Operation Manual: Scintrex

&606
6FLQWUH[#&HVLXP#9DSRU#0DJQHWRPHWHU#6HQVRU
OPERATION
MANUAL
SCINTREX
Rev Description of change

1.0 Initial Release
ECO
Date of issue App

Feb 21, 2002
G.H.
&606
6FLQWUH[#&HVLXP#9DSRU#0DJQHWRPHWHU#6HQVRU
Operation Manual
CS-3 Manual - part # 762701 Revision 1.0
SCINTREX LIMITED
HEAD OFFICE
In the U.S.A.
SCINTREX Limited
222 Snidercroft Road
Concord, Ontario
Canada, L4K 1B5
tel: (905) 669-2280
fax: (905) 669-6403
e-mail:
[email protected]
SCINTREX U.S.A.
900 Woodrow Lane
Suite 100
Denton, Texas 76205
tel: (940)591-7755
fax: (940) 591-1968
e-mail:
[email protected]
In Australia/ S.E. Asia/

SCINTREX/Auslog
P.O. Box 125 Sumner Park
83 Jijaws Street, Brisbane
QLD Australia 4074
tel: (+61-7) 3376-5188
fax: (+61-7) 3376-6626
e-mail: [email protected]
World-wide web: http://www.scintrexltd.com

Copyright SCINTREX Limited 2002. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without prior consent from
SCINTREX Limited.
Document Part No. 762701, Revision 1.0
Printed and bound in Canada
Table of Contents
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Foreword
Advantages of Optical Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Advantages of Self Oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Getting Started
About this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-5
1-7
2nd CS-3 in the Field

Operating the
Setting Up the CS-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Mounting the CS-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Powering Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Obtaining the Larmor Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Setting the Operating Hemisphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Operating in the Presence of Spurious Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Orienting Your CS-3

Understanding the Active Zone of the CS-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Using a Strapped Down CS-3 for Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Calculating the Tumble Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Recommended Survey Orientations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
Comparison with the Locked Oscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
Maintaining Your CS-3 and Trouble-shooting

Trouble-shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Reference Information
CS-3 Technical Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
v
Table of Contents
Page Numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type
2ndStyles
Draft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Understanding Instrument Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sensor Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Sensor
Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrument Parts List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CS-3 Standard Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warranty and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shipping Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-4
5-4
Appendix A: Theory of Operation

System Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Appendix B: CS-3 Block Diagram
vi
Foreword
Foreword
The CS-3 is an optically pumped cesium vapor magnetometer sensor used for
scalar measurement of the Earth's magnetic field. As shown below, the CS-3
sensor consists of a sensor head with cable and sensor electronics.
Figure 1: CS-3 Magnetometer Sensor

The system excels in a variety of applications (ex. airborne, satellite, marine
and ground magnetometry or gradiometry, base station magnetometry and
ferrous ordnance location) due to its:
high sensitivity
high cycling rates
excellent gradient tolerance
continuous output
automatic hemisphere switching
i
fast response
low susceptibility to the electromagnetic interference
Magnetic field measurements performed by the CS-3 is based on quantum

mechanics principles, and the phenomena of optical pumping and
self-oscillation. When properly oriented in relation to the ambient magnetic
field, cesium vapor in the sensor oscillates continuously by itself without any
assistance. The frequency of oscillation (defined as the Larmor frequency) is
proportional to the ambient magnetic field.
The sensor outputs a signal at the Larmor frequency which is normally
processed by an external magnetometer processor linked to the system. The
magnetometer processor converts the Larmor frequency into digital magnetic
field readings and presents them for display and recording. Modern magnetic
processors have a resolution of 0.001 nT and read 10 times each second or
faster.
In summary, the CS-3 offers distinct and substantial benefits in measurement
of magnetic fields due to the principles of both optical pumping and
self-oscillation. These advantages are described in the next two sections.
Advantages of Optical Pumping

