Math 432 - Real Analysis II: Solutions To Test 1

Math 432 - Real Analysis II
Solutions to Test 1
Instructions: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as completely and neatly as
possible, writing complete proofs when possible.
Question 1. Consider the following power series L(x), which is also known as Eulers dilogarithm function:
L(x) =
X
xk
k=1
k2
(a) Compute the domain of convergence for L(x). Be sure to give a full analysis of the endpoints.
(b) Show that L(x) uniformly convergence on its entire domain of convergence.
(c) Explain why the L(x) is continuous on its domain of convergence.
Solution 1.
(a) We can use the ratio test to compute the interior of the domain of convergence:
k+1

x
k 2

lim
= |x| < 1.
k (k + 1)2 xk
Thus, the radius of convergence is 1. When x = 1, the series converges by the p-series test. When
x = 1, it converges by the alternating series test. So, the domain of convergence is [1, 1].
k

(b) We use the Weierstrass M -test to prove this. Notice that for all x [1, 1], we have that xk2 k12 .
P 1
Since k=1 k2 converges, we have that our power series converges uniformly on [1, 1], its domain of
convergence.
(c) Each of the finite partial sums is a continuous function. Since these partial sums converge uniformly,
the limit will be continuous as well.
Question 2. Consider the sequence of functions

fn (x) =
nx
1 + nx
for x [0, ).
(a) Compute the pointwise limit of of fn (x). Call this limit function f (x).
(b) Decide if fn f uniformly on [0, 1]. Prove your answer.
(c) Decide if fn f uniformly on [1, ). Prove your answer.
Solution 2.
(a) When x = 0, fn (0) = 0. When x 6= 0, then we can multiply the top and bottom by 1/n to get
lim fn (x) = lim
x
x
= = 1.
1/n + x
x
Thus, the limit function is given by f (0) = 0 and f (x) = 1 for all x 6= 0.
1
(b) fn cannot converge uniformly to f on [0, 1] because fn (x) is continuous on [0, 1] for all n and, if fn f
uniformly, then its limit would also be continuous on [0, 1], which it is not.
(c) Taking a derivative of fn (x), we have
fn0 (x) =
n(1 + nx) nx(n)

nx
=
.
(1 + nx)2
(1 + nx)2
Thus, for all x [0, 1], fn (x) is increasing. Furthermore, fn (x) 1 for all xin[1, ). Thus, sup{|fn (x)| | x
[1, )} occurs at the 1. Thus,
sup{|f (x) fn (x)| | x [1, )} = 1 f (1) = 1
n
.
1+n
Since this goes to 0, we have uniform convergence.
Question 3. Consider the power series

f (x) =
kxk .
k=1
(a) Compute the domain of convergence for f (x). Be sure to give a full analysis of the endpoints.
(b) Use the fact that
xk =
k=0
1
1x
for all |x| < 1 to show that
kxk =
k=1
x
(1 x)2
for all |x| < 1.

(c) Use (b) to compute the series
X
k
.
2k
k=1
(d) Use (b) to compute the series
X
k
.
3k
k=1
(e) Use (b) to compute the series
X
(1)k k
3k
k=1
Solution 3.
(a) Using the Ratio Test, we have

(k + 1)xk+1
= |x| < 1.

lim

k
kxk
Thus, the radius of convergence for this power series is 1. For the endpoints, notice that when x = 1
or x = 1, our series will diverge by the divergence test. Thus, the complete domain of convergence is
(1, 1).
2
(b) Since
k=0
xk =
1
1x ,
we can differentiate term-by-term to get that
kxk1 =
k=1
Multiplying both sides by x, we get
kxk =
k=1
1
.
(1 x)2
x
.
(1 x)2
(c) We can compute this series by letting x = 1/2 to get that
X
k
1/2
1/2
=
=
= 2.
2k
(1 1/2)2
1/4
k=1
(d) We can compute this series by letting x = 1/3 to get that
X
1/3
1/3
3
k
=
=
= .
k
2
3
(1 1/3)
4/9
4
k=1
(e) We can compute this series by letting x = 1/3 to get that
X
(1)k k
k=1
3k
1/3
1/3
3
=
=
.
2
(1 + 1/3)
16/9
16
Question 4. Consider the limit

