from an establishment to which they applied
-DDate filed
The date that a public record was awarded.
Date of Status
On the credit report, date the creditor last reported information about the account.
Date opened
On the credit report, indicates the date an account was opened.
Date resolved
The completion date or satisfaction date of a public-record item
Delinquent
Accounts classified into categories according to the time past due. Common
classifications are 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-days past due. Special classifications also include
charge-off, repossession, transferred, etc.
Discharge
Granted by the court to release a debtor from most of his debts that were included in a
bankruptcy. Any debts not included in the bankruptcy (Alimony, child support,
liability for willful and malicious conduct, and certain student loans) cannot be
discharged.
Disclosure
Providing the consumer with his or her credit history as required by the FCRA. The
credit bureaus provide consumer credit report disclosures via the Internet, by U.S. Mail,
and sometimes in person at their office
Dismissed
When a consumer files a bankruptcy, the judge may decide not to allow the consumer
to continue with the bankruptcy. If the judge rules against the petition, the bankruptcy
is known as dismissed.

Dispute
If a consumer believes an item of information on their credit report is inaccurate or
incomplete, they may challenge or dispute the item. The credit bureaus will investigate
and correct or remove any inaccurate information or information that cannot be
verified. Some of them give consumers the option of disputing online or they may call
the telephone number on their credit report for assistance.
-EECOA
Standard abbreviation for Equal Credit Opportunity Act
End-user
The business that receives the report for decision-making purposes that meet the
permissible-purpose requirements of the FCRA
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)
Federal legislation that prohibits creditors from discriminating against credit applicants
on the basis of sex, marital status, race, color, religion, age, and/or receipt of public
assistance.
Equifax
One of the three national credit reporting agencies, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.
The other two are Experian and TransUnion.
Experian
One of the three national credit reporting agencies, with U.S. headquarters in Costa
Mesa, CA. The other two are Equifax and TransUnion.
-FFair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act (FCCCDA)
Amendment to the Truth in Lending Act that requires the disclosure of the costs
involved in credit card plans that are offered by mail, telephone or applications
distributed to the general public.

Fair Credit Billing Act (FCBA)

Federal legislation that provides a specific error-resolution procedure to protect creditcard customers from making payments on inaccurate billings
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)
Federal legislation governing the actions of credit reporting agencies

Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)

Federal legislation prohibiting abusive and unfair debt collection practices
Finance charge
Amount of interest. Finance charges are usually included in the monthly payment total.
Fixed rate
An annual percentage rate that does not change
-GGeneration identifier
Generation identifiers are Jr., Sr., II, III, IV, etc.
Geographical code
This information is received from the Census Bureau and represents the state,
Metropolitan Statistical Area, county, tract and block group of the reported address.
This code is similar to a ZIP CodeTM.
Grace period
The time period you have to pay a bill in full and avoid interest charges
Guarantor
Person responsible for paying a bill
-HHigh balance
The highest amount that you have owed on an account to date.
-IInstallment credit
Credit accounts in which the debt is divided into amounts to be paid successively at
specified intervals.
Investigation
The process a consumer credit reporting agency goes through in order to verify credit
report information disputed by a consumer. The credit grantor who supplied the
information is contacted and asked to review the information and report back; they will
tell the credit reporting agency that the information is accurate as it appears, or they
will give them corrected information to update the report.
Investigative consumer reports

These are consumer reports that are usually done for background checks, security
clearances, and other sensitive jobs. An investigative consumer report might contain
information obtained from a credit report, but it is more comprehensive than a credit
report. It contains subjective material on an individual's character, habits, and mode of
living, which is obtained through interviews of associates. Not all credit bureaus
provide investigative consumer reports. (Experian does not.)
Involuntary bankruptcy
A petition filed by certain credit grantors to have a debtor judged bankrupt. If the
bankruptcy is granted, it is known as an involuntary bankruptcy.
Item-specific statement
Offers an explanation about a particular trade or public-record item on your report, and
it displays with that item on the credit report
-JJudgment granted
The determination of a court upon matters submitted to it. A final determination of the
rights of the parties involved in the lawsuit.
-LLast reported
On the credit report, the date the creditor last reported information about the account
Liability amount
Amount for which you are legally obligated to a creditor
Lien
Legal document used to create a security interest in another's property. A lien is often
given as a security for the payment of a debt. A lien can be placed against a consumer
for failure to pay the city, county, state, or federal government money that is owed. It
means that the consumer's property is being used as collateral during repayment of the
money that is owed.
Line of credit
In open-end credit, the maximum amount a borrower can draw upon or the maximum
that an account can show as outstanding
Location number
The book and page number on which the item is filed in the court records