These benefits are shared by all well designed optically pumped
magnetometers regardless of which atoms (cesium, rubidium, potassium or
helium) are being pumped, and regardless which of two principles of
operation is utilized (self oscillation, or locked oscillation).
High Sensitivity
Due to the narrow resonant linewidth and good signal to noise ratio the
sensitivity of optically pumped magnetometers is in the range of few pT
(1pT=0.001nT) in the measuring bandwidth of 1Hz. In contrast to the proton
precession magnetometers, the sensitivity does not deteriorate as the
measured ambient field decreases.
Continuous Signal
The operation of the optically pumped magnetometers is not cyclic. Highly
sensitive readings could be obtained at the high repetition rate.
ii
Absorption cells of the optically pumped magnetometers in which the

detection of the ambient field is taking place are normally much smaller than
the sensors of proton precession (including Overhauser) magnetometers.
Consequently, the field gradients over the sensor volume are much smaller
and the proper operation of the magnetometer is much less affected, e.g. the
volume of the CS-3 absorption cell is only 0.006 liters.
Low Radiated Electromagnetic Interference

Sensors of the optically pumped magnetometers radiate low disturbing EM
fields. The H1 field is the order of 10 nT. The RF field for the lamp excitation
is well
and of the high frequency - around 165 MHz for the CS-3.
2ndconfined
Draft
Insensitivity to Motion Induced Doppler Effects

Irregular motion of the platform carrying the sensor modulates (adds to) the
precession
frequency and introduces noise into the measurements of the
2
magnetic field.
Proton2ndprecession (including Overhauser) magnetometers are affected to a
much greater degree by motion noise due to much lower gyromagnetic
constant, e.g. in the ambient magnetic field of 50,000nT the Larmor
frequency of the CS-3 is 175,000Hz, which is 82 times larger than 2100Hz,
the precession frequency of the proton magnetometer.
Advantages of Self Oscillation

Use of the self-oscillating principle of operation results in the following
additional benefits not available from optically pumped magnetometers using
locked oscillator principle of operation:
Fast Start-up
If the sensor head is properly oriented inside its active operating zone, the
CS-3 will start oscillating shortly after it is turned on. The warm-up time is
determined by the time required for the electronically controlled heaters to
bring the absorption cell and the cesium lamp to the proper operating
temperature.
iii
Foreword
High Gradient Tolerance
The warm-up is over in few minutes after a cold start. However, if the
operating temperature is already established, it takes only few milliseconds
for the magnetometer to start oscillating after a turn on or after an orientation
change from a dead zone into the active zone.
In contrast, a locked oscillator magnetometer invariably contains a voltage
controlled oscillator (VCO), whose frequency in normal operation is forced
(locked) by the control electronics to follow the resonant Larmor frequency.
However, at every start-up, cold or warm, before the locking is acquired, the
VCO frequency has to be swept relatively slowly until it comes close enough
to the Larmor frequency. Then the locking takes place and the magnetometer
becomes operational.
Note that the Larmor frequency is known beforehand only coarsely and
consequently this search process takes several seconds. The same search
procedure takes place if the lock is lost because of a fast field change or a
disturbing AC magnetic field.
Fast Response and Tracking

The response of a self-oscillating magnetometer to the magnetic field
changes is extremely fast. It has been experimentally determined that the
Larmor frequency precisely changed in response to the step changes of
several thousand nT within a Larmor period. Equally, the magnetometer
followed sinusoidal field changes of the amplitude of hundreds nT at the rate
of several kHz without appreciable lag in response.
In contrast, the rate of ambient field change, which a locked oscillator
magnetometer could follow without losing lock, is much smaller. In addition,
spurious fields, either AC (50-400Hz) or pulsed, in the range of several
hundred nT cause the magnetometer to lose lock.
Low Susceptibility to Electromagnetic Fields

The susceptibility to spurious EM fields depends very much on the principle
of operation. Most widely encountered spurious fields originate from the
power lines and the airborne geophysical EM systems, and are in the
frequency range of 50Hz to several thousand Hz. In general, the
susceptibility increases greatly as the frequency of the interfering field
approaches the operating (Larmor, proton precession) frequency.
Proton precession magnetometers (including Overhauser) have low
susceptibility for two reasons:
they use induction coils to detected proton precession
iv
the interfering EM field are normally at the frequencies close to the proton
precession frequency.
Neither of above liabilities apply for optically pumped magnetometers

because:
signal detection is optical
the interfering frequencies are normally far from the Larmor frequency.
In addition, the susceptibility of the self-oscillating magnetometer is low,

because its feedback loop is very simple and fast, allowing it to respond with
little lag to the fast changing fields.
In contrast, the locked oscillator response is much slower because its control
loop frequency bandwidth is limited to few hundred Hz. Furthermore, the
2nd Draft
feedback
control is achieved by monitoring a modulating signal, which
frequency is in the range of one hundred Hz, and which detection could be
readily upset by the interfering EM fields.
For either of above reasons, the locked oscillator may lose lock and become
temporary
non-functional for few seconds in presence of a spurious EM field.
2
Superior
Worldwide Orienting Capabilities
2nd
The analysis presented in Chapter 3, Orienting Your CS-3 proves that,
contrary to the widely accepted belief, a well designed self-oscillating
magnetometer is as easy to orient as the locked oscillator. Even more
important, it offers wider safety margins to the boundaries of operating zone,
than the locked oscillator.
v
Foreword
vi
Getting
Started
Startup
About this manual

