Centros Urbanos Del Reino Unido

FOCUS ON
People and Migration
Graham Pointer
Chapter 3
The UKs major

urban areas
Chapter 3: The UKs major urban areas
Introduction
Nearly eight of every ten people in the United Kingdom lived in
Focus on People and Migration: 2005
border with the administrative boundary of the Government

Office Region for London.
an urban area in 2001, according to the most recent definition
Key strengths of 2001 Census data are that they can be used to
of the term. Urban areas covered 8.9 per cent of the UKs land
examine almost any geographic area and cover a wide range of
mass at that time.
variables based on information for the whole population. 2001
Nearly 41 per cent of urban dwellers lived in one of the ten

most populous urban areas. They accounted for 19,024,665
people or 32.4 per cent of the UKs population.
Census data include adjustments for undercoverage in the

census, but they lack the smaller adjustments that were
subsequently made to the mid-year population estimates.2
Most of the analyses in this chapter are based on proportions,
The ten most populous urban areas in the UK are:
so the impact of the adjustments would be slight.
What is an urban area?
Greater London Urban Area

West Midlands Urban Area
Greater Manchester Urban Area
West Yorkshire Urban Area
Greater Glasgow
Tyneside
Liverpool Urban Area
Nottingham Urban Area
Sheffield Urban Area
Bristol Urban Area.
These covered over a fifth of all urban land in the UK in 2001,
An area that is described as urban has a minimum population

density and number of people. Such spaces are normally
relatively built-up, with housing and industrial buildings or
both. The people who live in urban areas also tend to be
regarded as town or city dwellers. Outside the boundaries,
housing, offices or factories become more thinly distributed
and open spaces more common. Some houses or industrial
buildings might be in areas not classified as urban.
Urban areas do not adhere to administrative boundaries; for
or 4,375.9 km2 with a population density of 4,347.6 people per
example Greater Manchester Urban Area is 4.8 times larger
km2 compared to a density of 241.9 people per km2 in the UK
than the local authority district of Manchester and the urban
as a whole. Between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses the ten

most populous urban areas grew by 660,060 people and 66.6
km2.
areas boundaries do not follow those of the former

metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. Because
boundaries are not static, the land area and urban population
may change over time. Changes in land use can lead to a
Given that nearly one-third of the population lives in these ten
boundary change of an urban area. New houses built at the
most populous urban areas, an understanding of the
edge, changing the land use from non-urban to urban, would
characteristics of these populations is very important. This
increase the size of that urban area. But an urban area can
chapter begins by defining an urban area, before describing the
decrease in size if housing or industrial buildings at the edge of
size and location of the United Kingdoms most populous
the area fall into disuse.
places. Census data are used to examine changes in the

population and expanse of some urban areas between 1991
and 2001.
The definition of an urban area depends on the circumstance

and experience of the wider area in which it is set. It is
perfectly reasonable for different countries to have differing
Finally, the chapter uses census data to compare some of the
definitions of what makes an area urban and this is the case in
population characteristics of 2001s most heavily populated
the UK. The latest definition in England and Wales3 is an area
urban areas to see what, if anything, they have in common.
with 10,000 people or more; in Scotland4 this is 3,000 people
This will enable conclusions to be drawn as to whether the
or more; while in Northern Ireland5 it is 4,500 people or more.
people living in these places exhibit homogenous or
These apparent differences do not prevent comparisons
heterogeneous traits. A more detailed analysis, accounting for
between the largest urban areas across the countries of the
variations between smaller areas within these urban areas, is
UK. But definitional issues need to be considered when
beyond the scope of this chapter.
discussing all the UKs urban areas.
The 2001 Census is the most suitable data source for urban
For the Belfast area, Northern Ireland Statistics and Research
areas.1 Urban areas do not stick to administrative boundaries.
Agency (NISRA) use a broad definition of urban areas such that
This makes more recent sources, such as the Labour Force
Belfast Metropolitan Urban Area includes nearby non-
Survey and the mid-year population estimates, less useful.
connected settlements. For comparability with the rest of the
Greater London Urban Area, for example, doesnt share a
UK, these non-connected settlements have been excluded
46
from the definition of the urban area of Belfast and connected

6
settlements which is used in this report.
Data referring to urban areas in Scotland and England and

Wales are aggregations of a best fit of Census Output Areas,
the smallest building block of census data. The ways in which
Census Output Areas were configured differed between
experience in the wider area. Urban areas in Northern Ireland

are based on 100 metre grid blocks. NISRA argues that these
more closely represent urban area boundaries, and so provide
more accurate data. For more information see the appendix:
Definitions of an urban area - differences within the UK.
The UKs most populous urban areas
Scotland, England and Wales. If made up of Census Output

Areas subject to the England and Wales specification, it is likely
Table 3.1 shows the 25 urban areas with the largest
that a Scottish urban area would comprise a smaller area and
populations, according to results reported from the 2001
population than is currently the case. In any event, an urban
Census. They are spread throughout the UK.
areas definition depends upon the circumstance and

