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HT-Lecture 14 2009

This document summarizes a lecture on heat exchangers. It defines heat exchangers as devices that facilitate heat transfer between two fluid streams. It then classifies heat exchangers into single-stream and two-stream types. Various geometric flow configurations are described, including parallel flow, counterflow, crossflow, and regenerators. The energy balance and fluid temperature behavior for different configurations are explained. It also discusses the overall heat transfer coefficient, fouling, and provides an example analysis of a single-stream evaporator.

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Mega Purnama Zainal
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51 views17 pages

HT-Lecture 14 2009

This document summarizes a lecture on heat exchangers. It defines heat exchangers as devices that facilitate heat transfer between two fluid streams. It then classifies heat exchangers into single-stream and two-stream types. Various geometric flow configurations are described, including parallel flow, counterflow, crossflow, and regenerators. The energy balance and fluid temperature behavior for different configurations are explained. It also discusses the overall heat transfer coefficient, fouling, and provides an example analysis of a single-stream evaporator.

Uploaded by

Mega Purnama Zainal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 14

HEAT
EXCHANGERS
Lecture I

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Heat Exchangers
INTRODUCTION
Definition: A heat exchanger is a device
that facilitates transfer of heat from one
fluid stream to another.
Heat Exchangers are used in:
Power generation, refrigeration, heating, airconditioning, food processing, chemical
processing, oil refining and automobiles.

Heat Exchangers are classified into two


types:
1. Single-Stream Exchangers
The temperature of only one stream changes
in the exchanger (evaporators, condensers,..)

2. Two-Stream Exchangers
The temperature of both streams change in the
exchanger (radiators, oil coolers, ..)
Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Type of Exchangers
Single-Stream

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Two-Stream

Type of Exchangers, continued


Geometric Flow Configurations:
Single-Stream: The temperature of only one
stream changes in the exchanger
Parallel-Flow Two-Stream: Two fluid flows
parallel to each other in the same direction. It is
often constructed as a shell-and-tube exchanger
(Cocurrent)
Counterflow Two-Stream: Two fluid flows
parallel to each other in opposite direction. It is
often constructed as a shell-and-tube exchanger.
(Counter-current)

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Type of Exchangers, continued


Geometric Flow Configurations:
Cross-flow Two-Stream: The two streams flow at
right angles to each other. Intermediate
Effectiveness. Example: Automobile Radiators.
Cross-counterflow Two-Stream: The tubes can
pass twice or four times the shell. The more it
crosses the more effective it is.
Multipass Two-Stream: When the tubes of a
shell-and-tube exchanger double back one or more
times inside the shell.
Regenerators: The above configurations involve
steady flows and temperatures usually called
Recuperators. For Regenerators the two streams
flow alternately through a stored matrix of
substantial heat storage capacity. Regenerators can
have parallel, counter and cross flow configurations.

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Fluid Temperature Behavior


Notations:
H denotes hot stream
C denotes cold stream,

TH and TC change depending on the configuration.

In parallel flow two stream (TH -TC) decreases


along the exchanger in the flow direction and
TC,out < TH,out.

In the Counterflow two-stream exchanger (TH -TC)


can increase, decrease or remain constant.

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Energy Balance
The energy balance of a simple coaxial-tube parallelflow heat exchanger is:

m& H ( h H ,0 h H , L ) = m& C ( hC , L hC ,0 ) = Q&


where Q& is the heat transferef between the hot stream
and the cold stream.
Assuming the specific heat is constant then,
(m& c P ) H (TH ,0 TH ,L ) = ( m& c P ) C (TC ,L TC ,0 ) = Q&
or
(m& c P ) H (TH ,in TH ,out ) = (m& c P ) C (TC ,out TC ,in ) = Q&
This also applies for couterflow exchanger taking the
mass flow rates as positive irrespective of direction
For a simple condenser with saturated vapour :
m& H h fgH = ( m& c P ) C (TC ,out TC ,in )

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient


Most heat exchangers involve tubes which
have an overall heat transfer coefficient, U.
1
U

1
hc ,i 2 ri

ln( ro / ri )
2 k

1
hc ,o 2 ro

where is the tube perimeter

A well known problem of heat exchangers


are fouling. Deposits of calcium or
magnesium on the surface alters the
conductivity of the surface and can also alter
the conductivity coefficient.
1
U f

1
U

R fH
H

R fC
C

where R fC and R fH are the cold and hot fouling resistance.

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

10

Fouling in a Finned Heat


Exchanger

For finned clean tube in a heat exchanger:


1
U

1
hc ,i 2 ri

ln( ro / ri )
2 k

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

+h

1
c ,o ( A f / L ) f + hc ,o Ap / L

11

Fouling Resistance for Heat


Exchangers

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

12

Approximate Overall H-T


Coefficient

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

13

Single-Stream Steady-Flow Exchanger


Analysis of an Evaporator

Exchanger Energy Balance :


(m& c p ) H (TH ,in TH ,out ) = m& C h fgC
Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

14

Single-Stream Steady-Flow Exchanger


Analysis of an Evaporator continued
To obtain gas temperature variation along the
exchanger we now consider a differential element
x.
Energy balance in this element shows that the heat
transfer across the tube wall must equal the gas flow
rate times its enthalpy decrease.

Ux (TH Tsat ) = m& H c pH (TH |x TH |x + x )


where = D
Dividing by x , letting x

dTH
dx

U
m& H c pH

0, and rearranging:

(TH Tsat ) = 0

Boundary conditions: x=0 : TH=TH,in

TH Tsat = (TH ,in Tsat )e


Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

(U/ m& H c pH ) x

15

Single-Stream Steady-Flow Exchanger


Analysis of an Evaporator continued

For x = L we get the exit temperature :


T

& c
UL / m
,
H , out
= 1 e
TH ,in Tsat
H in

pH

or
= 1 - e -Ntu , where is the exchanger
effectiveness and Ntu is the number of
transfer units.
The effectiveness is the actual heat transfer
rate divided by the maximum heat transfer
for an infinitely long exchanger. The larger
Ntu is the more effective the heat exchanger.

typically range from 0.6 to 0.9.


Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

16

In Class Exercise

Example 8.4, page 780


In a pilot open-cycle ocean thermal
energy conservation plant, 1 kg/s of
warm sea water at 300 K enters an
evaporator maintained at 2619 Pa.
The water is injected through an array
of nozzles to give an estimated
transfer area and liquid-side heat
transfer coefficient of 0.80 m and
17,000 W/m K, respectively. At
what rate is vapor produced?

Lecture 14 - Heat Exchangers

17

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