Page Numbering
The numbering scheme used consists of two parts: the chapter number and
page number. For example, 3-1 would refer to chapter 3, page 1.
For your convenience, each chapter has a thumb-tab on the right-hand side
allowing you to quickly locate a chapter of interest. The thumb-tabs are
arranged in descending order, with Chapter 1 always starting at the top.
1-1
Getting Started
Type Styles
The following typeface conventions will be used throughout the manual.
Convention
Use
Bold Italic
Indicates an action to be taken
Italic
Denotes a new term being introduced
ALL CAPS
Denotes the name of a screen, key or mode (function)
1- 2
About this manual
Chapter Layout
This manual is divided into six chapters and four appendices with the
information flow detailed in the following table.
Description
1. Getting Started
Gives an overview of the manual and describes the

instruments components.
2. Operations
Tells how to set up your CS-3 for a survey, including how

to mount and operate the system.
3.Orientation
Gives a detailed theoretical and practical review of the

considerations for orienting the instrument to obtain best
results.
4. Maintenance
Gives a brief overview of how to maintain and

trouble-shoot your system.
5.Reference
Contains the technical specifications, instrument parts

list and warranty information.
A.Theory of
Operation
Explains the scientific and instrumentation theory for the

CS-3 instrument.
1-3
CS-3 Manual - part #762701 Revision 1.0
Startup
Chapter
Getting Started
Symbols
The following symbols will be used to highlight specific sections of text
throughout the manual.
Symbol
Meaning
Warning:
Denotes an important point concerning safety
Important:
Indicates a important topic, particular attention should be
paid to this section
Note:
Denotes a point of interest, or information you should read
Tip:
Denotes an interesting hint for smoother operation
Question:
Indicates a relevant question concerning an important
topic
1- 4
Understanding Instrument Basics

The CS-3 Magnetometer Sensor consists of a sensor head and sensor
electronics that are interconnected by a cable. This section provides
schematics and descriptions for each of these components and their
subsystems.
The sensor head houses electro-optical detection system. All the parts of the
sensor head, including the outside plastic housing, are made of carefully
screened nonmagnetic materials. The following figure shows a schematic of
the sensor head.
Figure 2 - Schematic of the sensor head
1-5
Startup
Sensor Head
Getting Started
Important:
To minimize the static magnetic interference from
the electronic components which are slightly
magnetic, the sensor head should be kept away from
the electronics assembly by the full cable length.
The actual measurement of the ambient magnetic field takes place inside the
absorption cell which has diameter 22mm, and the length 25mm. The
position of the cell's centre is marked by a narrow groove, machined on the
outside of the plastic cylindrical housing. The adjacent wider grove is
provided to facilitate secure grip for the mounting clamps.
The interconnecting cable exits at the right angle on the top end of the sensor
head. For properly orienting the sensor head as described in Chapter 3,
Orienting Your CS-3, it is important to know the direction of the optical
axis. In Figure 1 on page i, the direction of the optical axis is depicted in
relation to the outside mechanical features of the sensor head.
The sensor head housing provides an air/water tight enclosure for the sensor
components, and it should not be opened. In addition, critical optical
components inside the sensor head are carefully aligned in order to minimize
the orientation errors, and opening the sensor head by unqualified people
may upset the alignment.
1- 6
Sensor Electronics
The sensor electronics are housed in a cylindrical container as shown in the
following schematic.
Startup
CS-3 ELECTRONIC HOUSING
Figure 3 - Schematic of the electronics housing

The electronics consist of three major subsystems:
Larmor amplifier
Lamp and absorption cell heaters
RF lamp exciter
The RF exciter generates few watts of RF power at the frequency of about