-MMortgage Identification Number (MIN)

Indicates that a loan is registered with Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems Inc.,
which tracks the ownership of mortgage rights. This number will follow the
homeowner throughout the mortgage.
Most recent date
The date of the recent account condition or payment status. This date is also the balance
date.
-NNotice of results
If a credit investigation results in information being updated or deleted, the consumer
may request that the credit bureau sends the corrected information to eligible credit
grantors and employers who reviewed the information within a specific period of time.
If an investigation does not result in a change to the credit history, results will not be
sent to other lenders.
-OObsolescence
A term used to describe how long negative information should stay in a credit file
before it's not relevant to credit-granting decisions. The FCRA has determined the
obsolescence period to be 10 years in the case of bankruptcy and 7 years in all other
instances. Unpaid tax liens may remain indefinitely. Actual terms used by credit
bureaus vary, e.g., Experian removes obsolete information after 15 years.
Opt in
The ability of a consumer who has opted out to have their name re-added to
prescreened credit and insurance offer lists, direct marketing lists and individual
reference service lists. Consumers who have previously opted out of receiving
prescreened offers may have their names added to prescreened lists for credit and
insurance offers by calling 1 888 5OPTOUT (1 888 567 8688).
Opt out
The ability of the consumer to notify credit-reporting agencies, direct marketers, and list
compilers to remove their name from all future lists. Consumers may opt out of
prescreened credit and insurance offer lists by calling 1 888 5OPTOUT (1 888 567 8688).
Original amount
The original amount owed to a creditor.

-PPayment status
Reflects the previous history of the account, including any delinquencies or derogatory
conditions occurring during the previous seven years (e.g., Current account, delinquent
30, current was 60, redeemed repossession, charge-off now paying, etc.)
Permissible purposes
There are legally defined permissible purposes for a credit report to be issued to a third
party. Permissible purposes include credit transactions, employment purposes,
insurance underwriting, government financial-responsibility laws, court orders,
subpoenas, written instructions of the consumer, legitimate business needs, etc.
Personal information
Information on your personal credit report associated with your records that has been
reported to us by you, your creditors, and other sources. It may include name
variations, your driver's license number, Social Security number variations, your date or
year of birth, your spouse's name, your employers, your telephone numbers, and
information about your residence.
Personal statement
You may request that a general explanation about the information on your report be
added to your report. The statement remains for two years and displays to anyone who
reviews your credit information.
Petition
If a consumer files a bankruptcy, but a judge has not yet ruled that it can proceed, it is
known as bankruptcy petitioned.
Plaintiff
One who initially brings legal action against another (defendant) seeking a court
decision.
Potentially negative items
Any potentially negative credit items or public records that may have an effect on your
creditworthiness as viewed by creditors.
Public record data
Included as part of the credit report, this information is limited to tax liens, lawsuits and
judgments that relate to the consumer's debt obligations.
-RRecent balance

