EARLY REPORT

Early report

Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and

pervasive developmental disorder in children
A J Wakefield, S H Murch, A Anthony, J Linnell, D M Casson, M Malik, M Berelowitz, A P Dhillon, M A Thomson,
P Harvey, A Valentine, S E Davies, J A Walker-Smith

Summary
Background We investigated a consecutive series of
children with chronic enterocolitis and regressive
developmental disorder.
Methods 12 children (mean age 6 years [range 310], 11
boys) were referred to a paediatric gastroenterology unit
with a history of normal development followed by loss of
acquired skills, including language, together with diarrhoea
and
abdominal
pain.
Children
underwent
gastroenterological, neurological, and developmental
assessment and review of developmental records.
Ileocolonoscopy and biopsy sampling, magnetic-resonance
imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and lumbar
puncture were done under sedation. Barium follow-through
radiography was done where possible. Biochemical,
haematological, and immunological profiles were
examined.
Findings Onset of behavioural symptoms was associated,
by the parents, with measles, mumps, and rubella
vaccination in eight of the 12 children, with measles
infection in one child, and otitis media in another. All 12
children had intestinal abnormalities, ranging from
lymphoid nodular hyperplasia to aphthoid ulceration.
Histology showed patchy chronic inflammation in the colon
in 11 children and reactive ileal lymphoid hyperplasia in
seven, but no granulomas. Behavioural disorders included
autism (nine), disintegrative psychosis (one), and possible
postviral or vaccinal encephalitis (two). There were no
focal neurological abnormalities and MRI and EEG tests
were normal. Abnormal laboratory results were significantly
raised urinary methylmalonic acid compared with agematched controls (p=0003), low haemoglobin in four
children, and a low serum IgA in four children.
Interpretation We identified associated gastrointestinal
disease and developmental regression in a group of
previously normal children, which was generally associated
in time with possible environmental triggers.

Lancet 1998; 351: 63741

See Commentary page
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group, University Departments
of Medicine and Histopathology (A J Wakefield FRCS, A Anthony MB,
J Linnell PhD, A P Dhillon MRCPath, S E Davies MRCPath) and the
University Departments of Paediatric Gastroenterology
(S H Murch MB, D M Casson MRCP, M Malik MRCP,
M A Thomson FRCP, J A Walker-Smith FRCP,), Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry (M Berelowitz FRCPsych), Neurology (P Harvey FRCP), and
Radiology (A Valentine FRCR), Royal Free Hospital and School of
Medicine, London NW3 2QG, UK
Correspondence to: Dr A J Wakefield

THE LANCET Vol 351 February 28, 1998

Introduction
We saw several children who, after a period of apparent
normality, lost acquired skills, including communication.
They all had gastrointestinal symptoms, including
abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and bloating and, in some
cases, food intolerance. We describe the clinical findings,
and gastrointestinal features of these children.

Patients and methods

12 children, consecutively referred to the department of
paediatric gastroenterology with a history of a pervasive
developmental disorder with loss of acquired skills and intestinal
symptoms (diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bloating and food
intolerance), were investigated. All children were admitted to the
ward for 1 week, accompanied by their parents.

Clinical investigations
We took histories, including details of immunisations and
exposure to infectious diseases, and assessed the children. In 11
cases the history was obtained by the senior clinician (JW-S).
Neurological and psychiatric assessments were done by
consultant staff (PH, MB) with HMS-4 criteria.1 Developmental
histories included a review of prospective developmental records
from parents, health visitors, and general practitioners. Four
children did not undergo psychiatric assessment in hospital; all
had been assessed professionally elsewhere, so these assessments
were used as the basis for their behavioural diagnosis.
After bowel preparation, ileocolonoscopy was performed by
SHM or MAT under sedation with midazolam and pethidine.
Paired frozen and formalin-fixed mucosal biopsy samples were
taken from the terminal ileum; ascending, transverse,
descending, and sigmoid colons, and from the rectum. The
procedure was recorded by video or still images, and were
compared with images of the previous seven consecutive
paediatric colonoscopies (four normal colonoscopies and three
on children with ulcerative colitis), in which the physician
reported normal appearances in the terminal ileum. Barium
follow-through radiography was possible in some cases.
Also under sedation, cerebral magnetic-resonance imaging
(MRI), electroencephalography (EEG) including visual, brain
stem auditory, and sensory evoked potentials (where compliance
made these possible), and lumbar puncture were done.

