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QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE
Simplification

VBODMAS

'VBODMAS' (Vinculum - Bracket - Of - Division

- Multiplication - Addition - Subtraction) rule
should be applied for solvingproblems involving
one or more mathematical operationslike multiplication, division, addition, subtraction etc.
Such problemsare solved in the order of vinculum, bracket, of, division, multiplication, addition and subtraction. Remember 'Of' in
VBODMAS means multiplication.

3 ( 8 5 )

2.

3.

13
3 x7
3 3
3 13
7

21 3 (10 - 3) - 20 + 1 = ?
= 21 3 x 7 - 20 + 1
= 7 x 7 - 20 + 1
= 49 - 20 + 1 = 30

3 of

2
?

1 3

1 3

3 3 2 x

3 4

45 - 4 x 6 - 5 + 14 7 = ?
45 - 4 x 6 - 5 + 14 7 = 45- 24- 5 + 2 = 18

4 4 1
3 of ?
5 5 6

( 4 2 )

34

3 3 2

13

4.

Solved Examples
1.

12 5 1
1
1
x 3 3
5 4 6
6
6

5.

3x13 13

3x7
7

(4 4 4 ) 4
?
666 6

( 4 4 4) 4
12 4
3

666 6
6 6 1 13

4 4 1 12 4 1


5 5 6
5 5 6

SIMPLIFICATION USING IDENTITIES

1.

a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c

2.

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

3.

(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2

4.

(a + b)2 = (a - b)2 + 4ab

5.

(a - b)2 = (a + b)2 - 4ab

6.
7.

11.

12.

13.

(a - b) (a + b) = a - b
3

(a + b) = a + 3ab (a + b) + b

8.

(a - b)3 = a3 - 3ab (a - b) - b3

9.

a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)

10.

a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)

14.

a3 b3
a2 ab b2
a3 b3
a2 ab b2
a2 ab b2
3

a b

a2 ab b2
a3 b3

ab

ab

1
ab

1
ab

15.

(a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2)

16.

(a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab

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FRACTIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTIONS
1 . Proper Fraction : A Proper fraction is one
whose numerator is less than its denominator.

1 4
eg. ,
3 9
2 . Improper Fraction : An improper fraction
is one whose numerator is equal to or greater
than its denominator

dividing the numerator and the denominator by

the same number.
a ac

b bc
Reduction of a fraction to its lowest terms
To change a fraction to its lowest terms,
divide its numerator and denominator by the
H.C.F. of the numbers.
ie.

6 4
,
5 4
3 . Mixed Fraction: A mixed fraction is a
quantity consisting of two parts, one a whole
number and other a proper fraction.

eg. Reduce

eg.

1
3
,9
8
4
A mixed fraction can always be expressed as
an improper fraction.
eg. 4

2
2 (5 x 3) 2 17
5

3
3
3
3
Similarly an improper fraction can always be
expressed as a mixed fraction. For that divide
the numerator by the denominator and write
the quotient as the whole number part of the
mixed fraction, the remainder as the numerator and the divisor as the denominator.
eg. 5

19
4 26
5
3 ;
3
5
5 7
7
Basic Property of Fractions
1 . The value of a fraction is not altered by
multiplying the numerator and denominator by
the same number.
eg.

a axc
ac

b bxc
bc
The value of a fraction is not altered by

ie.
2.

12
to its lowest terms.
36

12 12 12
1

36 36 12
3

(Since H.C.F. of 12 and 36 is 12)

Reducing fractions to their common
denominators
To reduce fractions to their common
denominators, change the denominators into
their L.C.M.

3 4
,
4 5
L.C.M. of 4 and 5 = 20
eg.

3
into 20,
4
multiply it by 5. To convert the denominator of

To convert the denominator of

4
into 20, multiply it by 4.
5
3 x5 4 x 4
15 16
;
(ie)
;
4 x5 5 x 4
20 20
Comparing Fractions

(ie)

a
b
and
, be two fractions with same
c
c
denominator c.
Let

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a b

c c

Then

a b

c c

if a>b

4 3
eg.

5 5

if a<b

1 2
eg.
3 3

if a=b

1 1
eg.

2 2

6.

13

2 1

1
19
2
20
20

1
3
5
11
12 11 10
?
3
4
6
12

L.C.M. of 3, 4, 6 and 12 is 12
a b

c c

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

Method : Convert the fractions with the same
denominator by taking L.C.M. and then add or
subtract.
Examples
3 2 3 2 5

7 7
7
7

2.