165MHz. In order to keep the radiated electromagnetic interference low, the
exciter is located inside a metallic enclosure. In addition, all the sensor
electronic systems are enclosed inside a cylindrical, metal box.
Electronic Housing
Internally, the sensor electronic housing is connected to the negative line of
the input supply voltage. If the negative side of the power supply, which
provides the power for the CS-3, is grounded to the frame of the vehicle, and
if the electronic box of the CS-3 makes an electrical contact to the same
frame, then the return current could flow partially through the frame instead
of being confined to the return line inside the supply cable.
1-7
Getting Started
The stray magnetic field created by this current could corrupt the
measurement of the ambient field. To prevent that happening, the outside of
the electronics box is covered with a thin, plastic insulating sleeve.
Important:
Please, make sure that this plastic sleeve is not
damaged to such an extent that the metal part of the
CS-3 electronics housing is making contact to a
metal part of the airplane or vehicle frame.
The sensor head connector is mounted on one side panel of the electronic
box. On the opposite side, following components are mounted on the control
panel, see Figure 4.
Hemisphere Control Switch

The hemisphere control switch is a four-position rotary switch as shown
below.
Figure 4 - Schematic of the hemisphere control switch
1- 8
It performs the following functions:

N - Manually sets the CS-3 to operate in northern operating hemisphere.
S - Manually sets the CS-3 to operate in southern operating hemisphere.
R - (JP3 - OFF, JP2 - ON). Remote setting allows the operation of the CS-3
to be controlled remotely by superimposing on the supply voltage an 80 Hz
sine signal. In the absence of the signal the CS-3 is set to operate in the
northern hemisphere.
R - (JP3 - ON, JP2 - OFF). Automatic hemisphere switch.
Note:
JP2 and JP3 refer to jumpers on the Larmor board.
I/O Connector
Four pins of the I/O connector carry following signals:
A - ground level
B - positive input of the supply voltage +24 to 35 V; this input is connected in
parallel to the centre pin of the coaxial TNC power connector on the same
panel
C - Larmor output signal, TTL compatible square voltage signal at Larmor
frequency
D - TTL compatible input: high level or open for operation in the southern
operating hemisphere, low or connected to the pin A for operation in the
northern hemisphere. This input is effective only if the Hemisphere Control
switch is in the Local (L) position.
1-9
Startup
L - Local setting allows the operation of the CS-3 to be controlled by the

TTL voltage level at the pin D of the four pin connector (pin A is ground):
open circuited or high level voltage for operation in southern hemisphere,
low level voltage or short connected to pin A for operation in northern
operating hemisphere.
Getting Started
1-10
By now you have familiarized yourself with your CS-3. This chapter reviews
the basic steps required to carry out a survey. They include the following:
setting up the CS-3
mounting the CS-3
powering up
obtaining the Larmor frequency
setting the operating hemisphere
operating in the presence of spurious magnetic fields
2-1
Operations
Operating the
CS-3 in the
Field
Operating the CS-3 in the Field
Setting Up the CS-3

The basic procedure for setting up the CS-3 is as follows:
mount the sensor in the vehicle according to the mounting instructions (see
below)
connect the sensor head to the electronics via the supplied cable
Note:
To minimize the static magnetic interference from
the electronic components which are slightly
magnetic, the sensor head should be kept away from
the electronics assembly by the full cable length. If
the electronics is kept at 3 meters away from the
sensor head, its magnetic signature is less than
0.1nT.
make sure that you have between 24 and 35V of power to the device
connect the CS-3 to the power connector (i.e. link to your power supply, data
acquisition unit or coupler)
turn on the power

Warning:
BEFORE THE POWER IS APPLIED TO THE
CS-3, THE CONNECTOR AT THE END OF THE
SENSOR HEAD CABLE HAS TO BE
CONNECTED TO THE MATING SOCKET
LOCATED AT THE ELECTRONICS BOX SIDE
PLATE. THIS CONNECTOR SHOULD NEVER
BE DISCONNECTED WHILE THE POWER IS
APPLIED TO THE CS-3. DOING SO WILL
RESULT IN SERIOUS DAMAGE TO THE RF
EXCITER AND WILL VOID THE WARRANTY.
let the unit warm up for a designated warm up period to enable the lamp and
heaters to stabilize (i.e. stabilize the optics)
The remainder of this chapter provides more details that will help you with
installation and start-up.
2-2
CS-3 Manual - part # 762701Revision 1.0
Setting Up the CS-3
Mounting the CS-3

