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    It Might Appear That B Will See A Disappearing As He Reaches The Angle of 45

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    Hadjer Jojo
    1) According to general relativity, an observer outside a black hole would see anything falling into the black hole slow down and never actually cross the event horizon, while the object itself would feel itself crossing relatively quickly. 2) The Schwarzschild metric provides a mathematical description of spacetime near a non-rotating, uncharged black hole. It predicts that at the event horizon, the time it would take an object to cross becomes infinite for an outside observer. 3) Hawking originally showed that black holes should emit thermal radiation, seemingly destroying information. However, more recent work by Saini and Stojkovic constructs a density matrix formalism showing that including quantum correlations preserves information during black hole evaporation.

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    It Might Appear That B Will See A Disappearing As He Reaches The Angle of 45

    Uploaded by

    Hadjer Jojo
    22 views5 pages
    1) According to general relativity, an observer outside a black hole would see anything falling into the black hole slow down and never actually cross the event horizon, while the object itself would feel itself crossing relatively quickly. 2) The Schwarzschild metric provides a mathematical description of spacetime near a non-rotating, uncharged black hole. It predicts that at the event horizon, the time it would take an object to cross becomes infinite for an outside observer. 3) Hawking originally showed that black holes should emit thermal radiation, seemingly destroying information. However, more recent work by Saini and Stojkovic constructs a density matrix formalism showing that including quantum correlations preserves information during black hole evaporation.

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    1) According to general relativity, an observer outside a black hole would see anything falling into the black hole slow down and never actually cross the event horizon, while the object itself would feel itself crossing relatively quickly. 2) The Schwarzschild metric provides a mathematical description of spacetime near a non-rotating, uncharged black hole. It predicts that at the event horizon, the time it would take an object to cross becomes infinite for an outside observer. 3) Hawking originally showed that black holes should emit thermal radiation, seemingly destroying information. However, more recent work by Saini and Stojkovic constructs a density matrix formalism showing that including quantum correlations preserves information during black hole evaporation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    22 views5 pages

    It Might Appear That B Will See A Disappearing As He Reaches The Angle of 45

    Uploaded by

    Hadjer Jojo
    1) According to general relativity, an observer outside a black hole would see anything falling into the black hole slow down and never actually cross the event horizon, while the object itself would feel itself crossing relatively quickly. 2) The Schwarzschild metric provides a mathematical description of spacetime near a non-rotating, uncharged black hole. It predicts that at the event horizon, the time it would take an object to cross becomes infinite for an outside observer. 3) Hawking originally showed that black holes should emit thermal radiation, seemingly destroying information. However, more recent work by Saini and Stojkovic constructs a density matrix formalism showing that including quantum correlations preserves information during black hole evaporation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    It might appear that B will see A disappearing as he reaches the angle of

    45 but actually what happens is that the light from A before he crosses
    the 45 will take a very long time reaching B because B is traveling further
    and further away (he is almost going with the speed of light) so light itself
    will take a long time to catch him up and it will catch him but only at
    infinity
    So B will perceive that A is traveling slower and slower reaching the point
    C (or 45) but never crossing it
    the reason we went through all of that is because general relativity
    predicts the same phenomenon for black holes
    if someone is traveling in a rocket towards a black hole he will feel himself
    accelerating towards it, but someone else observing from the outside will
    see the rocket getting slower and never reaching the Schwarzschild radius
    Schwarzschild
    radius

    Observer

    There is a mathematical description which is the solution for Einstein field


    equation (1) and its called Schwarzschild metric
    2

    d + sin d
    r
    r2
    c 2 2= 1 s c 2 t 2
    r 2 )
    r
    rs
    1
    r

    ( )

    ( )

    is the proper time (time measured by a clock moving along the


    same world line with the test particle),

    c is the speed of light,

    t is the time coordinate (measured by a stationary clock located


    infinitely far from the massive body),

    is the radial coordinate (measured as the circumference, divided by


    2, of a sphere centered around the massive body),

    is the colatitude (angle from North, in units of radians),

    is the longitude (also in radians), and

    is the Schwarzschild radius of the massive body, a scale factor which


    is related to its mass M by rs = 2GM/c2, where G is the gravitational
    constant.