Table
3.1
The 25 most populous urban areas in the United Kingdom: resident population and population density, 2001
Census
All people
Area (km 2 )
Density
(number of
people per km2 )
Greater Glasgow
8,278,251
1,623.37
5,099.4
2,284,093
599.72
3,808.6
2,240,230
556.72
4,024.0
1,499,465
370.02
4,052.4
1,168,270
368.47
3,171.0
Tyneside
879,996
210.91
4,172.4
816,216
186.17
4,384.3
666,358
158.52
4,203.6
640,720
162.24
3,949.2
10
Bristol Urban Area
551,066
139.78
3,942.4
11
Urban area of Belfast and connected settlements
483,418
161.67
2,990.2
12
Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton
461,181
94.09
4,901.5
13
Edinburgh
452,194
120.11
3,765.0
14
Portsmouth Urban Area
442,252
94.52
4,678.9
15
Leicester Urban Area
441,213
101.64
4,340.9
16
Bournemouth Urban Area
383,713
108.15
3,548.0
17
Reading/Wokingham
369,804
93.17
3,969.1
18
Teesside
365,323
113.99
3,204.9
19
The Potteries
362,403
96.62
3,750.8
20
Coventry/Bedworth
336,452
75.56
4,452.8
21
Cardiff Urban Area
327,706
75.72
4,328.0
22
Birkenhead Urban Area
319,675
89.11
3,587.4
23
Southampton Urban Area
304,400
72.80
4,181.3
24
Kingston upon Hull
301,416
80.44
3,747.1
25
Swansea Urban Area
270,506
79.81
3,389.0
Source: 2001 Census Office for National Statistics, General Register Office for Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
47
The areas have been ranked according to population size.
Map 3.2 shows the location and boundaries of the 25 most
Greater London Urban Area dwarfs the others. It has the
populous urban areas in the UK. The boundaries do not keep
highest population, greatest area and highest population
to any administrative areas. At this large scale, urban areas
density of all urban areas in the United Kingdom. Its population
appear to consist of a main body with arms shooting outward,
is over 3.6 times and its area over 2.7 times that of West
for example Greater London Urban Area and Nottingham
Midlands Urban Area the second most populous and largest.
Urban Area. Urban areas are also interspersed with non-urban
There are five urban areas with a population greater than one
areas, appearing as holes in the wider urban area. The term
million people and a further five urban areas with a population
urban conglomeration seems particularly fitting to describe
between 500,000 and one million.
these places. Conglomeration means combining many different
Northern Ireland is represented in the list of 25 most populous

urban areas by the urban area of Belfast and connected
settlements, which is ranked eleventh. Greater Glasgow, fifth,
and Edinburgh, thirteenth, represent Scotland. Cardiff Urban
Area, ranked twenty-first, and Swansea Urban Area, twentyfifth, represent Wales. The remaining urban areas are in
England.
parts into a whole bringing cities and towns into a larger

urban area. Of the ten most populous urban areas: Greater
London Urban Area dominates the south and south east of the
United Kingdom; Liverpool Urban Area, Greater Manchester
Urban Area, West Yorkshire Urban Area, Sheffield Urban Area
and Nottingham Urban Area form a belt across the middle of
the United Kingdom; while Bristol Urban Area, West Midlands
Urban Area, Tyneside and Greater Glasgow are presented as
Table 3.1 shows that the order of the ten most populous urban
regional centres. The remaining urban areas are loosely
areas would have the same ranking if based on area rather
concentrated in the southern half of the UK.
than population, except that Nottingham Urban Area and

Sheffield Urban Area would swap places. There is a relationship
Changes since 1991
between the population size and the area of the ten most
Urban areas, especially the larger ones discussed here, change
populous as the population increases so does the area. This is
over time in both their population and the area they cover.
not so among the urban areas ranked 11 to 25. Their
They expand when people occupy new developments on the
population size does not relate directly to their area. This may
fringes and decline when people move away. If population
be a consequence of these urban areas having relatively similar
density declines, the land may cease to be urban. The
population sizes. As there is little variation in population
population may change due to rates of births and deaths and
between urban areas, there is little variation in area.
migration into and out of the area. These dynamics can be
The population density of the 25 largest urban areas follows no

discernible pattern, when compared in terms of either
population or area. Greater London Urban Area has the highest
explored by comparing a snapshot of the urban area and

population as recorded by the 1991 Census with another as
recorded by the 2001 Census.
population density, 5,099.4 people per km2, and the urban
Data are reported from the census for sub-divisions of major
area of Belfast and connected settlements the lowest with
urban areas. These provide recognisable areas within larger
2,990.2 people per km2. The second lowest population density
urban areas that often follow the boundaries of local
is in Greater Glasgow, 3,171.0 people per km2.
authorities existing before the 1974 re-organisation in 1974,
The urban areas with the largest populations are not

necessarily the most densely populated. Of the 25 most
populous urban areas, the second most densely populated is
Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton, which has the twelfthlargest population. Greater Glasgow is fifth in terms of
population but twenty-fourth by population density. A
contributing factor to this disparity is the differing definitions
used between the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and the
current authority boundaries, well-defined localities, or

previously separate urban areas. (Prior to 1974, there were
two-tiered administrations based on counties and a mixture of
sub-administrations including municipal boroughs, county
boroughs, rural districts and urban districts with Greater
London separate.) The boundaries of the sub-divisions are
broadly adhered to between censuses, making it possible to
make comparisons with previously published census results.
General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) to construct
One should be careful when making comparisons between the
Census Output Areas, which make up the urban area. Under
1991 and 2001 Censuses. They operated under different
the ONS definition, Greater Glasgow would include a reduction
definitions and assumptions. The principal impact on this
in area disproportionate to a reduction in population,
analysis relates to the comparison of urban area sub-divisions
increasing density.
that can have quite small populations. The identification of

small urban areas in the 1991 Census was less precise than in
48
Map
3.2
The 25 most populous urban areas in the United Kingdom, 2001
Orkney Islands
Shetland Islands
10 most populous urban areas

11-25 most populous urban areas
Greater
Glasgow
Edinburgh
Tyneside
Belfast2
Teesside
West Yorkshire
Urban Area
Kingston
upon Hull
Greater Manchester
Urban Area
Liverpool
Urban Area
Sheffield
Urban Area
Birkenhead
Urban Area
Nottingham
Urban Area
The Potteries
Leicester
Urban Area
West Midlands
Urban Area
Coventry/
Bedworth
Greater London
Urban Area
Swansea
Urban Area
Cardiff
Urban Area
Bristol
Urban Area
Reading/
Wokingham
Southampton
Urban Area
Bournemouth
Urban Area
Portsmouth
Urban Area
Brighton/Worthing/
Littlehampton
1 The boundaries shown are for the extent of urban land as defined by Ordnance Survey (GB) and the DOE PPlanning Service (NI), rather than those of the Output Areas (GB) or 100m grids (NI) fitting the urban land.
2 Urban area of Belfast and connected settlements used in this report includes the connected areas of Belfast Urban Area, Castlereagh Urban Area, Greenisland Urban Area, Holywood Urban Area, Lisburn Urban Area,
Newtownabbey Urban Area and Milltown (Lisburn LGD).
Source: 2001 Census - Office for National Statistics, General Register Office for Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
Crown copyright. All rights reserved (ONS.GD272183.2005).
49
the 2001 Census. The biggest difference in method is that the
1991. The third largest was Bristol Urban Area with a 5.4 per
distance for merger of areas of urban land increased from 50
cent increase mainly due to the annexation of Almondsbury, a
to 200 metres. So a gap between two urban areas of 150
separate urban area in 1991.
metres would be deemed as two separate urban areas in 1991