Laboratory investigations
Thyroid function, serum long-chain fatty acids, and
cerebrospinal-fluid lactate were measured to exclude known
causes of childhood neurodegenerative disease. Urinary
methylmalonic acid was measured in random urine samples from
eight of the 12 children and 14 age-matched and sex-matched
normal controls, by a modification of a technique described
previously.2 Chromatograms were scanned digitally on
computer, to analyse the methylmalonic-acid zones from cases
and controls. Urinary methylmalonic-acid concentrations in
patients and controls were compared by a two-sample t test.
Urinary creatinine was estimated by routine spectrophotometric
assay.
Children were screened for antiendomyseal antibodies and
boys were screened for fragile-X if this had not been done

637

EARLY REPORT

Child

Age (years) Sex

Abnormal laboratory tests

Endoscopic findings

Histological findings

95

Hb 108, PCV 036, WBC 166

(neutrophilia), lymphocytes 18, ALP 166
Hb 107

Ileum not intubated; aphthoid ulcer

in rectum
LNH of T ileum and colon; patchy loss of
vascular pattern; caecal aphthoid ulcer
LNH of T ileum

10

Platelets 480, ALP 207

7
8

3
35

M
F

Hb 94, WBC 172 (neutrophilia), ESR 16, IgA 07

IgA 05, IgG 7

LNH of T ileum; loss of vascular pattern in

rectum
LNH of T lieum; proctitis with loss of
vascular pattern
LNH of T ileum; loss of colonic vascular
pattern
LNH of T ileum
Prominent ileal lymph nodes

10

IgG1 90

LNH of T ileum; patchy erythema at

hepatic flexure
LNH of T ileum and colon

11
12

6
7

M
M

Hb 112, IgA 026, IgM 34

IgA 07

Acute caecal cryptitis and chronic non-specific

colitis
Acute and chronic non-specific colitis: reactive ileal
lymphoid hyperplasia
Acute and chronic non-specific colitis: reactive ileal
and colonic lymphoid hyperplasia
Chronic non-specific colitis: reactive ileal and colonic
lymphoid hyperplasia
Chronic non-specific colitis: reactive ileal lymphoid
hyperplasia
Acute and chronic non-specific colitis: reactive ileal
lymphoid hyperplasia
Normal
Acute and chronic non-specific colitis: reactive ileal
lymphoid hyperplasia
Chronic non-specific colitis: reactive ileal and colonic
lymphoid hyperplasia
Chronic non-specific colitis: reactive ileal lymphoid
hyperplasia
Chronic non-specific colitis
Chronic non-specific colitis: reactive colonic
lymphoid hyperplasia

MCV 74, platelets 474, eosinophils 268,

IgE 114, IgG1 84
IgE 69, IgG1 825, IgG4 1006, ALP 474, AST 50

LNH of T ileum
LNH on barium follow-through;
colonoscopy normal; ileum not intubated

LNH=lymphoid nodular hyperplasia; T ileum=terminal ileum. Normal ranges and units: Hb=haemoglobin 115145 g/dL; PCV=packed cell volume 037045; MCV=mean cell
volume 76100 pg/dL; platelets 140400 109/L; WBC=white cell count 50155 109/L; lymphocytes 2286 109/L; eosinophils 004 109/L; ESR=erythrocyte sedimentation rate
015 mm/h; IgG 818 g/L; IgG1 353725 g/L; IgG4 01099 g/L; IgA 0945 g/L; IgM 0628 g/L; IgE 062 g/L; ALP=alkaline phosphatase 35130 U/L; AST=aspartate
transaminase 540 U/L.

Table 1: Clinical details and laboratory, endoscopic, and histological findings

Histology
Formalin-fixed biopsy samples of ileum and colon were assessed
and reported by a pathologist (SED). Five ileocolonic biopsy
series from age-matched and site-matched controls whose
reports showed histologically normal mucosa were obtained for
comparison. All tissues were assessed by three other clinical and
experimental pathologists (APD, AA, AJW).

Ethical approval and consent

Investigations were approved by the Ethical Practices Committee
of the Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, and parents gave
informed consent.