    We can see that two things happens: First when r s=r the term (1-

    rs
    r

    =0 which means that the proper time is infinite and thats why the
    observer will see the time traveling ever slower and the rocket never
    crosses the Schwarzschild Radius, so an instant of time appears to him an
    infinity of time
    Second when r itself is zero (means when we heat the black hole) we will
    get that

    2 2=

    And that represents singularity which means the event horizon (a hyper
    surface in space-time that can only be crossed in one direction) and that is the ultimate
    bent of space time

    VI -Information paradox
    According to the no Hair theorem stationary black holes are only
    characterized by three parameters electric charge mass and angular
    momentum.
    Hence there is no need to describe the matter that went to form the black
    hole in all detail. It seems like thermodynamics does not bring new
    information however one can see it as useful paradigm for the black
    holes ,the mass plays the role of energy charged and rotating
    thermodynamics systems are known so the charge and angular
    momentum can be admitted , but to have a complete list of parameters
    one needs entropy .
    The fact that the horizon area tends to increase leaded Bekeinstein to the
    conclusion that the area represents the entropy of the black hole.
    If a system fall into a black hole the entropy outside the black hole must
    decreases which is in contradiction with the second law of
    thermodynamics so Bekeinstein suggests that one must not discuss
    entropy inside a black hole but define a more general form of the second
    law the sum of black holes entropies together with the entropy outside the
    black hole cannot decrease.

    When black holes are formed by a collapse the no hair theorem shows
    that information is lost the body is described by a large number of
    parameters the type of matter the multiple however when the black hole
    is formed all information is lost only the mass and charge are conserved.
    In general relativity an outside observer would find difficulty determining
    what the body was like but he could determine what was the body made
    of and the distribution of the mass Hawking demonstrated that quantum
    theory changes all of that because the body would send a discreet number
    of photons before crossing the event so not all the information will be
    carry out and since a black hole radiate (thermal radiation) and loses mass
    because of the heat causes by the entropy causing it to disappear
    completely taking the information outside .
    One concludes that the information is lost. In quantum field theory a state
    can be represented by a ket bracket vector and a mixed state can be
    represented by a density matrix named wish can represents both the
    pure and mixed state because a mixed represents the probabilistic mixture
    of pure state .
    -if 2 is equal to 1 the state is pure. -If 2 is less than one the state is
    mixed.
    Another criterion is if the Von Newman entropy is equal to zero for a pure
    state and positive for a mixed one. When hawking did consider radiation
    he found that it is possible to convert a pure state into a mixed state. In
    March 2015 AnshulSaini DejanStojkovic constructed a mathematical
    formalism demonstrating that the density matrix respects the unitarily
    principle.
    For that they used the functional Schrdinger which is adequate for this
    problem because it gives the time evolution if the system rather than
    radiation from a pre-existing black hole. First they did consider a massive
    shell which is collapsing under its own gravitational pull. This process can
    be described by a time dependent metric (they used Schwarzschild
    metric) this metric excites the quanta field.
    As general relativity predict an outside observer would take infinite time to
    see the collapse reaching its own Schwarzschild radius.
    The formalism of the two collaborators gives an explicit form of the wave
    function of the emitted radiation, which holds all the information about the
    diagonal Hawking matrix and the correlations terms.
    The fact that time evolution created progressively more off-diagonal terms
    and that the cross product terms become of the same order of the
    magnitude as the hawking terms leaded to a modification in density
    matrix .
    The two physicists calculated the time evolution of the density matrix as a
    function of frequency and time and then the squared density matrix. When

    taking only the diagonal terms in the density matrix then the squared
    density matrix goes from pure state to mixed one so the information is no
    longer conserved.
    However when taking the off- diagonal terms in consideration the squared
    density matrix respects the unitarily principle for all frequencies and time
    evolution. So we now have a consistent mathematic proof of the
    conservation of the information inside the black hole.

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