and as one in 2001. When considering sub-divisions,
The Greater Glasgow population fell by 2.6 per cent the

largest proportional decline. Definitional differences mean that
comparisons for areas with a population fewer than 2,000
1991 Census data for Greater Glasgow reported here are based
people are not advisable and comparisons of areas of fewer
on the 2001 geographic boundaries, while the 1991 England
than 5,000 should be made with caution. Census data for

urban areas are reported on a best fit of Census Output Areas
in 2001 and 1991s Enumeration Districts. There are more
Census Output Areas than Enumeration Districts, meaning that
2001 data are likely to be more closely aligned to the boundary
of the urban area. Another point to keep in mind is that the
and Wales Census data are based on 1991 boundaries. The

area of Greater Glasgow is therefore represented as constant
between censuses in Table 3.4. The population of Scotland has
declined by 0.80 per cent between 1991 and 2001. The
population decline in Greater Glasgow is greater than that of
Scotland as a whole.
2001 Census was designed to allow for people who didnt

return the census form, while the 1991 Census was not. This
Along with Greater Glasgow there were four more urban areas
means that if the 2001 methodology was used in 1991, the
that experienced a decrease in population. They were:
counts would have been higher.
Figure 3.3 portrays the population change of the ten most
(2.6 per cent fewer

people)
populous urban areas between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses.
Greater Manchester Urban Area (1.6 per cent fewer)
The top ten are the same; the only difference is that
Tyneside
(0.7 per cent fewer)
Nottingham Urban Area moved up one place, to eighth in
(0.5 per cent fewer).
2001, at the expense of Sheffield Urban Area which fell to
Of the ten, only West Yorkshire Urban Area and Greater
ninth.
London Urban Area increased in population, area and
Nottingham Urban Area experienced the largest proportional
population density between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses.
increase in population (8.6 per cent). This was primarily due to
Population density tells us how concentrated the population is
the inclusion of Ilkeston (a separate urban area in 1991) and
in each area. If the population of an area increases at a greater
growth in West Bridgford. The second largest proportional
rate than its size, the population density increases. Conversely,
increase in population was in Greater London Urban Area at
if the size of the urban area increases at a greater rate, then the
8.2 per cent, a result of population growth in existing areas
population the population density falls. Table 3.4 provides a
and the envelopment of urban areas that were separate in
snapshot of the population, area and population density as at
Figure
Census day 1991 compared to Census day 2001. Of the ten
3.3
urban areas, only Greater London Urban Area, Sheffield Urban
Population change between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses,

2001
Area and West Yorkshire Urban Area saw an increase in

population density between censuses. West Midlands Urban
Area was the only one to record a decrease in area, population
Percentages
and population density. Sheffield Urban Area also registered a

Greater Glasgow
Tyneside
Bristol Urban Area
decrease in area but experienced an increase in population size

and, by extension, population density. Five urban areas
recorded a decrease in population size.
Greater London Urban Area experienced the highest
proportional increase in population density between the
censuses, with Sheffield Urban Area the second highest. Both
the population and area of West Midlands Urban Area
-4
-2
10
Source: 2001 and 1991 Census Office for National Statistics, General
Register Office for Scotland
50
decreased by a similar proportion, meaning that the population

density has remained fairly constant between censuses.
Table
3.4
Population, area and density change between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses
Area (km 2 )
Population (people)
Percentage
1991
2001
Density (people per km 2 )
Percentage
change
1991
2001
Percentage
change
1991
2001 change
7,651,634
8,278,251
8.2
1,617.2
1,623.4
0.4
4,731.3
5,099.4
7.8
2,296,180
2,284,093
0.5
602.3
599.7
0.4
3,812.4
3,808.6
0.1
2,277,330
2,240,230
1.6
531.4
556.7
4.8
4,285.3
4,024.0
6.1
1,445,981
1,499,465
3.7
360.6
370.0
2.6
4,009.7
4,052.4
1.1
Greater Glasgow1
1,199,629
1,168,270
2.6
368.5
368.5
0.0
3,255.7
3,171.0
2.6
Tyneside
885,981
879,996
0.7
206.8
210.9
2.0
4,285.1
4,172.4
2.6
837,998
816,216
2.6
185.4
186.2
0.4
4,520.4
4,384.3
3.0
613,726
666,358
8.6
145.5
158.5
9.0
4,218.6
4,203.6
0.4
633,362
640,720
1.2
163.3
162.2
0.6
3,879.7
3,949.2
1.8
522,784
551,066
5.4
128.4
139.8
8.9
4,072.5
3,942.4
3.2
10 Bristol Urban Area
1 1991 Greater Glasgow data are based on 2001 boundaries; as such, there is no change in area shown between censuses.
Source: 2001 and 1991 Census Office for National Statistics, General Register Office for Scotland
Case Studies: Change in size and population of

three urban areas over time
Commentaries follow on how Greater Manchester Urban Area,
Lancashire to the north, Longdendale in Tameside to the east,
Nottingham Urban Area and Bristol Urban Area have changed
Wilmslow/Alderley Edge in Cheshire to the south, and Hindley,
between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses. Maps depicting the
near Bolton, to the west. Greater Manchester Urban Areas
change in urban area boundaries between 1991 and 2001 for
includes the centres of Bolton, Bury, Rochdale, Oldham,
the three urban areas are provided. The 2001 sub-division
Stockport and Sale.
names can be seen at the centre of each sub-division and

should not be confused with place names that share the title.
Sub-divisions are referred to where possible, as these allow a
rough comparison of areas within the larger urban area
between censuses.
Greater Manchester Urban Area extends from Whitworth in
Sub-divisions of the larger urban area do not adhere to existing