Results
Clinical details of the children are shown in tables 1 and
2. None had neurological abnormalities on clinical
examination; MRI scans, EEGs, and cerebrospinal-fluid
profiles were normal; and fragile X was negative.
Prospective developmental records showed satisfactory
achievement of early milestones in all children. The only
girl (child number eight) was noted to be a slow
developer compared with her older sister. She was
subsequently found to have coarctation of the aorta. After
surgical repair of the aorta at the age of 14 months, she
progressed rapidly, and learnt to talk. Speech was lost
later. Child four was kept under review for the first year
of life because of wide bridging of the nose. He was
discharged from follow-up as developmentally normal at
age 1 year.
In eight children, the onset of behavioural problems
had been linked, either by the parents or by the childs
physician, with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination.
Five had had an early adverse reaction to immunisation
(rash, fever, delirium; and, in three cases, convulsions).
In these eight children the average interval from exposure
to first behavioural symptoms was 63 days (range 114).
Parents were less clear about the timing of onset of
abdominal symptoms because children were not toilet
638

trained at the time or because behavioural features made

children unable to communicate symptoms.
One child (child four) had received monovalent
measles vaccine at 15 months, after which his
development slowed (confirmed by professional
assessors). No association was made with the vaccine at
this time. He received a dose of measles, mumps, and
rubella vaccine at age 45 years, the day after which his
mother described a striking deterioration in his behaviour
that she did link with the immunisation. Child nine
received measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine at 16
months. At 18 months he developed recurrent antibioticresistant otitis media and the first behavioural symptoms,
including disinterest in his sibling and lack of play.
Table 2 summarises the neuropsychiatric diagnoses;
the apparent precipitating events; onset of behavioural
features; and age of onset of both behaviour and bowel
symptoms.

Laboratory tests
All children were antiendomyseal-antibody negative and
common enteric pathogens were not identified by culture,
microscopy, or serology. Urinary methylmalonic-acid
excretion was significantly raised in all eight children who
Metuylmalanic acid (mg/mmol) creatinine

before. Stool samples were cultured for Campylobacter spp,

Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp and assessed by microscopy for
ova and parasites. Sera were screened for antibodies to Yersinia
enterocolitica.

15

10

p=0003

0
Patients

Controls

Figure 1: Urinary methylmalonic-acid excretion in patients and

controls
p=Significance of mean excretion in patients compared with controls.

THE LANCET Vol 351 February 28, 1998

EARLY REPORT

Child

Behavioural
diagnosis

Exposure identified
by parents or doctor

Interval from exposure to

first behavioural symptom

Features associated with

exposure

1
2
3
4

Autism
Autism
Autism
Autism?
Disintegrative
disorder?

MMR
MMR
MMR
MMR

Fever/delirium
Self injury
Rash and fever
Repetitive behaviour,
self injury,
loss of self-help

Autism

Autism

NoneMMR at 16
months
MMR

1 week
2 weeks
48 h
Measles vaccine at 15 months
followed by slowing in development.
Dramatic deterioration in behaviour
immediately after MMR at 45 years
Self-injurious behaviour started at
18 months
1 week

7
8

MMR
MMR

24 h
2 weeks

Recurrent otitis media

11

Autism
Post-vaccinial
encephalitis?
Autistic spectrum
disorder
Post-viral
encephalitis?
Autism

Measles (previously
vaccinated with MMR)
MMR

12

Autism

NoneMMR at 15 months

9
10

Age at onset of first symptom

Behaviour

Bowel

12 months
13 months
14 months
45 years

Not known
20 months
Not known
18 months

4 years
15 months

18 months

21 months
19 months

2 years
19 months

1 week (MMR 2 months previously)

Rash & convulsion; gaze

avoidance & self injury
Convulsion, gaze avoidance
Fever, convulsion, rash &
diarrhoea
Disinterest; lack of play

18 months

25 years

24 h

Fever, rash & vomiting

15 months

Not known

1 week

Recurrent viral pneumonia

for 8 weeks following MMR

15 months

Not known

Loss of speech development and

deterioration in language skills noted
at 16 months

Not known

MMR=measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.

Table 2: Neuropsychiatric diagnosis

were tested, compared with age-matched controls

(p=0003; figure 1). Abnormal laboratory tests are shown
in table 1.