1 3 4
1
4 4 4

3.

2 4
?
7 9

L.C.M. of 7, 9 = 63

2 3 4
?
3 4 5

L.C.M. of 3, 4 and 5 is 60

5.

eg. 2 x

4 11 9 10 4 1

12
12 3

40 45 48 133
13

2
60
60
60

3
4
6 3 ?
4
5
3
4
3 4
6 3 (6 3)
4
5
4 5
15 16
1
3
20
20

3 (2 x 3) 6

5
5
5

2 . To multiply a fraction by another fraction

multiply corresponding numerators and denominators and then simplify.

eg.

4 3
4x3 1
x

5 12 5 x12 5

Division of Fractions
1 . To divide a fraction by a whole number,
multiply the denominator of the fraction by the
whole number.

2 3 4 40 45 48

3 4 5 60 60 60

= 3

1 11 3 5

3 12 4 6

1 . To multiply a fraction by a whole number, multiply the numerator by the whole number.

2 4 18 28 46

7 9 63 63 63

(13 10 12 11)

Multiplication of fractions

1.

4.

eg.

2
2
2
7

3
3 x7 21

2 . To divide a fraction by a fraction, find the

reciprocal of the divisor and then multiply.
eg.

2 4 2 5 10 5

3 5 3 4 12 6

Note: Cancellation can be performed only to

multiplication and division of fractions; it can
not be perfomed in addition or subtraction of
fractions.
Point to remember:
1.

To multiply a whole number and a mixed

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fraction together, perform separate multiplication and then add the results.
eg. 1 8 x 5

2
2
(1 8 x 5 ) 1 8 x
3
3

90 12 102
2 . To divide a mixed fraction by a whole
number divide the whole number part of the
mixed fraction by the divisor (let the quotient
be a). Reduce the remainder to a single fraction and divide this single fraction by the divisor. (Let the quotient be b). Now the required
result is a+b.
2
eg. 21 4
3

2 3 1
of his toTotally he spends
5 10 8
tal salary.

2 5

3 3

33
1

40 x total salary = 1400

7
x total salary = 1400
40

40
Rs. 8000
7
In an examination, a studnet was asked

to find

2
5
5
21 4 5
5
3
12
12

3
of a certain number. By mistake,
14

3
of it. His answer was 150 more
4
than the correct answer. Find the given number.
Let the given number be x, then

he found

3x
3x

150
4
14

More Solved Examples

There are 40 students in a class. One day

15
3 3
x 150
x 150
4 14
28

7
only
th of total students were present.
10
Find the number of absentees on that day.

x =

Number of absentees
= Fraction of absentees x Total number

2.

4.

1 x 40 12 students
10

A man spends

ary.

3.

5
5 1 5
4 x
Now
3
3 4 12

total salary = 1400 x

20

1.

He saves 1 5 10 8 part of his sal

(ie)

2
4) 21 (5
3

3
1
of his salary on house rent and
of the
10
8
salary on clothes. He still has Rs. 1,400 left
with him. Find his total salary.

2
of his salary on food,
5

150 x 28
280
15

By how much is

4
5
of 70 less than
of
5
7

112?

5
4
x 112 x 70 5 x16 4 x14 24
7
5
5.

5
part of what amount will be equal to
12

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3
part of Rs. 100.
4

Let the amount be Rs.y

5
3
of y 3 of 100
12
4

5
15
y
x 100
12
4

15 x100 12
y
x
4
5

y 900
Decimal Fractions
Fractions that have powers of 10 in the
denominators are called decimal fractions.
(ie) Fractions whose denominators are 10, 102,
103, 104 ......... are called decimal fractions.
eg. 0.5, 0.063, 8.98 etc.

Subtraction
In subtraction also, the given numbers are
to be written in such a way that the number of
decimal places become equal for all numbers.
eg. 5 - 0.473
Maximum number of decimal place
= 3 (in 0.473)
ie. 5-0.473=5.000 - 0.473 = 4.527
Multiplication
1 . Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction by a
power of 10:
Shift the decimal point to the right by as
many places of decimal as the power of 10.
eg. 4.5291 x 100 = 452.91
2 . Multiplication of two or more decimal
fractions :
0.002 x 0.08 x 0.5 = ?
Step 1: Multiply the given numbers as if they
are without any decimal point.
ie. 2x8x5 = 80

Here

5
63
898
; 0.063
; 8.98
0.5 =
10
1000
100
Annexing zeros to the extreme right of
decimal fraction does not change its value. 0.47
= 0.470 = 0.4700 etc.
Addition
For adding a decimal number with another
decimal number or with another whole number write the given number in such a way that
the number of decimal places are equal for all
the numbers.
eg. 2+0.63 + 0.712
Here maximum number of decimal place= 3

Convert all the numbers to 3 decimal places.