administrative boundaries; for example the sub-divisions of
Manchester, Bolton and Stockport do not equate to the local
authority districts of Manchester, Bolton and Stockport. Subdivisions are broadly adhered to between censuses, making it
Three colours are discernible on the maps. These refer to land
possible to make comparisons with previously published census
which was part of the urban area; in:
results.
1991 and 2001
The most populous sub-division of Manchester forms the
1991 and not in 2001
centre of the wider urban area. It extends to Middleton in the
2001 and not in 1991
north and includes Manchester Airport to the south. The

population decreased by 2.1 per cent between censuses and
Only urban areas that were part of the larger urban area are
shown in each map. For example an urban area close to but
separate to Greater Manchester Urban Area in both 1991 and
2001 does not appear. The 1991 and 2001 boundaries refer to
the extent of urban land, as defined by Ordnance Survey. The
census data in this chapter are based on best fit Enumeration
Districts (1991) and Census Output Areas (2001) which may be
smaller in area but more likely larger than the boundaries
depicted in the maps.
the area increased by 2.2 per cent. The increase in area was
primarily due to the development of a spur of urban land south
west of Manchester Airport. The second most populous subdivision was Bolton and the third was Stockport near to the
centre of the wider urban area. Bolton and Stockport have
similar populations with a difference of only 3,321 people, 1.2
per cent of their combined populations. The population and
area of Stockport remained fairly constant between 1991 and
2001. The population increased by 2.5 per cent and the area
51
increased by 1.5 per cent resulting in a 0.9 per cent increase in
urban land expansion or reduction; rather these can be found
density to 4,612.9 people per km .
throughout Greater Manchester Urban Area.
The population density of Greater Manchester Urban Area
decreased from 4,285.3 people per km2 in 1991 to 4,024.0 in
Nottingham Urban Area is dominated by the sub-division
2001, the largest decrease of the ten most populous urban
Nottingham at its centre. A swathe of urban land extends from
areas. The primary driver of this decrease was the increase in
the north west of Nottingham including the sub-divisions of
area of Bolton, up 48.6 per cent between 1991 and 2001, with
Kimberley and Eastwood in Nottinghamshire, to Heanor and
little increase in population, up 0.3 per cent. The extra area
on to Ripley in Derbyshire. The outermost points of Nottingham
was primarily the result of the industrial use of land at Cutacre
Urban Area are found in the sub-divisions of Carlton to the
for mining purposes.
east, Ruddington to the south east, Long Eaton to the south
Two sub-divisions of Greater Manchester Urban Area in 1991
west, and Ripley to the north west. Sub-divisions do not
were independent urban areas in 2001. They were Mossley and
correspond with administrative geographic boundaries; the
Buckton Vale situated to the east of Greater Manchester Urban
subdivision of Nottingham does not equate to Nottingham
Area.
Unitary Authority.
The smattering of pale pink and, in particular, grey throughout
The proportional increases in population (8.6 per cent) and
Map 3.5 portrays the non-uniform change of urban land area
area (9.0 per cent) in Nottingham Urban Area between the
over a period of time. There are no concentrated areas of
1991 and 2001 Censuses were the largest of the ten most
Map
populous urban areas.
3.5
Greater Manchester Urban Area, 1991 and 2001
Littleborough
Wardle
Ramsbottom
A676
M61
40
A6
Horwich
Heywood
Bury
A673
Shaw
Whitefield
Leigh
A5081
Stretford
A574
Urmston
69
A5
A574
7
A5
A57
Sale
A6144
Altrincham
Denton
(Tameside) Hyde
Brinnington
Bredbury and Romiley
A5
14
5
A56
Bowdon
Hale
A6024
Longdendale
A57
Stockport
A560
Cheadle and Gatley
A50
28
A6
Audenshaw Dukinfield
Manchester
9
14
A5
15
A60
A5
6
Hazel Grove and Bramhall

Poynton
A6
A624
58
A5
A5
6
M62
A562
Ashton-under-Lyne
Stalybridge
Droylsden
Irlam
Partington
A508
0
A627
0(T)
A58
Mossley
2
A6Failsworth
010
A6
A576Salford
Eccles
A49
A 57
A557
M60
Swinton and Pendlebury
Tyldesley
A51
02
73
8
A5
A57
0
Prestwich
Walkden
A664
7
A5
Oldham
Chadderton
Atherton
Hindley
A5
A49
M58
A635
Middleton
Farnworth
Kearsley
A58
Royton
Stake Hill
Little Lever Radcliffe
Bolton
A577
2
A6
Milnrow
64
A6
A6
26
06
Rochdale
Tottington
9
A520
2
A67
M66
Bromley Cross/Bradshaw
A51
M6
A58
Whitworth
A6
A49
A6
66
A67
A6033
Key
Wilmslow/Alderley Edge
2
3
4
Scale in miles
5
A5
33
59
52
A4
9
6
A5
The boundaries shown are for the extent of urban land as defined by Ordnance Survey, rather than those of the Output Areas (2001) or Enumeration Districts (1991)
fitting the urban land. Place names shown refer to the centre of each sub-division of the urban area. Sub-divisions are areas within larger urban areas that often follow
the boundaries of local authorities existing before the re-organisation in 1974, current authority boundaries, well-defined localities, or previously separate urban areas.
A523
1991 and 2001 urban area

1991 (not 2001) urban area
04
A50
)
(T
38
A5
A50
M560
A5

Data sourced from Ordnance Survey, Office for National Statistics and UK Borders (EDINA).
3.6
Map
Nottingham Urban Area, 1991 and 2001

g
A61
A610
A6
A6
11
Ripley
A38
(T)
7
09
A6
M1
A608
A6
09
Hucknall
Eastwood
Arnold
Kimberley
A62
A6096
A 61
A60
(T)
Heanor
11
A6
12
A6
A611
00 7
A6
A 45
A6
46
4
A601
West Bridgford
A60
Beeston and Stapleford
A60
A6
A60
05
A52(T)
A5
Clifton
2(
T)
A606
Long Eaton
Ruddington Grange
Breaston
Key
A5111
(T)
0.5
1
1.5
2
Scale in miles
A6
(T)
2.5
Ruddington
A4
53
(T)
A51
01
1
6
A60
A52
(T)
A52
12
A6
A6005
A46
(T)
A6007
20
A61
A6
A52(T
A6
A6
A6
A609
96
A60
Carlton
1
A6
Trowell
T
38(
A613
A6514(T)
09
A60
02
A6
A60
8
Nottingham
Ilkeston


