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Basics: UT Study Guide. Questions and Answers Fill In, Choose The Right Answer or Write Required Equations or Answers

1. This document provides a study guide with questions and answers about ultrasonic testing (UT). It covers basics like velocity, wavelength, frequency, beam propagation, calibration steps and equipment controls. 2. Practical questions address topics like calibration procedures using standard blocks, equipment settings, and evaluating UT results using dB scales and DAC curves. Diagrams illustrate beam propagation, zones, angles and defects used for calibration. 3. Equations are given for velocity, wavelength, reflection coefficient, beam angles, near/far zones, and relating dB scales to amplitude ratios for calibration and evaluation.

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WahEed
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
173 views

Basics: UT Study Guide. Questions and Answers Fill In, Choose The Right Answer or Write Required Equations or Answers

1. This document provides a study guide with questions and answers about ultrasonic testing (UT). It covers basics like velocity, wavelength, frequency, beam propagation, calibration steps and equipment controls. 2. Practical questions address topics like calibration procedures using standard blocks, equipment settings, and evaluating UT results using dB scales and DAC curves. Diagrams illustrate beam propagation, zones, angles and defects used for calibration. 3. Equations are given for velocity, wavelength, reflection coefficient, beam angles, near/far zones, and relating dB scales to amplitude ratios for calibration and evaluation.

Uploaded by

WahEed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UT Study Guide.

Questions and Answers


Fill in , choose the right answer or write required equations or answers

Basics
Time of one complete cycle (T) is called:
Period
The No of cycles per second is called ..
Frequency (f)
The velocity (V) of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in steel is about Km/ sec.
5900
The velocity (V) of shear ultrasonic waves in steel is about Km/ sec.
3200
The ratio of the velocity to the frequency is called..
wave length

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

( )
Wave length =
= V/f
The minimum detectable defect is equal to one half of .
wave length
The greater the frequency the. sensitivity, resolution and attenuation
greater
For cast coarse grained steels or cast iron use high/ low frequency
low
For cast fine grained steels or forged steel use high/ low frequency
high
The particles motion in longitudinal waves is . to wave propagation
parallel
The particles motion in transverse waves is to the wave propagation.
perpendicular
The velocity of longitudinal wave is nearly equal to . that of transverse waves.
double)
Snells law is given by the expression: (Sin / Sin L) = VL 1 / VL 2 and (Sin / Sin T) = VL 1

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

/ VT 2
First critical

Angle of incidence at which L becomes 90o is called . (see fig. 4-A)

15.

angle
Second critical

Angle of incidence at which T becomes 90o is called . (see fig. 4-B)

16.

angle
Between the first and second critical angles we have only wave. Transverse (Shear)
In angle beam probes (45-60 70o) we have only ..
Transverse (Shear)

17.
18.

wave
Acoustic impedance (Z)
(Z2 Z1 )2 / (Z2

The product of density and velocity is called


The reflection coefficient is given by

19.
20.

Z1 )2
The couplant is used to
The near zone length is given by

21.
22.

(see Fig.3)

Remove air and ease motion of probe


D2 / 4
(D= probe

diameter)
The far zone angle ( ) is given by

23.

Sin = 1.22

(see Fig.3)

/D
Highly damped pulse contains less / greater number of frequencies.
(Greater)
The decrease of ultrasonic energy with travelled distance is called Attenuation

24.
25.

Probe

10%

D
D

(Sin = 1.22 /
D)

100% intensity

10%
Far zone

Near Zone D2

/4
Fig 3. Ultrasonic beam profile

(D probe diameter)

Incident
beam
longitudinal
V= 2.7

T
(L) Refracted longitudinal
beam V=5900 km/sec

Incident
beam
longitudinal
V= 2.7

Fig.4-A. Incident angle


is less than first critical
angle. In the metal there are 2
beams, one longitudinal and
the other shear

(T)Refracted shear beam. V=3.2 km/sec

(L) Refracted
longitudinal
beam V=5900
km/sec

T (T)Refracted shear
(Transverse) beam.
V=3.2 km/sec
Fig. 4 B. Incident angle= first critical angle=
28o. Angle beam probes 45, 60 and 70o have
incident angles above 28o.
Only shear wave exist in the metal

Incident
beam
longitudinal

(Sin / Sin L) = VL 1 /
VL 2
(Sin / Sin T) = VL 1 /
VT 2

(L)
Reflected
longitudinal
beam

Refracted shear
beam. V=3.2 km/sec
becomes Surface
wave. V =3.2 x 0.9
km/sec

Fig. 4 C . Incident angle= second critical angle=


about 57o
Shear wave becomes surface wave, which is used
for surface cracks and thin sheets

Practical Questions
26.

27.

