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Program Control Structures - Part 1

This document provides an overview of program control structures in Chapter 2 of a computer programming course. It discusses selection/conditional statements, including one-way selection using if statements, two-way selection using if-else statements, multi-selection using if-else-if statements, nested if statements, and switch structures. Examples are provided for each type of selection statement. Compound statements using block of code with curly braces are also explained. The document aims to explain the different types of program control flows that can be used to control program execution based on certain conditions.

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Thinagaran Mahendran
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117 views

Program Control Structures - Part 1

This document provides an overview of program control structures in Chapter 2 of a computer programming course. It discusses selection/conditional statements, including one-way selection using if statements, two-way selection using if-else statements, multi-selection using if-else-if statements, nested if statements, and switch structures. Examples are provided for each type of selection statement. Compound statements using block of code with curly braces are also explained. The document aims to explain the different types of program control flows that can be used to control program execution based on certain conditions.

Uploaded by

Thinagaran Mahendran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

PLT 101 Computer Programming

CHAPTER 2
PROGRAM CONTROL STRUCTURES
(Part 1)
Selection/Conditional Statements
Lecturer: Mrs Nurul Izni Rusli
nurulizni@unimap.edu.my
UNICITI S2 BK5 Level 1

Previously in Chapter 1..


Computer Hardware & Software Components
Programming Language (Machine,
Assembly, High-Level)

Programming Algorithm

Pseudo-Code
Flow Chart

Variable/Identifiers & Reserved words


Program Comments
Preprocessor Directives or Headers
Data Types & Declaration
Program Operators
Program Debugging & Error Type (Syntax,
2

Runtime, Logic)

Example of C Reserved Words

Outline
Simple & Compound Statement
Types of Selection
One-way Selection

Two-way Selection
Multi-Selection
Nested If
Conditional Operator
Switch Structure
4

Simple Statements & Compound


Statements
Compound Statement a block of code enclosed with a

pair of braces { }
The initialization is performed for an initialization

statement each time the declaration is reached in the


order of execution.
Eg:

Compound (Block of ) Statement


A compound statement (also called a block of

statements) takes the form of


{
statement 1; statement 2;
.
.
.
statement n;
}
It is considered a single syntactic unit
6

Compound (Block of ) Statement -cont.


Example:

if (age > 18)


{
pintf ("Eligible to vote\n);
printf ("No longer a minor\n);

Block of statement 1

}
else

{
printf ("Not eligible to vote\n);
printf (Still a minor\n);
7

Block of statement 2

Selection/Conditional Statements
Used to control the flow of a program
Also called as decision or branches
Branches are conditions or choices used to enable

selection of program flow

Types of Selection
One-way selection = if
Two-way selection = if..else
Multi-selection
Nested if
Switch structure = switch

One-way Selection = if
In C, a condition is represented by a logical

10

(Boolean) expression
True and false are logical (Boolean) values
The syntax of one-way selection is:
if (expression) statement;
If the value of the expression is true, statement is
executed;
If false, statement is not executed and the
computer goes on to the next statement in the
program.

One-way Selection = if -cont.


Example 1
If students grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print Pass

11

One-way Selection = if -cont.

..
if (grade >= 60) {
printf (Pass);
}
..
..

12

One-way Selection = if -cont.


Example 2

char grade;

if (markah>= 90) {
grade = 'A';

...
printf (Grade is : %c\n, grade);
}

13

One-way Selection = if -cont.


Example 3
if (temperature is greater than 70 degree and it is not

raining)
recommended activity is golfing

bool rain=false;

if ((temp > 70) && !(rain)) {


printf (recommended activity is golfing);
}
14

One-way Selection = if -cont.


Common Errors
if score >= 90

//no parentheses

grade = 'A';
if (score >= 90); //; not here

grade = 'A';

15

Two-way Selection = if..else


The syntax of two-way selection is:
if (expression)

statement1;

else
statement2;
If the value of the expression is true, statement1 is

executed;
If false, statement2 is executed

16

Two-way Selection = if..else -cont.