The only change in the top ten urban areas based on
Bristol Urban Area
population between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses was
Bristol Urban Area extends from the sub-division of
Nottingham Urban Area, moving up one place to eighth whilst
Almondsbury in the north, Kingswood to the east, Bristol to
Sheffield Urban Area dropped to ninth.
the south and Easton-in-Gordano in the west. The sub-division
The main source of the population and area increase in
Bristol, which does not equate to the City of Bristol Unitary
Nottingham Urban Area was the inclusion of the sub-division
Authority, includes more than three out of every four Bristol
of Ilkeston, which had a population of 37,270 people and an
Urban Area residents and a similar proportion of the area.
area of 9.1km2 in 2001. Ilkeston was reported in the 1991
The population increase in Bristol Urban Area between the
Census results as an independent urban area. It has since been
1991 and 2001 Censuses did not keep pace with its expansion
subsumed by Nottingham Urban Area through a bridge of
in terms of size. The sub-division Easton-in-Gordano
urban land stretching from Nottingham to Beeston and
contributed greatly to the expansion of area between censuses.
Stapleford, and through Trowell.
This area can be seen coloured in grey on Map 3.7 in western
West Bridgford experienced large proportional growth in
Bristol Urban Area. It is important to remember that there are
population and area between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses.
small definitional differences between the 1991 and 2001
The population rose by 28.2 per cent to 43,395 people and the
Censuses. The industrial area that is home to The Royal
area rose by 28.7 per cent to 10.5km2. The small settlement of
Portbury Dock and now part of Easton-in-Gordano would
Ruddington Grange between Ruddington and West Bridgford
have been separate in 1991. The inclusion of this large area of
was not referred to in 1991 and consisted of 117 people in 2001.
industrial land means that the population density of Bristol

Urban Area as a whole decreased between 1991 and 2001.
53
Map
3.7
Bristol Urban Area, 1991 and 2001

A3
E L
M5
A 40
Almondsbury
M49
A432
Frampton Cotterell/Winterbourne
A38
I S
Stoke Gifford
M32
M4
A417
A4018
A4162
A4
Mangotsfield
17
32
01
A4
A417
4
A38
Easton-In-Gordano
A369
0
A42
A4320
69
A3
A420
Kingswood
20
A4174
8
A3
A4
17
A37
A4
175
A38
70
A3
20
175
A4
A4
A4
A3
A370
A3
02
9
A4
A3
A4
Bristol
A4
31
A4(T)
Key
0.5
1.5
2.5
Scale in miles
A3
Contributing to the increase in the physical size of Bristol Urban

Area was the annexation of a previously separate urban area,
together with the expansion of existing urban areas, mainly in
the north. Almondsbury, situated to the north of the M5
motorway, was a separate urban area in 1991. The area of
Mangotsfield increased by 35.4 per cent and the population by
21.2 per cent. Pockets of new urban land can be seen in
northern Mangotsfield and a large area of new urban land in
the north-west.

Top ten urban areas compared

The fundamental characteristics of a group of people include
their age, sex, recent migration and their ethnic group how
they identify themselves. A comparison of these four
characteristics provides the opportunity to observe differences
between groups of people based on their place of residence.
Analysis of these four variables will allow us to examine
whether the populations of large urban areas, or
conglomerations, are homogenous. We will ascertain whether
The area of Stoke Gifford increased significantly between the
the populations of these burgeoning swathes of urban land are
1991 and 2001 Censuses, by 78.5 per cent, and the population
interchangeable, or whether these populations are distinct.
by 72.4 per cent. Map 3.7 shows that the nearby part of Bristol
also increased in area. Small areas of land which were urban in
Age
1991 and not in 2001 can also be seen, particularly offshoots
Five urban areas contained higher proportions of people under
of land from south eastern Kingswood and north western
16 years than the UK as a whole (20.2 per cent). The urban
Bristol.
area with the largest proportion of people under 16 years was
For more information about the urban areas not included as a

case study, see the appendix.
54
West Midlands Urban Area with 22.0 per cent. The second
largest proportion was in West Yorkshire Urban Area with 21.6
per cent. The lowest proportion was found in Greater Glasgow,
Figure
The dependency ratio is the number of people in dependent
3.8
age groups, zero to fifteen years and those of pensionable age,
Percentage of the population aged 0 to 15 years, 2001
divided by the number of people of working age (16 to

pensionable age).7 West Midlands Urban Area was home to the

Greater Glasgow
Tyneside
Bristol Urban Area
population with the highest dependency ratio of the top ten

urban areas. There were 672 dependants per 1,000 people of
United
Kingdom
working age. Greater London Urban Area had the lowest ratio
with 542. The urban areas ranked three to six in terms of the
magnitude of the dependency ratio were closely grouped with
between 622 and 633 dependants per 1,000 people of
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Source: 2001 Census Office for National Statistics, General Register

Office for Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
working age. A difference of 130 between the urban area with

the highest dependency ratio compared to the lowest indicates
a variety of experience amongst the urban areas, shown in
Figure 3.10.
19.2 per cent, and the second lowest in Tyneside with 19.4 per
cent. Figure 3.8 portrays the range of experience amongst the
The proportion of the population of working age is higher than
ten most populous urban areas.
the UK average for six of the ten most populous urban areas.
This indicates that the population structure of these largest of
Three urban areas had higher proportions of the population of

pensionable age (65 years and above for males and 60 years
urban areas is not consistent. The four urban areas with a

dependency ratio higher than that of the UK overall were West
and above for females) than the UK as a whole (18.4 per cent).
They are Greater Glasgow, Tyneside and Sheffield Urban Area.
Greater London Urban Area was home to the lowest
Midlands Urban Area, Greater Manchester Urban Area,

