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Signal Conditioning

This document discusses various signal conditioning circuits including amplifiers, filters, and linearization techniques. It begins with an introduction to signal conditioning and discusses bridge circuits, amplifiers, and filters. It then covers op-amp characteristics and various amplifier configurations like summing, non-inverting, and differential amplifiers. Later sections explain voltage-to-current converters, current-to-voltage converters, integrators, differentiators, and methods for linearization. The document also provides detailed explanations of low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-reject RC filters as well as the twin-T notch filter, including the relevant equations. Practical design considerations and examples are provided throughout.

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Hazmi Abdul Karim
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133 views32 pages

Signal Conditioning

This document discusses various signal conditioning circuits including amplifiers, filters, and linearization techniques. It begins with an introduction to signal conditioning and discusses bridge circuits, amplifiers, and filters. It then covers op-amp characteristics and various amplifier configurations like summing, non-inverting, and differential amplifiers. Later sections explain voltage-to-current converters, current-to-voltage converters, integrators, differentiators, and methods for linearization. The document also provides detailed explanations of low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-reject RC filters as well as the twin-T notch filter, including the relevant equations. Practical design considerations and examples are provided throughout.

Uploaded by

Hazmi Abdul Karim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal

Conditioning
mohammad iqbal
[email protected]

Teknik Elektro
Universitas Muria Kudus

Signal Conditioning
1.
2.
3.
4.

Introduction to signal conditioning


Bridge circuits
Amplifiers
Filters

Amplifiers

Op amp
characteristic

Summing amplifier

Vout

R2
R2
= V1 + V2
R3
R1
5

Noninverting amplifier

I1 + I 2 = 0
Vin Vin Vout
+
=0
R1
R2
Vout

R2
= 1 +
Vin
R1

Exercise 7

Design a high impedance


amplifier with a voltage
gain of 42 if R1 = 1 k is
chosen.

Differential amplifier

The transfer function;

Vout = A(Va Vb )

Vout

R2
(V2 V1 )
=
R1

Common mode rejection;

Va + Vb
2
A
CMRR =
Acm

Vcm =

CMR = 20 log10 (CMRR )


8

Voltage-to-Current converter
I =

R2
Vin
R1 R3

R1 (R3 + R5 ) = R2 R4
Vsat

(R4 + R5 ) R3
Im

Rml =
R3 + R4 + R5

Current-to-Voltage converter

Vout = IR

10

Integrator

Vin
dVout
+C
=0
R
dt
1
Vout =
Vin dt

RC
K
Vout =
t
RC

11

Exercise 8
Use an integrator to
produce a linear ramp
voltage rising at 10 V per
ms. Determine the R and C.

12

Differentiator

dVin Vout
C
+
=0
dt
R
dVin
Vout = RC
dt

13

Linearization

Vin
+ I (Vout ) = 0
R
Vin
Vout = G
R

14

Linearization

I (Vout ) = I 0 exp(Vout )
Vout =

1
(
)
log c Vin log e (I 0 R )

15

Filters

16

Filters
Filter : a circuit that is designed to pass signals with
desired frequencies and reject or attenuate others
4 types of filters:
1. Low-pass filter: passes low frequencies and stops
high frequencies
2. High-pass filter: passes high frequencies and rejects
low frequencies
3. Band-pass filter: passes frequencies within a
frequency band and blocks or attenuates
frequencies outside the band
4. Band-reject filter: passes frequencies outside a
frequency band and blocks or attenuates
frequencies within the band

17

Low-pass RC filter

18

Low-pass RC filter
Critical frequency:

1
fc =
2 RC
Output-to-input voltage ratio:

Vout
1
=
2
Vin
1 + ( f / fc )
19

Exercise 9
A measurement signal has a frequency less than
1 kHz, but there is unwanted noise at about 1
MHz. Design a lowpass filter that attenuates the
noise to 1% if a capacitor 0.01 F has been
used. What is the effect on the measurement
signal at its maximum of 1 kHz?

20

High-pass RC filter

21

High-pass RC filter
Critical frequency:

1
fc =
2 RC
Output-to-input voltage ratio:

(
Vout
f / fc )
=
2
Vin
1 + ( f / fc )
22

Exercise 10
Pulses for a stepping motor are
being transmitted at 2000 Hz.
Design a highpass filter to reduce
60 Hz noise and reduce the pulses
by no more than 3 dB.

23

Design Methods
1. Determine critical frequency, fc
2. Select standard capacitor (F pF)
3. Calculate required resistance (1 k - 1 M)
4. Use nearest resistance standard value to
calculated value
5. Consider tolerance in resistors and capacitors

24

Practical considerations
1. Very small resistance -> lead to large currents and
loading effects -> avoid large capacitance
(R= k -M, C= F pF)
2. The exact fc is not important, choose R and C of
approximately to the fc
3. Isolation filter input/output with voltage follower
4. Cascade RC filters to improved fc sharpness

->

consider loading

25

Band-pass
RC filter

26

Band-pass RC filter
Critical frequency:
1
fH =
2 RL C L

1
fL =
2 RH C H

Output-to-input voltage ratio:


Vout
=
Vin

(f

fH f

f H f L + [ f L + (1 + r ) f H ] f 2
2

RH
r=
RL
27

Exercise 11
A signal conditioning system uses a frequency
variation from 6 kHz to 60 kHz to carry
measurement information. There is considerable
noise at 120 Hz and at 1 MHz. Design a
bandpass filter to reduce the noise by 90%.
What is the effect on the desired passband
frequencies if r = 0.01? Determine all the
resistors and capacitors.

28

Band-pass RC filter

29

Band-reject RC filter

30

Twin-T notch
filter

31

Twin-T notch filter


Critical frequency:

f n = 0.785 f c

1
fC =
2 RC

f L = 0.187 f c

f H = 4.57 f c

Grounding resistor and capacitor:

R1 =

R
10

C1 =

10 C

32

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