sin x3 x3
.
x0
x9
lim
(a) Compute the above limit using LH

opitals Rule. Be sure to justify each step.
(b) Compute the Taylor series for sin x3 using the Taylor series for sin x. Use this Taylor series to compute
the above limit.
Solution 4.
(a) Notice that the top and bottom both limit to 0. Thus, we can use LHopitals Rule to get that
sin x3 x3
3x2 cos(x3 ) 3x2
cos(x3 ) 1
=
lim
=
lim
.
x0
x0
x0
x9
9x8
3x6
lim
We see that we can apply the rule once again to get that the above limit is equal to
3x2 sin(x3 )
sin(x3 )
= lim
.
5
x0
x0
18x
6x3
lim
Again, applying LH
opitals Rule, we get
3x2 cos(x3 )
cos(x3 )
1
= lim
= .
2
x0
x0
18x
6
6
lim
(b) Since the Taylor series for sin x is given by

sin(x) =
X
(1)k x2k+1
k=0
(2k + 1)!
we can substitute x3 in for x to get

3
sin(x ) =
X
(1)k x6k+3
k=0
(2k + 1)!
= x3
x9
x15
+
.
6
5!
If we plug this into our limit, we get in the numerator that our x3 terms cancels out. The remaining
terms all have at least an x9 factor in them. After factoring this out and canceling with the x9 in the
denominator, we have that the limit is equal to
1
1 x6
= .
lim +
x0
6
5!
6
Question 5. Let 0 < a. In the questions below, there is no need to justify your work; only give the requested
series.
(a) Give an example of a power series that has domain of convergence equal to (, ).
(b) Give an example of a power series that has domain of convergence equal to (a, a).
(c) Give an example of a power series that has domain of convergence equal to [a, a).
(d) Give an example of a power series that has domain of convergence equal to [a, a].
Solution 5.
(a)
X
xk
k=0
k!
(b)
X
xk
k=1
ak
(c)
X
xk
ak k
k=1
(d)
X
xk
ak k 2
k=1
Question 6. Assume that the power series
ak xk has radius of convergence 2. Let p be a fixed positive
k=0
integer.
4
(a) Compute the radius of convergence for
apk xk .
k=0
(b) Compute the radius of convergence for
p ak xk .
k=0
Solution 6.
(a) Since the original power series has a radius of converge of 2, we know that
lim sup |ak |1/k = 1/2.
But,
p

1
lim sup |apk |1/k = lim sup |ak |1/k = p .
2
Thus, the radius of convergence is 2p .
(b) Computing we get
lim sup |pak |1/k = lim sup p1/k |ak |1/k =
1
.
2
Extra Credit. For the dilogarithm function in Question 1, give the exact value for L(a) for at least one
a 6= 0 in the Domain of Convergence.
Solution. We know that L(x) converges at x = 1. In fact, this value is known to us as 2 /6.

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Math 432 - Real Analysis II

Question 2. Consider the sequence of functions

n(1 + nx) nx(n)

Since this goes to 0, we have uniform convergence.

Question 3. Consider the power series

for all |x| < 1 to show that

for all |x| < 1.

(d) Use (b) to compute the series

(e) Use (b) to compute the series

we can differentiate term-by-term to get that

Multiplying both sides by x, we get

(c) We can compute this series by letting x = 1/2 to get that

(d) We can compute this series by letting x = 1/3 to get that

(e) We can compute this series by letting x = 1/3 to get that

Question 4. Consider the limit

(a) Compute the above limit using LH

(b) Since the Taylor series for sin x is given by

we can substitute x3 in for x to get

Question 6. Assume that the power series

ak xk has radius of convergence 2. Let p be a fixed positive

(a) Compute the radius of convergence for

(b) Compute the radius of convergence for

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