28.

29.

30.
31.

32.

The dB is given by the equation dB =

dB = 20 log (H1 /

H2)
If you dont have saved calibrations the first step in UT is to do..
distance clibration
If you dont have saved calibrations the second step in UT is to do..
sensitivity calibration
The third step in UT is to do..
increase gain for scanning (usually 6, 12 or
more as per standard)
The last step to do in UT is
Evaluation
The aim of sensitivity calibration is to.. Compare actual defects with reference
standard defects
The attenuation of the longitudinal beam is greater/ smaller than that of shear beam

smaller

The control that moves the indications on the CRT without changing distance between them is called

Delay
The control that moves the indications on the CRT with changing distance between them is called

Fine Range ( or material Velocity- mtlvel)


The control that eliminates noise is called
Reject
The control that increases or decreases the dB (amplitude) is called Gain
The No of pulses per second is called
Pulse Repetition Rate

33.

34.

35.
36.
37.

(PRR)
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.

49.

50.
51.

For large UT tested items PRR should be


small (about 100)
For doubling the height of an indication on the screen add dB
6 dB
DAC curve is constructed at (constant / variable) dB.
Constant
The ultrasonic beam is continuous / pulsed
pulsed
The control that increases or decreases the pulse length is called
Damping
The higher the damping the shorter/ longer the pulse
Shorter
The higher the damping the lower / greater the resolution
Greater
The higher the damping the lower / higher the amplitude of the indication
lower
The pulse length (time) is few..
Microseconds
DAC curve compensates for
attenuation
Referring to Fig 5 a the required screen range is 5 inches (125 mm) we adjust the indications from at large
vertical lines of the screen No (probe is directed towards the 1 in. radius)
2 and 8
Referring to Fig 5 a the required screen range is 10 inches (125 mm) we adjust the indications from at large
vertical lines No (probe is directed towards the 1 in. radius)
1 4 7 -10
The block shown in fig 5-a can/ cannot be used for sensitivity calibration
cannot
The required screen range is 4 inches (100 mm) we put the indications from the miniature V 2 block
at large vertical lines No the first at midway between 2 and 3. The second at 10

52.
53.

DAC curves are used to compare the actual defects with

defect
54.

The
higher the
voltage
the
lower /
higher the
amplitude
of the
indication

higher
55.

In
IIW block
(Fig 1 &
2) the 2
in. side
drilled
hole
(SDH) is
used
to

check
probe
angle.

Reference standard

56.
57.

In IIW block the 0.06 in.. SDH is used to...sensitivity calibration


In IIW block the 0.08 in. full width notch is used to check normal probe/UT unit

resolution
58.
59.

60.

61.

In IIW block the 1 in. (25 mm) and 4 in. (100mm) radii are used for .distance

calibration
If IIW block with 1 and 4 in. radii is used for distance calibration and the probe is
directed towards the 4 in. where will you put the indications on the screen to make the range 10 in.?
At vertical lines No 4 & 9
If you are making distance calibration for the first time you will adjust first
indication
to
the
left
of
the
screen
using
.
(Delay).
If you are making distance calibration for the first time (no calibration saved) you
will adjust second indication using
.(Material velocity- mtlvel which works
like fine range).

62.
63.

64.

If IIW block with 1 and 4 in. radii is used for distance calibration and the probe is
directed towards the 1 in. where will you put the indications on the screen to make the range 10 in?
At vertical lines No 1 & 6
If in your IIW block there is a notch at the center of the 4 in. radius and no 1 in.
curved radius where will you put the indications on the screen to make the range 8 in? At vertical
lines No 5 & 10 (at the middle and the end of the screen

65.
66.

67.

In the equation
a-b-(S-1)2=d
of AWS D1.1 Standard the value of b is obtained from .
(see figure 1& 2 above).. The 0.06 (1.5 mm) side drilled hole of IIW block
In the equation
a-b-(S-1)2=d
of AWS D1.1 Standard the value
a
is
the dB of the actual defect adjusted at 80% Full Screen
height.
b
is.
the dB of a defect in tested specimen adjusted at 80% Full

Screen height
S
1
2
68.

is. .
is .
is..

the beam path in inch


Near zone in inch and
Attenuation in dB/ inch

The velocity of ultrasound in steel is . times greater than in water

times
69.

Which of the waves propagates in water?

Only

longitudinal
70.

71.
72.
73.

The amplitude of one indication is four times greater than another indication then the
dB difference between them is equal to .
20 log 4= 12
If the amplitude of one indication is ten times greater than another indication then the dB
difference is equal to ..20 log 10= 10 dB
If you have IIW block and you want to calibrate the display at 200 mm you will adjust the
indications at vertical lines No .of the screen
5 and 10

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