2+ 0.63 + 0.712 =
2.000 + 0.630 + 0.712 = 3.342

Step 2 : Add the total number of decimal

places in the given numbers
ie 3+2+1 = 6
Step 3 : Write the result of step 1 and convert it to a number whose number of decimal
places is same as the number obtained in step
2 by shifting the decimal point to the left.

0.002x0.08x0.5=0.000080 = 0.00008
Division
1 . While dividing a decimal fraction by powers of 10, the result is obtained by shifting the
decimal point to the left by as many places of
decimal as is the power of 10.
eg. 3.45 10 = 0.345
961.1 100 = 9.611
2 . While dividing a decimal fraction by a natural number, divide the given fraction without
the decimal point by the given natural number.
In the answer thus got, place the decimal point

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to the left as many places of decimal as are

there in the dividend.
eg.

125
.
?
25

First step is

125
5
25

When a divisor as well as dividend is a

decimal, we multiply both the dividend and the
divisor by suitable multiple of 10 to make the
divisor a whole number and then proceed division.
Solved Examples:
1.

2 37 x 2 37 + 36 3 x3 6 3 + 2 x 23 7 x 36 3

125
.
0.05
25

3 . While dividing a decimal fraction by a decimal fraction, shift the decimal point to the right
of the dividend and the divisor both by equal
number of digits such that the divisor is converted into a whole number.
eg.

Given expression is of the form

a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = (a+b) 2
= (237 363)2 (600 )2 360000
2.

a 2 - b2 =(a+b) (a-b)
= (221 + 220) (221 - 220)

28.6 28600

200
0.143
143

Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as is
the number of digits after the decimal point.
Remove the decimal point and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.
Thus

eg.

= 441 x 1 = 21
3.

a3 b3

To divide a decimal by any multiple of ten

move the decimal point as many places to the
left as is the number of zeros in the divisor.

a b 0.45 0.21 0.24

a2 ab b2
4.

4.7 x 6.5 5.3 x 6.5

?
13
. x 7.9 13
. x 6.9
ax bx (a b) x
Given expression is cy dy (c d) y

8.86
886

9.25
925

To multiply a decimal by any multiple of

ten, move the decimal point as many places to
the right as is the number of zeros in the multiplier.

0.45 x 0.45 x0.45 0.21 x 0.21 x 0.21

0.45 x 0.45 0.45 x 0.21 0.21 x 0.21

Given expression is of the form

0.125 125
1

1000
.
1000
8

If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of decimal

places, then we may remove the decimal sign.

2212 220 2 ?

Given expression is

3.15
315
.

0.9
3.5
35

Expressing a decimal into a vulgar fraction

Evaluate

(4.7 5.3) 6.5 10 x 6.5

50
(7.9 6.9)13
.
1x13
.

5.

0.75 x 0.75 0.74 x 0.74

?
149
.

Given expression is

a2 b2
a b
ab

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= 0.75 - 0.74 = 0.01

6.4 x 6.4 2 x 6.4 x 3.6 3.6 x3.6

6.

(6.4) (3.6)

4
1

a2 b2

=
=

(a b)
a b (6.4 3.6)

(a b)(a b) a b (6.4 3.6)

= 4

=
7.

10 100 25
4

3
2.8 28
7
7

4
9

1
2
4

a2 2 ab b2

The given expression is

= 4

9 =
31

31 32 31 1

8
8
8

1 0 . Find the value of

0.7 x 0.7 x 0.7 - 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.3

- 3x0.7x0.3x0.4 = ?

1
1

1 1 1
2 2

The given expression is

1
1
3

1
1
1 1

3
4

a3 - b3 - 3ab (a-b)
1
1
1
1
1
1

1 1 1 1 1 1

2
2
3
3
4
4

= (a-b) 3 =(0.7-0.3) 3 =(0.4) 3

= 0.064
8.

Simplify
7

9.