The quality of data depends greatly on the quality of the installation. Our
advice is to obtain the services of a highly skilled systems engineer for the
installation of all magnetometer sensors and associated survey
instrumentation. There are numerous factors related to aircraft,
instrumentation and custom modifications that may be required to achieve a
successful installation.
In general, when mounting a high sensitivity sensor such as the CS-3, you
should consider the following guidelines:
Secure the sensor so that it is rigid during aircraft motion. The use of a
proper gimbal is highly recommended. The gimbal makes changing the
orientation easier and also provides a secure base for operating the sensor.
Keep the sensor as far as possible away from moving surfaces or magnetic
inducing objects.
Screen all hardware used in proximity of the sensor for ferrous

contamination.
Minimize the amount of conductive hardware, such as brass screws and

aluminum, as they will introduce a secondary field when they are in motion
through the earth field.
Although the sensor electronics have a minimal magnetic signature, keep the
electronics as far away as possible from the sensor.
Always ensure that the cable between the sensor and electronics is physically
secured.
Do not coil the cable to take up slack. If necessary, all slack should be at the
preamplifier electronics end of the installation.
Always ensure that there is adequate ventilation at both the sensor head and
the preamplifier electronics. This is especially critical when operating in hot
climates.
Keep the sensor away from direct exposure to weather elements and keep it
clean from debris.
Ensure that there is adequate static discharge available along the surrounding
surfaces of the aircraft installation. In dry conditions, static will build along
the flying surfaces and create noticeable pop noise in the data during
discharges.
Do not place secondary sensors, such as a fluxgate magnetometer, in very

close proximity to the cesium sensor.
2-3
Operations
Powering Up
The power for the CS-3 should be supplied from a DC supply 24-35V, 2A
minimum supply capability. The power can be connected either through
either:
the coaxial TNC connector by a 50 ohm coaxial cable (centre pin positive
wire)
the four pin I/O connector, on pins B (positive wire) and A (negative wire).
The sensor electronics is protected from an accidental polarity reversal on

both power inputs.
The green light on the side panel indicates that the power is applied to the
sensor electronics. Initially, after the power-up, the red indicator light glows
for a short while to indicate that the cesium lamp located inside the sensor
has not yet reached proper operating level.
Normally, this indicator light will go off completely indicating that the
cesium lamp is radiating sufficient light. At 25C it takes normally only few
seconds for this light to go off. At a low ambient temperature, it may take
longer for the lamp exciter to warm up and for the lamp to start to operate
properly.
At the beginning of the cold start-up, the power supply current will be
highest, approximately 1.5A, as the cell and the lamp heater are operating at
the full output capacity. As the cell and the lamp are approaching the required
stabilized operating temperature, the supply current will decrease and it will
reach steady level which is ambient temperature dependent.
At the 20C the supply current will be approx. 0.5A, at -40C it is approx.
0.7A. The warm-up time is less than 5 minutes at 20C, increasing to less
than 15 minutes at -40C.
2-4
Obtaining the Larmor Signal
Obtaining the Larmor Signal

If the sensor head is properly oriented inside its active operating zone, as
described in Chapter 3, Orienting Your CS-3, the CS-3 will start oscillating
shortly after it is turned on, as soon as the absorption cell and the cesium
lamp reach the operating temperature.
Note:
If the operating temperature is already established, it
takes only few milliseconds for the magnetometer to
start oscillating after a warm power-up or after an
orientation change from a dead zone into the active
zone.
The amplitude of the output signal of the CS-3 is kept nearly constant
(+/-15% variation is due to the transformer frequency characteristic) by
electronic means for magnetometer orientations inside the active zone, in
spite of:
the amplitude changes of the light modulation (original Larmor signal) with
the magnetometer orientation and
the amplitude versus frequency dependence of the Larmor amplifier

electronics.
Output Signals
The output signals at the Larmor frequency are available in two formats:
square wave signal with TTL/CMOS logical levels is available at the I/O
connector, pin C, with the ground at pin A. Fast transitions of the square
wave make this output much less susceptible than the sinewave output to the
system noises like ground line noise. The output driving capability of this
output restricts the maximum cable length of the RG-58 coaxial cable to 8
meters. An external line driver is required if the signal is to be transmitted
over the longer distance.
2-5
Operations
The frequency of oscillation is called the Larmor frequency. The Larmor

