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    Example Swing Equation

    Uploaded by

    Amirul Hafiz
    This document contains two examples that use the swing equation to analyze the behavior of synchronous generators during faults. The first example calculates the angular velocity and power angle of a generator during and after a 3-phase short circuit. It finds that the power angle is 16.75 degrees 3 cycles after the fault begins. The second example determines if a generator maintains stability after a 3-phase fault that lasts 3 cycles. It calculates the maximum power angle reached is 40.12 degrees, so stability is maintained.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Example Swing Equation

    Uploaded by

    Amirul Hafiz
    616 views5 pages
    This document contains two examples that use the swing equation to analyze the behavior of synchronous generators during faults. The first example calculates the angular velocity and power angle of a generator during and after a 3-phase short circuit. It finds that the power angle is 16.75 degrees 3 cycles after the fault begins. The second example determines if a generator maintains stability after a 3-phase fault that lasts 3 cycles. It calculates the maximum power angle reached is 40.12 degrees, so stability is maintained.

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    swing eq

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    This document contains two examples that use the swing equation to analyze the behavior of synchronous generators during faults. The first example calculates the angular velocity and power angle of a generator during and after a 3-phase short circuit. It finds that the power angle is 16.75 degrees 3 cycles after the fault begins. The second example determines if a generator maintains stability after a 3-phase fault that lasts 3 cycles. It calculates the maximum power angle reached is 40.12 degrees, so stability is maintained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    616 views5 pages

    Example Swing Equation

    Uploaded by

    Amirul Hafiz
    This document contains two examples that use the swing equation to analyze the behavior of synchronous generators during faults. The first example calculates the angular velocity and power angle of a generator during and after a 3-phase short circuit. It finds that the power angle is 16.75 degrees 3 cycles after the fault begins. The second example determines if a generator maintains stability after a 3-phase fault that lasts 3 cycles. It calculates the maximum power angle reached is 40.12 degrees, so stability is maintained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Examples: Swing Equation

    Example 1
    A 3-phase, 60 Hz, 500 MVA, 15 kV, 32-pole hydroelectric generating unit has an H
    constant of 2.0 per unit seconds.
    a) Determine the synchronous angular velocity of the rotor,
    b) Determine the electrical synchronous angular velocity,

    sm , in rad/s.
    s , in rad/s.

    c) Write down the per unit swing equation for this unit.
    d) The unit is initially operating at equilibrium, i.e. Pm p.u. = Pe p.u. = 1.0 per
    unit, = s and = 10 o when a 3-phase to ground bolted short circuit at the
    generator terminals causes Pe p.u to drop to zero for t 0. Determine the
    power angle 3 cycles after the short circuit commences. Assume Pm p.u.
    remains constant at 1.0 p.u. ,and p.u.(t) = 1.0, where p.u.(t) is the per unit
    rotor angle given by p.u.(t) =

    m(t )
    ms

    Solution
    a) For the 60 Hz generator,

    Ns=

    120 f
    = 120 x 60/32 = 225 rpm
    p

    2
    225
    60
    2
    sm=
    N
    60

    s=

    = 23.56 rad/s

    2
    sm= s
    p
    b)

    p
    32
    s= sm =
    23.56 = 377 rad/s
    2
    2
    c)

    2 H d2
    =Pm ( pu )Pe( pu)
    s dt 2

    becomes

    2H
    d2
    p .u . ( t) 2 =Pm ( pu )Pe (pu)
    s
    dt

    as p.u.(t)

    is taken as 1.0 per unit.

    2 x2
    d2
    (t ) 2 =Pm ( pu )Pe( pu)
    2 60 p .u .
    dt
    4 d2
    =Pm ( pu )Pe( pu)
    2 60 dt 2

    d)

    At time t = 0, the change in torque angle is zero,

    d (0)
    dt

    =0 ,

    and the initial power angle/ torque angle is (0) = 10 o = 10 x/180 = 0.1745 radian
    Using Pm p.u. =1.0, Pe p.u. = 0, and p.u.(t) = 1.0, the swing equation becomes

    4 d2
    =1.0
    2 60 dt 2

    for t 0.

    d 2 2 60
    =
    1.0
    2
    4
    dt
    Integrating, and using the above initial condition,

    d (t) 2 60
    =
    t+c ,
    dt
    4

    d (0)
    at t =0, dt =0 , c= 0

    d (t) 2 60
    =
    t
    dt
    4
    Integrating again,

    (t)=

    2 60 2
    t +c , at t = 0, (0)= 0.1745 radian,
    4 x2

    (t)=

    2 60 2
    t +0.1745
    4 x2

    At t = 3 cycles = 3 cycles/60 cycles/second = 0.05 second.


    Substitute into equation;

    (0.05)=

    2 60
    (0.05)2 +0.1745
    4x2
    = 0.2923 radian = 16.75o

    Example 2
    A synchronous generator is initially operating in the steady-state condition. At this
    steady state condition, o = 23.95o. A temporary 3-phase to ground bolted short
    circuit occurs at point F which is at the generators busbar. Three cycles later the
    fault extinguishes itself. Determine whether stability is maintained or not and
    determine the maximum power angle. The inertia constant of the generating unit is
    3.0 per unit seconds. Assume Pm remains constant throughout the disturbance.
    Also assume Pmax= 2.4638 p.u.
    Solution
    o = 23.95o = 0.4179 radian. Pm(pu)=Pe(pu) initially equals 1.0 per unit. At t =0,
    when the short circuit occurs, Pe instantaneously drops to zero and remains at zero
    during the fault, since power cannot be transferred past the faulted bus.

    2 H d2
    =Pm ( pu )Pe ( pu ) ,
    s dt 2

    assuming p.u.(t) = 1.0

    For 3 cycles on a 60 Hz system, t= 0.05 s when fault is cleared, Pe(pu) =0

    2 H d2
    =Pm ( pu )
    s dt 2

    0 t 0.05 s

    d ws Pm ( pu)
    =
    2
    2H
    dt

    Integrating twice with initial conditions (0) = 23.95o and

    d (0)
    =0 ,
    dt

    d (t) ws Pm( pu)


    =
    t +0
    dt
    2H
    (t)=

    ws Pm( pu) 2
    t + o
    4H

    At t = 3 cycles = 0.05 s,
    1=

    (0.05)=

    2 60(1)
    0.052 +
    4 x3

    0.4179 = 0.4964 radian = 28.44o

    The accelerating area A1 is given by


    1

    A1 =

    Pm d = 1.0 d = 1 0=0.49640.4179=0.0785
    o

    At t=0.05 s the fault extinguishes and Pe instantaneously increases from zero to the
    sinusoidal curve. continues to increase until the decelerating area A 2 equals A1.

    P
    2

    ( max sinPm) d =
    A2 =

    (2.4638 sin 1.0)d =

    0.4964
    2

    Integrating,

    2.4638 [ (cos) ][ ]
    0.24638[cos(0.4964) cos2] ( 2 - 0.4964) = 0.0785

    A1 =

    0.0785

    0.24638cos2 + 2 = 2.5843
    This nonlinear algebraic equation can be solved iteratively to obtain
    2 = 0.7003 radian = 40.12o
    Thus stability is maintained.

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