Tyneside and Liverpool Urban Area. Tyneside was the only one
of these where the proportion of the population aged 0 to 15
proportion of people of pensionable age (15.0 per cent) of the
years was lower than that of the UK.
ten most populous urban areas. Tyneside had the highest

proportion with 19.2 per cent. Sheffield Urban Area was
Greater London Urban Area and West Yorkshire Urban Area
second largest at 18.7 per cent. The urban area with the
had relatively low proportions of pensionable-age population.
second lowest proportion of people of pensionable age was
These areas had a dependency ratio below that of the UK,
West Yorkshire Urban Area with 17.0 per cent. Figure 3.9
while the proportion of the population aged 0 to 15 years was
reveals the varied experience amongst the ten most populous
higher.
urban areas in the UK.
A common characteristic of the largest urban areas is a
Greater London Urban Area includes the highest proportion of
relatively large proportion of the population aged 16 to 24, but
people of working age, 64.8 per cent. This corresponds to
there is a large variation between urban areas. All of the ten
5,368,165 people. West Midlands Urban Area includes the
most populous urban areas contained a higher proportion of
smallest proportion at 59.8 per cent. The working age
16 to 24-year-olds than the UK as a whole. This age group
population includes all people aged between 16 and
accounted for 12.0 per cent of the total population of the ten
pensionable age.
most populous urban areas combined and 11.0 per cent of the
Figure
3.9
Figure
3.10
Percentage of the population of pensionable age, 2001
Dependency ratio, 2001

Greater Glasgow
Tyneside
Bristol Urban Area

Greater Glasgow
Tyneside
Bristol Urban Area
United
Kingdom
10
15
20

United Kingdom
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000

55
UK population. Figure 3.11 portrays the proportion of each
Sex
urban areas population that was aged 16 to 24. This
According to the 2001 Census, females made up 51.4 per cent
population group includes university-age people and
of the United Kingdom population. There are more females
represents a significant portion of the current and future
than males in each of the ten most populous urban areas,
workforce. The lowest proportion was in Greater Manchester
shown in Table 3.12.
Urban Area 11.7 per cent of the population. The highest
The population of Nottingham Urban Area was 50.8 per cent
proportion was in Nottingham Urban Area 13.2 per cent.
female; the lowest proportion of the ten most populous urban

areas and lower than the United Kingdom as a whole. The
Figure
populations of Bristol Urban Area and Sheffield Urban Area
3.11
also had a smaller proportion of females than that of the

United Kingdom, 51.1 per cent and 51.2 per cent respectively.
Percentage of the population aged 16 to 24, 2001
Greater Glasgow included the largest proportion of females

Greater Glasgow
Tyneside
Bristol Urban Area
United
Kingdom
with 52.7 per cent. The second highest proportion of females

could be found in Liverpool Urban Area, 52.3 per cent. Greater
London Urban Area was home to the fifth highest proportion
of females at 51.6 per cent of total population.
Migration
A fundamental characteristic of an area is the extent to which
14
it experiences population movement. Analysis of migration to,

from or within each of the top ten urban areas during the year
10
12
before the census reveals that the populations of the ten most
populous urban areas are heterogeneous, both when
Table
3.12
Proportion of the population by sex, 2001

Male
Female
Count
Per cent
Count
Per cent
4,007,297
48.4
4,270,954
51.6
1,109,397
48.6
1,174,696
51.4
1,088,658
48.6
1,151,572
51.4
724,818
48.3
774,647
51.7
Greater Glasgow
552,037
47.3
616,233
52.7
Tyneside
425,119
48.3
454,877
51.7
389,119
47.7
427,097
52.3
327,851
49.2
338,507
50.8
312,619
48.8
328,101
51.2
10
Bristol Urban Area
269,689
48.9
281,377
51.1
28,579,869
48.6
30,209,325
51.4
United Kingdom
Source: 2001 Census Office for National Statistics, General Register Office for Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
56
considering the scale and type of migration. The census
United Kingdom, the next smallest proportion was in Greater
definition, from which the data are obtained, of a migrant is:
London Urban Area with 2.0 per cent of residents.
someone now resident in an area who either moved into or

within the area during the year before the census or, had no
usual address the year before the census.
The highest proportion of the resident population with no

usual address one year before the census was 1.6 per cent, in
Greater London Urban Area. The second highest proportion
Bristol Urban Area included the highest proportion of migrants
was in Bristol Urban Area at 0.94 per cent. The lowest
with 14.6 per cent of the resident population on Census day
proportion was Tyneside with 0.74 per cent.
2001, 80,264 people, having changed address during the

previous year. Over six out of ten of these migrants moved
within Bristol Urban Area during the year before the census,
and over a quarter moved into the area from within the UK.
The second largest proportion of migrants was in Nottingham
Urban Area with 13.9 per cent of the population. Nottingham
Greater London Urban Area included the highest proportion of

people who moved within the area, 8.9 per cent. Bristol Urban
Area and West Yorkshire Urban Area included 8.8 per cent.
The lowest proportion was in Greater Glasgow with 6.6 per
cent.
Urban Area, home to a smaller population than Liverpool
Of the migrants in Greater London Urban Area, 11.5 per cent
Urban Area, included 3,555 more migrants. Table 3.13 shows
moved into the area from outside the UK, representing 1.6 per
the types of migrants as a proportion of the population of each
cent of the total population. This proportion is nearly double
urban area.
that of the next urban area 5.9 per cent of migrants living in
West Midlands Urban Area recorded the smallest proportion of

migrants with 10.2 per cent of the resident population having
changed address during the previous year. More than seven
out of every ten migrants in this area moved within the area
during the year before the census. A fairly low 1.6 per cent of
West Midlands Urban Area residents moved from inside the
Table
Bristol Urban Area moved into the area from outside the UK
during the year before the census. The smallest proportion of
migrants who moved into the area from outside the United
Kingdom was Liverpool Urban Area with 0.37 per cent of the
total population or 3.4 per cent of migrants. Nearly three in ten
migrants in Greater Glasgow lived in a different UK area during
the year before the census.
3.13
Migrants as a percentage of all people in each urban area, 2001

Percentage1 of all people
Moved
into the
area from
within the
UK
Moved
into the
area from
outside
UK
1.60
Migrants
(number)
Migrants
Moved
within area
No usual
address
one year
ago
1,140,662
13.8
8.9
1.60
2.0
233,108
10.2
7.4
0.81
1.6
0.47
Greater Manchester Urban Area2
266,571
11.9
8.4
0.89
2.1
0.52
196,959
13.1
8.8
0.92
2.8
0.58
Greater Glasgow
130,066
11.1
6.6
0.88
3.1
0.54
Tyneside
104,942
11.9
8.1
0.74
2.5
0.55
89,061
10.9
7.6
0.82
2.1
0.37
92,616
13.9
8.6
0.87
3.7
0.71
84,040
13.1
8.5
0.80
3.2
0.63
80,264
14.6
8.8
0.94
4.0
0.86
10 Bristol Urban Area
1 Percentages may not add exactly to totals due to rounding.