1
1
1

1 1 1

4
9
16

3 8 15 5
x x

4 9 16 8

1
1 1
1 1
1
1
2
1

1

2
4
4
2
2
3
6

1
1 1
1 1
1
1
2
1

1

2
4
4
2
2
3
6

1 1 1 1

7
2
1 x 1
2 4 4 2

1 1 3
7 2
2 4 4

1 9 4
1
1
7 x 7 3 4
2 4 3
2
2
5

Find the value of 4

1 1 . Find the value of

2

2 2

1
2

1
2

1
1
2
4

2 2
1
2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2
2

2 4

2 2

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x 3
1 2 . If y 4 then find the value of

6.

6 yx

7 yx

7.

x
1
6 y x 6
y

x
7 y x 7 1
y

2 of

3 3 1
?
4 4 4

a)

4
9

9.

10.

1.
2.

a)
d) 1 9

17

b) 1 3

c) 1 9

12.

d) 1 5

31

b) 1 5

c) 2 4

d) 4 2

1
3

b)

4
5

c)

1
2

d)

1
6

14.

(7 7 7 ) 7
?
3333
a)

3
11

b)

3
13

5
7

c) 5 4

d) 6 7 0

900

b) 3 0

c) 5 0 0

d) 1 2 2 5

75

b) 1 0. 3

c) 1 4. 5 d) 7 . 5

188
.
0.3

b)

1 88
30

c)

47
75

d)

16
25

d)

3
7

b) 1

c) 1 0

d) 1 6

(0.356)2 x 2 x 0.356 x 0.106 (0.106 )2

?
(0.632 )2 2 x 0.632 x 0.368 (0.368 )2

a)

0. 62 5

b) 0. 06 25

c)

0. 03 45

d) 0. 34 5

a)

1. 13 2

b) 0. 24 2

c)

1. 42 2

d) 1

4.75x 4.75x 4.75 125

. x125
. x125
.
?
4.75x 4.75 125
. x125
. 4.75x125
.
a)

c)

b) 2 7

. x0637
.
2x0637
. x0395
.
0395
. x0395
.
1 3 . 0637
?
0242
.

1 1 1
1
x
2 3 4 12
a)

5.

c) 1 7

1
of 35+4 (9-3) = ?
5
a)

4.

b) 1 5

6+[2+{4x(8-3) - (2x6)-1}+2]= ?
a)

3.

20

540

11. 0. 7x0.7x0. 7+0.3x0.3x0. 3+3x0.7x0.3=?

20 - [9-{7+(2x3)} +5] = ?
a)

1
4

24.4 x 24.4 2 x 24.4 x 5.6 5.6 x 5.6

?
24.4 x 24.4 5.6 x 5.6

a)

PRACTICE TEST

d) 2

8.9 x 8.9 x 8.9 1.4 x 1.4 x 1.4

?
8.9 x 8.9 8.9 x 1.4 1.4 x 1.4
a)

1
6
6 1
4

1
7
7
7 7
4

c) 2

32.5x32.5-2x32.5x2.5+2.5x2.5=
a)

3
1
6
4

7 1 3
4

3
2

2 3.5 x 2 3.5 3.5 x 3.5

?
9.6 x 9.6 2 x 9.6 x 8.6 8.6 x 8.6

a)
8.

b)

15.

5.25

b) 3 . 5

c) 0

d) 6

7 7 5 x7 7 5 2 2 5 x 2 2 5 7 7 5 x 2 2 5
?
7 7 5 x 7 7 5 x 7 7 5 + 2 2 5 x 2 2 5 x 2 2 5

a)
c)

1000
0. 00 1

b) 0 . 0 1
d) 0.0001

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(0 .3 3 7 0.12 6 )2 (0.3 3 7 0 .1 26 )2
?
16.
0 .3 3 7 x 0.1 2 6

a)
c)

0. 21 1
4

25.

b) 0. 46 3
d) 2 . 1 1

(6 9 5 3 4 5 )2 (6 9 5 3 4 5 )2
?
17.
(6 9 5 )2 (3 4 5 )2

a)2

b) 3 4 5

c) 6 9 5

19.

(4.621 2.954 ) (4.621 2.954 )

?
4.621x 4.621 2.954 x 2.954
a) 4
b) 2
c) 0
d) 1

22.

27.