Endoscopic findings
The caecum was seen in all cases, and the ileum in all but
two cases. Endoscopic findings are shown in table 1.
Macroscopic colonic appearances were reported as
normal in four children. The remaining eight had colonic
and rectal mucosal abnormalities including granularity,
loss of vascular pattern, patchy erythema, lymphoid
nodular hyperplasia, and in two cases, aphthoid
ulceration. Four cases showed the red halo sign around
swollen caecal lymphoid follicles, an early endoscopic
feature of Crohns disease.3 The most striking and
consistent feature was lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of
the terminal ileum which was seen in nine children
(figure 2), and identified by barium follow-through in one
other child in whom the ileum was not reached at
endoscopy. The normal endoscopic appearance of the
terminal ileum (figure 2) was seen in the seven children
whose images were available for comparison.
Histological findings
Histological findings are summarised in table 1.
Terminal ileum A reactive lymphoid follicular hyperplasia
was present in the ileal biopsies of seven children. In each
case, more than three expanded and confluent lymphoid
follicles with reactive germinal centres were identified
within the tissue section (figure 3). There was no
neutrophil infiltrate and granulomas were not present.
Colon The lamina propria was infiltrated by mononuclear
cells (mainly lymphocytes and macrophages) in the
colonic-biopsy samples. The extent ranged in severity
from scattered focal collections of cells beneath the
surface epithelium (five cases) to diffuse infiltration of the
mucosa (six cases). There was no increase in
intraepithelial lymphocytes, except in one case, in which
numerous lymphocytes had infiltrated the surface
epithelium in the proximal colonic biopsies. Lymphoid
follicles in the vicinity of mononuclear-cell infiltrates

THE LANCET Vol 351 February 28, 1998

showed enlarged germinal centres with reactive changes

that included an excess of tingible body macrophages.
There was no clear correlation between the endoscopic
appearances and the histological findings; chronic
inflammatory changes were apparent histologically in
endoscopically normal areas of the colon. In five cases
there was focal acute inflammation with infiltration of the
lamina propria by neutrophils; in three of these,
neutrophils infiltrated the caecal (figure 3) and rectalcrypt epithelium. There were no crypt abscesses.
Occasional bifid crypts were noted but overall crypt
architecture was normal. There was no goblet-cell
depletion but occasional collections of eosinophils were
seen in the mucosa. There were no granulomata.
Parasites and organisms were not seen. None of the
changes described above were seen in any of the normal
biopsy specimens.

Discussion
We describe a pattern of colitis and ileal-lymphoidnodular hyperplasia in children with developmental
disorders. Intestinal and behavioural pathologies may
have occurred together by chance, reflecting a selection
bias in a self-referred group; however, the uniformity of
the intestinal pathological changes and the fact that
previous studies have found intestinal dysfunction in
children with autistic-spectrum disorders, suggests that
the connection is real and reflects a unique disease
process.
Asperger first recorded the link between coeliac disease
and behavioural psychoses.4 Walker-Smith and
colleagues5 detected low concentrations of alpha-1
antitrypsin in children with typical autism, and
DEufemia and colleagues6 identified abnormal intestinal
permeability, a feature of small intestinal enteropathy, in
43% of a group of autistic children with no
gastrointestinal symptoms, but not in matched controls.
These studies, together with our own, including evidence
of anaemia and IgA deficiency in some children, would
support the hypothesis that the consequences of an
inflamed or dysfunctional intestine may play a part in
behavioural changes in some children.
639

EARLY REPORT

Figure 2: Endoscopic view of terminal ilium in child three and

in a child with endoscopically and histologically normal ileum
and colon
Greatly enlarged lymphoid nodule in right-hand field of view. A and
B=child three; C=normal ileum. Remainder of mucosal surface of`
terminal ileum is a carpet of enlarged lymphoid nodules.

The opioid excess theory of autism, put forward first

by Panksepp and colleagues7 and later by Reichelt and
colleagues8 and Shattock and colleagues9 proposes that
autistic disorders result from the incomplete breakdown
and excessive absorption of gut-derived peptides from
foods, including barley, rye, oats, and caesin from milk
and dairy produce. These peptides may exert centralopioid effects, directly or through the formation of
ligands with peptidase enzymes required for breakdown
of endogenous central-nervous-system opioids,9 leading
to disruption of normal neuroregulation and brain
development by endogenous encephalins and endorphins.
One aspect of impaired intestinal function that could
permit increased permeability to exogenous peptides is
deficiency of the phenyl-sulphur-transferase systems, as
described by Waring.10 The normally sulphated
glycoprotein matrix of the gut wall acts to regulate cell
and molecular trafficking.11 Disruption of this matrix and
increased intestinal permeability, both features of
inflammatory bowel disease,17 may cause both intestinal
and neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Impaired enterohepatic
sulphation and consequent detoxification of compounds
such as the phenolic amines (dopamine, tyramine, and
serotonin)12 may also contribute. Both the presence of
intestinal inflammation and absence of detectable
neurological abnormality in our children are consistent
with an exogenous influence upon cerebral function.
Lucarellis observation that after removal of a provocative
640