2 Migration data for the separate urban area of Helsby is included for the Greater Manchester Urban Area. These data were included in previously
published material in error.
Source: 2001 Census Office for National Statistics, General Register Office for Scotland
57
Identity
results provide us with information on this highest layer of
A fundamental feature of a persons identity is their ethnicity.

Bulmer (1996) was cited in the ONS publication Ethnic Group
8
Statistics (2003) as describing an ethnic group as a:
identity.
Table 3.14 shows the percentage of population in each urban
area by ethnic group. Greater London Urban Area included the
lowest proportion of people identifying as White British and
collectivity within a larger population having real or

putative common ancestry, memories of a shared past, and
a cultural focus upon one or more symbolic elements
which define the groups identity, such as kinship, religion,
language, shared territory, nationality or physical
the highest proportions for all thirteen ethnic groups except for
White British, Indian and Pakistani. The highest proportion of
people identifying as Indian resided in West Midlands Urban
Area, 5.8 per cent, compared to 5.6 per cent of the Greater
London Urban Area population the second largest
appearance.
proportion, and 0.3 per cent of Liverpool Urban Area, the
It is important to note that an individual can have many layers
smallest proportion. While the highest proportion of Indians
of identity and hence ethnic groups. For example, an individual
can be found resident in West Midlands Urban Area there were
may identify strongly with the area of York in Yorkshire on the
327,703 more people identifying as Indian in Greater London
lowest layer, Yorkshire as a whole on the next, as a Northerner
Urban Area.
on the next and as a White Briton on the next. The census
Table
3.14
Percentage of population by ethnic group, 2001

Percentage of population
White
All
people
British
Irish
Mixed
Other
Any
White Mixed
Groups
Asian or Asian British
Indian
Black or Black British
Paki- Bangla- Other Caribbean African

stani
deshi Asian
Chinese or
Other
ethnic group
Other Chinese
Black
Other
Greater London
Urban Area
8,278,251
63.5
2.9
7.7
2.9
5.6
1.9
1.9
1.7
4.2
4.6
0.7
1.0
1.4
West Midlands
Urban Area
2,284,093
76.6
1.9
1.2
2.2
5.8
5.8
1.2
0.7
3.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
Greater Manchester
Urban Area
2,240,226
86.9
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.6
3.3
0.9
0.4
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.3
West Yorkshire
Urban Area
1,499,465
83.1
1.0
1.4
1.5
2.7
7.5
0.5
0.4
0.9
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.3
Greater Glasgow
1,168,270
93.4
1.6
1.3
0.3
0.6
1.7
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.2
Tyneside
879,996
95.2
0.4
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.3
Liverpool
Urban Area
816,216
94.4
1.0
0.9
1.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.8
0.2
Nottingham
Urban Area
666,358
89.0
1.0
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.7
0.1
0.2
1.7
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.3
Sheffield
Urban Area
640,720
90.1
0.6
1.2
1.4
0.5
3.2
0.3
0.4
0.8
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.4
10 Bristol
Urban Area
551,066
90.4
1.0
2.2
1.7
1.0
0.8
0.2
0.2
1.1
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.3
Note: Results from the 2001 Census in England and Wales are reported using 16 ethnic groups, Scotland census data are reported using 14 groups.
The differing groupings have been harmonised into 13 ethnic groups. The Scotland groupings of White Scottish and Other White British
have been merged with White British, Other South Asian with Other Asian, Other Black with Black Scottish and Other Black, and African with
Black African. The England and Wales mixed ethnic categories have been combined into one group.
Source: 2001 Census Office for National Statistics, General Register Office for Scotland
58
The largest proportion of people identifying as Pakistani
people not of the same ethnic group. The smallest proportion
existed in West Yorkshire Urban Area with 7.5 per cent; the
was 4.1 per cent in Tyneside.
smallest proportion was in Liverpool Urban Area, 0.2 per cent.

Both Greater London Urban Area (153,479 people) and West
Conclusion
Midlands Urban Area (131,844) included a higher number of
The urban areas that are home to nearly a third of the UK
people identifying as Pakistani than West Yorkshire Urban Area
population have been found to consist of heterogeneous
(111,949).
populations. Comparisons of age, sex, migration and identity
Of the ten urban areas, Greater Glasgow had the smallest
using 2001 Census data have borne this out. The population of
proportion of people identifying as Bangladeshi, African, Mixed
one of the ten most populous urban areas would not be
and Other ethnic groups. Tyneside had the smallest proportion
interchangeable with the population of another.
of people identifying as White Irish, Other Asian, Caribbean
The populations of the ten major urban areas in the United
and Other Black. Liverpool Urban Area had the smallest
Kingdom exhibit a diverse range of characteristics. Population
proportion of Other White, Indian and Pakistani.
change between 1991 and 2001 ranged from an increase of
Throughout this report, the term ethnic minority refers to
8.6 per cent in Nottingham Urban Area to a decrease of 2.6
those people who identify with an ethnic group other than
per cent in Greater Glasgow. There were 672 dependents per
White. The differences between the proportions of residents in
1,000 people of working age in West Midlands Urban Area
ethnic minority populations among the urban areas are
compared to 542 in Greater London Urban Area. The Bristol
noteworthy. The identity of the population of these urban
Urban Area population included 14.6 per cent migrants
areas is heterogeneous, ranging from 25.9 per cent of the
compared to 10.2 per cent in West Midlands Urban Area.
Greater London Urban Area population identifying as part of
Tyneside had the highest proportion identifying as White
the ethnic minority and 20.4 per cent of West Midlands Urban
British, 95.2 per cent, compared to 76.6 per cent in West
Area to 3.4 per cent of the Tyneside population. The range
Midlands Urban Area and 63.5 per cent in Greater London
across the ten urban areas is shown in Figure 3.15.
Urban Area.
Census data provide clues as to whether people of similar or
The population of Greater London Urban Area was found to
differing identities/ethnic groups choose to live together in
exhibit an extreme set of characteristics across a number of
households. Most UK-household members are of the same
variables compared to the other urban areas. The population
ethnic group or identity. There are large differences between
included the largest proportion identifying as other than White
urban areas in the proportion of households that include
British, the lowest dependency ratio, the lowest proportion of
people of differing ethnic groups.
pensionable age, and the lowest proportion of households

where all members share the same ethnic identity.
Greater London Urban Area differs to the other nine urban

areas. Of households consisting of more than one person,
Boundaries of urban land are not static. Nottingham Urban
21.9 per cent in Greater London Urban Area were made up of
Area expanded between 1991 and 2001 to include Ilkeston.