The most recent balance owed on an account as reported by the creditor

Recent payment
The most recent amount paid on an account as reported by the creditor
Released
This means that a lien has been satisfied in full.
Report number
A number that uniquely identifies each personal Experian credit report. This number
displays on your personal credit report and should always be referenced when you
contact us.
Reported since
On the credit report, the date the creditor started reporting the account to Experian
Repossession
A creditor's taking possession of property pledged as collateral on a loan contract on
which a borrower has fallen significantly behind in payments
Request an investigation
If you believe that information on your report is inaccurate, we will ask the sources of
the information to check their records at no cost to you. Incorrect information will be
corrected; information that cannot be verified will be deleted. Experian cannot remove
accurate information. An investigation may take up to 30 days. When it is complete,
we'll send you the results.
Request for your credit history
When a credit grantor, direct marketer or potential employer makes a request for
information from a consumer's credit report, an inquiry is shown on the report.
Grantors only see credit inquiries generated by other grantors as a result of an
application of some kind, while consumers see all listed inquiries, including
prescreened and direct marketing offers, as well as employment inquiries. According to
the Fair Credit Reporting Act, credit grantors with a permissible purpose may inquire
about your credit information prior to your consent. This section also includes the date
of the inquiry and how long the inquiry will remain on your report.
Responsibility
Indicates who is responsible for an account; can be single, joint, co-signer, etc.
Revolving account
Credit automatically available up to a predetermined maximum limit, so long as a
customer makes regular payments

Risk-scoring models
A numerical determination of a consumer's creditworthiness. Tool used by credit
grantors to predict future payment behavior of a consumer
-SSatisfied
If the consumer has paid all of the money the court says he owes, the public record item
is satisfied.
Secured credit
Loan for which some form of acceptable collateral, such as a house or automobile has
been pledged.
Security
Real or personal property that a borrower pledges for the term of a loan. Should the
borrower fail to repay, the creditor may take ownership of the property by following
legally mandated procedures.
Security alert
Statement that is added once Experian is notified that a consumer may be a victim of
fraud. It remains on file for 90 days and requests that a creditor request proof of
identification before granting credit in that person's name.
Service credit
Agreements with service providers. You receive goods (such as electricity) and services
(such as apartment rental and health club memberships) with the agreement that you
will pay for them each month. Your contract may require payments for a specific
number of months, even if you stop the service.
Settle
Reach an agreement with a lender to repay only part of the original debt
Source
The business or organization that supplied certain information that appears on the
credit report
Status
On the credit report, this indicates the current status or state of the account.
-TTerms

This refers to the debt-repayment terms of your agreement with a creditor, such as 60
months, 48 months, etc.
Third-party collectors
Collectors who are under contract to collect debts for a credit department or credit
company; a collection agency
Trade line (aka tradeline)
An entry by a credit grantor to a consumer's credit history maintained by a creditreporting agency. A trade line describes the consumer's account status and activity.
Trade line information includes names of companies where the applicant has accounts,
dates accounts were opened, credit limits, types of accounts, balances owed and
payment histories.
Transaction fees
Fees charged for certain use of your credit line; for example, to get a cash advance from
an ATM
TransUnion
One of three national credit reporting agencies. The other two are Experian and Equifax.
Truth in Lending Act
Title I of the Consumer Protection Act. Requires that most categories of lenders disclose
the annual interest rate, the total dollar cost, and other terms of loans and credit sales.
Type
This refers to the type of credit agreement made with a creditor; for example, a
revolving account or installment loan.
-UUnsecured credit
Credit for which no collateral has been pledged. Loans made under this arrangement
are sometimes called signature loans; in other words, a loan is granted based only on
the customer's words, through signing an agreement that the loan amount will be paid.
-VVacated
Indicates a judgment that was rendered void or set aside
Variable rate
An annual percentage rate that may change over time as the prime lending rate varies
or according to your contract with the lender

Verification
Verifying whether data in a credit report is correct or not. Initiated by consumers when
they question some information in their file. Credit-reporting agencies will accept
authentic documentation from the consumer that will help in the verification.
Victim statement
A statement that can be added to a consumer's credit report to alert credit grantors that
a consumer's identification has been used fraudulently to obtain credit. The statement
requests the credit grantor to contact the consumer by telephone before issuing credit. It
remains on file for seven (7) years unless the consumer requests that it be removed.
Voluntary Bankruptcy
If a consumer files the bankruptcy on his own, it is known as voluntary bankruptcy.
-WWage assignment
A signed agreement, by a buyer or borrower, permitting a creditor to collect a certain
portion of the debtor's wages from an employer in the event of default
Withdrawn
This means a decision was made not to pursue a bankruptcy, a lien, etc. after court
documents have been filed.
Writ of replevin
Legal document issued by a court authorizing repossession of security