frequency is proportional to the magnitude of the ambient magnetic field.
The constant of proportionality, which relates the magnitude of the ambient
magnetic field to the Larmor frequency, is known as the gyromagnetic
constant and for the cesium 133 it equals 3.498577Hz/nT.
sinewave Larmor signal is transformer coupled inside the sensor electronics

box on to the D.C. power supply line. This is done in a similar way as in the
older models of Varian and Scintrex cesium vapor magnetometers. The only
difference that the output amplitude of the CS-3 is electronically stabilized
to be independent of the sensor orientation or slightly dependent of the
Larmor frequency over the range of 50-350kHz. This additional feature will
prevent the sensitivity of the magnetometer to deteriorate more than
necessary in presence of the power supply noise. The power supply noise
affects more the signal with the lower amplitude.
Couplers, Processors and Power Supplies

In older magnetometers the output amplitude was varying as much as 10:1.
The CS-3 magnetometer could easily replace, as far as the power and signal
conditioning is concerned, the older models without any changes to the
existing equipment such as sensor couplers, magnetometer processors, power
supplies.
The only incompatibility is in the control of the operating hemisphere, as it
will be explained in the next section. The Larmor signal coupled on the
coaxial power cable could be transmitted to the processor (decoupler) over
the distance of up 100 meters before it is decoupled by a transformer.
Many of modern magnetometer processors, such as Scintrex MEP series of
processors, incorporate the power and signal conditioning circuits such as the
regulated power supply and the sensor decoupler. One has to just connect the
coaxial power cable to the appropriate power output connector and the
installation is complete. The supply current is measured and displayed, as
well.
For more detailed information, please, refer to the specific processor
operating manual. The MEP series of processors obsoletes the older
generation of Scintrex self standing sensor couplers such as VIW2340A1 or
VIW2340D4, but they still could be used in existing installations to decouple
the Larmor signal from the CS-3.
2-6
Setting the Operating Hemisphere

It has been briefly explained why the operation of the CS-3 is divided in two
operating hemispheres in Chapter 1, Getting Started with the CS-3.
Chapter 3, Orienting Your CS-3 defines the operating hemispheres in more
detail, and provides instructions on how to orient the sensor head.
Here, we explain how the operator can control the setting of the operating
hemisphere. The Hemisphere Control switch is used to select the mode of
control. FOUR modes of control of the operating hemisphere setting are
available:
Manual Control
Two positions of the Hemisphere Control switch are used for the manual
control:
in position "N" the CS-3 is set manually to operate in the northern operating
hemisphere.
in position "S" the CS-3 is set manually to operate in the southern operating
hemisphere.
R - Automatic Hemisphere Switch (JP3 - ON, JP2 OFF)

In the position R of the hemisphere switch (JP3 ON, JP2 OFF), the
CS-3 is operating in automatic hemisphere switching mode. In this mode the
Larmor signal is applied to a noise detector whose output is read by an analog
to digital converter.
When the output of the noise detector is bigger then a preset value, the
Complex Programming Logic Device (CPLD) embedded algorithm for the
Hemisphere Switching starts.
The actual switch for the H1 drive is an analog switch which is controlled by
the CPLD. The algorithm switches the hemisphere north-south and records
the noise. Following this process, a decision is made based on the noise
levels.
2-7
Operations
Figure 5 - Hemisphere Switch Logic Diagram
"R" - Remote 80HZ (JP3 - OFF, JP2 - ON)

In the position "R" of the Hemisphere switch, the setting of the operating
hemisphere is actuated remotely by superimposing an 80 Hz sine signal on
the D.C. supply voltage. This can be conveniently achieved by coupling the
control signal voltage through a transformer at a convenient remote location.
In the absence of the signal, the CS-3 is set to operate in the northern
operating hemisphere.
To set the CS-3 for the operation in the southern operating hemisphere
minimum AC signal amplitude of 50mV Vpeak is required at the frequency
of (80+/-5)Hz at the power input line to the CS-3. Please note, that the
control signal frequency has been selected far away from the Larmor signal
frequency range to make the interference with the magnetic field
measurement negligible. The input amplifier of the magnetic processors
filters out efficiently the frequencies outside the Larmor frequency range.
2-8
Electronic Control "L"