Example 1
If students grade is greater than or equal to 60
print Pass
else
print Fail

17

Two-way Selection = if..else -cont.

if (grade >=60) {
printf (Pass);
}
else {
printf (Fail);
}

18

Two-way Selection = if..else -cont.


Example 2

if (hour > 40.0)


wages = 40.0 * rate +1.5 * rate * (hour - 40.0);
else
wages = hour * rate;

//Line 1
//Line 2
//Line 3
//Line 4

If hour is 50, then the statement at Line 2 is executed


If hour is 30, then the statement at Line 4 is executed

19

Multi-Selection = if..else..if
The syntax is:

if (exp1)
stmt1;
else if (exp2)
stmt2;
else if (exp3)
stmt3;

else
stmt n;
20

An if..else..if control structure


shifts program control, step by
step, through a series of
statement blocks.

Multi-Selection = if..else..if

-cont.

Example
temp >30

temp
>30

display

0c

hot

20-30 0c mild
10-20

0c

<10 0c

cold
very cold

Print hot

false

true

Print mild

temp > 20
false

temp >10
false

Print very cold

21

true

true

Print cold

Multi-Selection = if..else..if
if (temp > 30)
printf (hot\n);
else if ((temp >=20) && (temp<=30))
printf (mild\n);
else if (temp >=10) && (temp < 20))
printf (cold\n);
else
printf (very cold\n);

22

-cont.

Nested if
When one control statement is within another, it is

said to be nested
if(exp1)
if(exp2)
statement1; OR
if(exp1)
{
statement1;
if(exp2)
statement2;
}
23

Nested if -cont.
Example 1

if (temperature >= 50)


{
if (temperature >= 80)
printf ("Good day for swimming.\n);
else
printf ("Good day for golfing.\n);
}
else
printf ("Good day to play tennis.\n);
24

Nested if -cont.
Example 2

25

The Conditional Operator (? :)


The syntax of using the conditional operator is:

expression1 ? expression2 : expression3;


This is called a conditional expression.
The statement:

if (a >= b)
max = a;
else
max = b;
Is equivalent to the statement:

max = (a >= b) ? a : b;
26

Switch Structure
Similar to if-else if control structure
The general form (syntax):
switch (expression)
{
case value 1: statements1;
break;
case value 2: statements2;
break;
.
.
.
case value n: statements n;
break;

default: statements;
27

Switch Structure -cont.


The break statement has a special meaning

and may or may not appear after each


statement.
In C, switch, case, break, and default are

reserved words.
In a switch structure, first the expression is

evaluated. The value of the expression is then


used to perform the corresponding action.

28

Switch Structure -cont.


The expression is usually an identifier.
The value of the expression can be only

integral.
The expression is sometimes called the

selector. Its value determines which statement


is selected for execution.
A particular case value should appear only

once.
One or more statements may follow a case

29

label, so you do not need to use braces to turn


multiple statements into a single compound
statement.

Switch Structure -cont.


Example:

where, grade is a variable of the type char. If the

value of grade is, say 'A', the output is


The grade is A.
30

Switch Structure -cont.


The switch statement executes according to the

following rules:
When the value of the expression is matched against a case

value (also called a label), the statements execute until


either a break statement is found or the end of the switch
structure is reached.
If the value of the expression does not match any of the

case values, the statements following the default label


execute. If the switch structure has no default label, and if
the value of the expression does not match any of the case
values, the entire switch statement is skipped.
A break statement causes an immediate exit

switch structure.
31

from the

End Week 2 Session 1


Q & A!

3
2

Pop Quiz
Calculate score based upon a letter grade
Get input from user: A, B, C, D, F

Check for valid input


Print Score in a 4.0 to 0.0 scale
grade A > score = 4.0
grade B > score = 3.0
grade C > score = 2.0
grade D > score = 1.0
grade F > score = 0.0

33

Q1: Based on the program written below, draw a


complete flow chart for the program

34

1 mark

Q1
- Answer

1 mark
Correct arrow & label 1 mark
1 mark
Y

N
1 mark
Y
N

1 mark

1 mark
Y
N
1 mark
Y
N

1 mark

35

1 mark

Q2: Part A MTE 2014/2015

36

Q2 - Answer

37

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