Figure 3: Biopsy sample from terminal ileum (top) and from

colon (bottom)
A=child three; lymphoid hyperplasia with extensive, confluent lymphoid
nodules. B=child three; dense infiltration of the lamina propria crypt
epithelium by neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Stained with
haematoxylin and eosin.

enteric
antigen
children
achieved
symptomatic
behavioural improvement, suggests a reversible element
in this condition.13
Despite
consistent
gastrointestinal
findings,
behavioural changes in these children were more
heterogeneous. In some cases the onset and course of
behavioural regression was precipitous, with children
losing all communication skills over a few weeks to
months. This regression is consistent with a disintegrative
psychosis (Hellers disease), which typically occurs when
normally developing children show striking behaviour
changes and developmental regression, commonly in
association with some loss of coordination and bowel or
bladder function.14 Disintegrative psychosis is typically
described as occurring in children after at least 23 years
of apparently normal development.
Disintegrative psychosis is recognised as a sequel to
measles encephalitis, although in most cases no cause is
ever identified.14 Viral encephalitis can give rise to autistic
disorders, particularly when it occurs early in life.15
Rubella virus is associated with autism and the combined
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (rather than
monovalent measles vaccine) has also been implicated.
Fudenberg16 noted that for 15 of 20 autistic children, the
first symptoms developed within a week of vaccination.
Gupta17 commented on the striking association between
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and the onset of
behavioural symptoms in all the children that he had
investigated for regressive autism. Measles virus18,19 and
measles vaccination20 have both been implicated as risk

THE LANCET Vol 351 February 28, 1998

EARLY REPORT

factors for Crohns disease and persistent measles

vaccine-strain virus infection has been found in children
with autoimmune hepatitis.21
We did not prove an association between measles,
mumps, and rubella vaccine and the syndrome described.
Virological studies are underway that may help to resolve
this issue.
If there is a causal link between measles, mumps, and
rubella vaccine and this syndrome, a rising incidence
might be anticipated after the introduction of this vaccine
in the UK in 1988. Published evidence is inadequate to
show whether there is a change in incidence22 or a link
with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.23 A genetic
predisposition to autistic-spectrum disorders is suggested
by over-representation in boys and a greater concordance
rate in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins.15 In the
context of susceptibility to infection, a genetic association
with autism, linked to a null allele of the complement (C)
4B gene located in the class III region of the majorhistocompatibility complex, has been recorded by Warren
and colleagues.24 C4B-gene products are crucial for the
activation of the complement pathway and protection
against infection: individuals inheriting one or two C4B
null alleles may not handle certain viruses appropriately,
possibly including attenuated strains.
Urinary methylmalonic-acid concentrations were raised
in most of the children, a finding indicative of a
functional vitamin B12 deficiency. Although vitamin B12
concentrations were normal, serum B12 is not a good
Urinary
measure
of
functional
B12
status.25
methylmalonic-acid excretion is increased in disorders
such as Crohns disease, in which cobalamin excreted in
bile is not reabsorbed. A similar problem may have
occurred in the children in our study. Vitamin B12 is
essential for myelinogenesis in the developing central
nervous system, a process that is not complete until
around the age of 10 years. B12 deficiency may,
therefore, be a contributory factor in the developmental
regression.26
We have identified a chronic enterocolitis in children
that may be related to neuropsychiatric dysfunction. In
most cases, onset of symptoms was after measles,
mumps, and rubella immunisation. Further investigations
are needed to examine this syndrome and its possible
relation to this vaccine.

References
1
2

4
5
6

7
8

10

11

12

13
14
15
16
17
18

19
20

Addendum:
Up to Jan 28, a further 40 patients have been assessed; 39 with the
syndrome.

21

Contributors
A J Wakefield was the senior scientific investigator. S H Murch and
M A Thomson did the colonoscopies. A Anthony, A P Dhillon, and
S E Davies carried out the histopathology. J Linnell did the B12 studies.
D M Casson and M Malik did the clinical assessment. M Berelowitz did
the psychiatric assessment. P Harvey did the neurological assessment.
A Valentine did the radiological assessment. JW-S was the senior clinical
investigator.

22
23
24

Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Special Trustees of Royal Free
Hampstead NHS Trust and the Childrens Medical Charity. We thank
Francis Moll and the nursing staff of Malcolm Ward for their patience and
expertise; the parents for providing the impetus for these studies; and
Paula Domizo, Royal London NHS Trust, for providing control tissue
samples.

THE LANCET Vol 351 February 28, 1998

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