0.52 x 0.52 0.4 x 0.4 2 x 0.52 x 0.4

?
0.52 0.4
1.2
0.48

b) 0 . 9 2
d) 0 . 1 2

4.5

23.

a)

c) 5 . 1

28.

b)

27
32

c)

27
64

d)

107
112

c)

1
5

1 1
1
of
5 5
5 ?
1
1 1
of
5
5 5

b) 5

b)

5
3

c) 1

d)

3
5

d)

25

7 9 2 4 x 1 1 6 ?
5 x 9 (1 3 1 2 )

d) 2 . 2 0

1
2

1
2

27
16

a)

c)

5
4

b) 0 . 4 5

d) 21

a)

a) 1

(4.8 )3 0 .0 2 7
?
(4.8 )2 1.4 4 0 .0 9

a)

1
2

7
12

1 1 3
1 7
3
2 6 . 2 2 4 2 8 4 ?

6 4 8 5 2 x 6 4 8 5 2 2 4 8 5 2 x2 4 8 5 2
?
64852 24852

a)
c)

b) 2

c) 15

a) 2 0 0 0 0
b) 80000
c) 3 0 0 0 0
d) 40000
20.
126.5x126.5-2x126.5x6.5+6.5x6.5=?
a) 12000
b) 1 4 4 0 0
c) 17689
d) 1 4 4 0
21.

1
6

a)

d) 4

18.

1 4
5
of
4 5
6
?
1 1 3
1
4
21
3 5 1 0
5
3

2 9 . If

7
20

b)

55
4

d)

1
20

14 2 b a
a 7

, then
is equal
23 2 b a
b 8

to
3 1
1 1
2 4 . 5 4 2 2 0 .5 6 7 ?

a)

19
84

b) 2

61
23
47
c) 2
d) 2
84
84
84

a)

5
14

b)

5
9

c)

5
23

d)

5
92

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1
3 0 . 2
3

3 5 7
997
2 2 2 ..... 2
?
5 7 9
999

a)

5
999

b)

7
1000

c)

1000
7

d)

1001
3

3 1 . If

a)

-1

b) 3

c) 4

a)

13
b)
22

33.

d)

a)

34. 1

10
19

d)

19
10

a)

4.0

b) 0 . 4

c)

0.04

d) 0. 00 4

a)

1 9 99 9 9

b) 2 0 11 1 0

c)

2 1 11 1 0

d) 1 09 9 99 9

3 8 . The sum of two numbers is 22 and their

difference is 14. Find the product of the
numbers.
a)

70

b) 7 5

c) 7 2

d) 8 2

3 9 . The sum of squares of two numbers is

80 and the square of their difference is
36. The product of the two numbers is

19
8

c)

7
8

d)

8
9

a)

22

b) 4 4

c) 5 8

d) 1 1 6

4 0 . The product of two numbers is 120. The

sum of their squares is 289. The sum of
the two numbers is

d) 4

1
2
2
b)

c)

3 7 . The sum of the smallest six digit number

and the greatest five digit number is

8
19

10
19

(7.98 x 7.98+7.98x x + 0.02 x 0.02) will

be a perfect square for x equal to

c) 2

b) 1

3 6 . The expression

1 1 1 1
1 1
1 , then the
3 2 . If
x 2 3 4
2 3
value of x is

1
4

5
9

3 5 . If (a-b) is 6 more than (c+d) and (a+b) is

3 less than (c-d), then (a-c) is
a) 0 . 5
b) 1 . 0
c) 1 . 5 d) 2 . 0

a 4
6a 4 b
is
, then the value of
b 3
6a 5b

a)

1
9

a)

20

b) 2 3

c) 1 6 9

d) 1 5 0

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE TEST

1.

(d)

2.

(a)

9.

(d)

1 0 . (c)

1 7 . (a)

3.

(a)

4.

(c)

5 . (d)

6.

(d)

7.

(a)

8.

(a)

1 1 . (b)

1 2 . (b)

13. (b)

1 4 . (d)

1 5 . (c)

1 6 . (c)

1 8 . (b)

1 9 . (d)

2 0 . (b)

21.(d)

2 2 . (a)

2 3 . (d)

2 4 . (c)

2 5 . (c)

2 6 . (b)

2 7 . (d)

2 8 . (b)

29.(c)

3 0 . (d)

3 1 . (c)

32.(b)

3 3 . (a)

3 4 . (b)

3 5 . (c)

3 6 (c)

37. (a)

38. (c)

39. (a)

40.(b)