Bristol Urban Area increased through the inclusion of a
Figure
predominantly industrial area in Easton-in-Gordano and the
3.15
previously separate residential area of Almondsbury. Greater
Ethnic minority population, as a percentage of all

people in each urban area, 2001
Manchester Urban Area no longer included the urban areas of
Percentage
Bolton almost doubled in area without a commensurate

Greater Glasgow
Tyneside
Bristol Urban Area
increase in population.
10
15
20
25
Mossley and Buckton Vale in 2001 compared to 1991, while
30
Source 2001 Census Office for National Statistics, General Register

Office for Scotland
59
Notes and references

1.
Census data reported here are derived or reported from data

included in publications released by the UKs statistical offices:
General Register Office for Scotland, Northern Ireland Statistics
and Research Agency and Office for National Statistics.
2.
The adjustments made to the mid-year population estimates were

a result of the Local Authority Population Studies and were made
following an extensive review of census results and processes.
This showed that, for a small number of authorities, there was
evidence which provided a basis for making a better estimate of
the population. More information can be accessed here:
www.statistics.gov.uk/about/Methodology_by_theme/
LAStudies.asp
3.
Countryside agency et al. (2004) Rural and Urban Area

Classification 2004, An Introductory Guide. www.statistics.gov.uk/
geography/downloads/Rural_Urban_Introductory_Guidev2.pdf
4.
General Register Office for Scotland (2004) Scottish Executive

Rural Urban Classification 20032004. www.scotland.gov.uk/
library5/rural/seurc-00.asp
5.
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2005) Report of

the Inter-Departmental Urban-Rural Definition Group, Statistical
Classification and Delineation of Settlements, February 2005.
www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/financeandpersonnel/DMB/urban_
rural.html
6.
The urban area of Belfast and connected settlements used in

this report includes the connected areas of: Belfast Urban Area,
Castlereagh Urban Area, Greenisland Urban Area, Holywood
Urban Area, Lisburn Urban Area, Newtownabbey Urban Area and
Milltown (Lisburn LGD). The nearby non-connected settlements
of Bangor, Carrickfergus, Carryduff, Crawfordsburn, Groomsport,
Helens Bay, and Seahill, which are used by NISRA in the definition
of Belfast Metropolitan Urban Area, have been excluded from the
definition of the urban area of Belfast and connected settlements
for this report.
7.
Griffiths C (2001) Demographic Backgrounds, 2, 69, in Griffiths

C (ed.) and Fitzpatrick J (ed.) Geographic Variation in Health.
London: The Stationery Office; www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/
theme_health/DS16/DS16_cap02.pdf
8.
Office for National Statistics (2003) Ethnic Group Statistics,

A guide for collection and classification of ethnicity data.
www.statistics.gov.uk/about/ethnic_group_statistics/downloads/
ethnic_group_statistics.pdf
60

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FOCUS ON

People and Migration

The UKs major

Chapter 3: The UKs major urban areas

Focus on People and Migration: 2005

border with the administrative boundary of the Government

an urban area in 2001, according to the most recent definition

examine almost any geographic area and cover a wide range of

mass at that time.

variables based on information for the whole population. 2001

Nearly 41 per cent of urban dwellers lived in one of the ten

Census data include adjustments for undercoverage in the

The ten most populous urban areas in the UK are:

so the impact of the adjustments would be slight.

What is an urban area?

Greater London Urban Area

These covered over a fifth of all urban land in the UK in 2001,

An area that is described as urban has a minimum population

or 4,375.9 km2 with a population density of 4,347.6 people per

example Greater Manchester Urban Area is 4.8 times larger

km2 compared to a density of 241.9 people per km2 in the UK

than the local authority district of Manchester and the urban

as a whole. Between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses the ten

areas boundaries do not follow those of the former

Given that nearly one-third of the population lives in these ten

boundary change of an urban area. New houses built at the

most populous urban areas, an understanding of the

edge, changing the land use from non-urban to urban, would

characteristics of these populations is very important. This

chapter begins by defining an urban area, before describing the

decrease in size if housing or industrial buildings at the edge of

size and location of the United Kingdoms most populous

the area fall into disuse.

places. Census data are used to examine changes in the

The definition of an urban area depends on the circumstance

Finally, the chapter uses census data to compare some of the

definitions of what makes an area urban and this is the case in

population characteristics of 2001s most heavily populated

the UK. The latest definition in England and Wales3 is an area

urban areas to see what, if anything, they have in common.

with 10,000 people or more; in Scotland4 this is 3,000 people

This will enable conclusions to be drawn as to whether the

or more; while in Northern Ireland5 it is 4,500 people or more.

people living in these places exhibit homogenous or

These apparent differences do not prevent comparisons

heterogeneous traits. A more detailed analysis, accounting for

between the largest urban areas across the countries of the

variations between smaller areas within these urban areas, is

UK. But definitional issues need to be considered when

beyond the scope of this chapter.

discussing all the UKs urban areas.

For the Belfast area, Northern Ireland Statistics and Research

areas.1 Urban areas do not stick to administrative boundaries.

Agency (NISRA) use a broad definition of urban areas such that

This makes more recent sources, such as the Labour Force

Belfast Metropolitan Urban Area includes nearby non-

Survey and the mid-year population estimates, less useful.

connected settlements. For comparability with the rest of the

Greater London Urban Area, for example, doesnt share a