In the position "L" of the Hemisphere switch, the setting of the operating
hemisphere is actuated by the TTL compatible control voltage level at the pin
D of the four pin I/O connector: open circuited or high level voltage for
setting the operation in southern hemisphere, low level voltage or short
connection to the pin A for operation in northern operating hemisphere.
The control voltage could be supplied to the connector pins D and A through
a coaxial cable or a pair of twisted wires. The length of the cable or the wires
is not critical, as the control voltage is D.C. signal.
Summary
If the CS-3 is properly oriented inside the active zone, defined by equations
(1) and (2) in Chapter 3, Orienting Your CS-3, and the operating
hemisphere is not set properly either of following will happen:
There will be no Larmor signal at the output. By setting the operation to the
proper operating hemisphere, the Larmor signal will appear.
There will be signal at the output, but not at the Larmor frequency. The false
magnetic field reading will be higher than the true reading, obtained when
the operating hemisphere setting is correct (about 60nT higher if the ambient
field is 60,000nT). In addition, it will be much noisier.
The reason for this is the existence of another resonant line, smaller in
amplitude and opposite in phase from the desired resonant signal. The
self-oscillation based on this signal can take place if the operating
hemisphere is wrongly selected. By setting the operation to the proper
operating hemisphere, the true, lower value and less noisier, magnetic field
reading will be obtained.
The described alternative modes of controlling the operating hemisphere of
the CS-3 are incompatible with the optional electronic control used in older
models of Varian and Scintrex magnetometers.
The reversing of the magnetometer power supply polarity, used in these older
magnetometer models, had certain disadvantages and it was abandoned in the
CS-3. It is not difficult to change the existing installations by rewiring the
switch used for the power supply reversal and to make it perform level
control required by the electronic control mode "L", as described in this
section, or by automatic hemisphere switching.
2-9
Operations
Operating in the Presence of

Spurious Magnetic Fields
It is not uncommon for magnetometers to be required to operate in presence
of higher magnitude (over 50nT) alternating magnetic fields. These fields are
present close to the power lines, and in the survey airplanes equipped with
EM transmitters.
Before it is explained how the AC magnetic fields could upset the operation
of a real magnetometer, specifically the CS-3, it is worth mentioning that
readings of an ideal scalar magnetometer can be affected by an AC field. The
alternating field adds vectorially to the D.C. field to be measured.
Due to the nonlinearity of the vector addition (squaring and taking square
root) one observes an error. If the AC field b(coswt) has a component
bp(coswt) at right angle to the D.C. field B, one measures effectively the
mean value equal to Be=B[1+(bp/2B)2].
For gaining more insight, the effective mean value is tabled for B=50000nT
and several values of bp:
bp[nT]
100
200
500
10000
Be[nT]
50000.00
50000.05
50000.20
50001.25
50005.00
If the magnitude or the orientation of the AC field changes, the effective

mean value will change as well.
The CS-3, as explained the Foreword of this manual, is much less sensitive to
the spurious AC fields than either the proton precession (including
Overhauser) magnetometers or the locked oscillator optically pumped
magnetometers.
In the CS-3, the spurious AC field affects the precession of the magnetic
moment similarly to the H1 field. More information is provided in Appendix
A, Theory of Operation. If the AC field is large enough it will provoke
considerable light modulation at its own frequency. Further away the
spurious field frequency is from the Larmor frequency larger magnitude is
required to cause trouble. If this light modulation becomes comparable in
amplitude to the normal modulation induced by the feedback field H1, the
operation of the CS-3 may be seriously affected.
2-10
Operating in the Presence of Spurious Magnetic Fields
It is important to mention that the disturbing effect is reduced, if the direction

of the spurious AC field is perpendicular to the sensor optical axis. It has
been experimentally determined that in this case the tested magnetometer
operated satisfactory in presence of the disturbing field with magnitude
3500nT peak at the frequency 3kHz.
The operating range of the tumble angle, in the plane perpendicular to the
direction of the spurious field, was reduced from 10-85 (without the AC
field) to 25-65 (with the AC field).
Operations
2-11
2-12
Orienting
Your CS-3
An ideal magnetometer placed in a constant field should produce a constant

frequency. A real optically pumped magnetometer, regardless of which
element it uses for its operation (cesium, rubidium, potassium or helium), and
regardless of which principle of operation it employs (self oscillating, locked
oscillator), produces a frequency which varies because:
the unavoidable sensor noise makes the frequency jitter around the correct
frequency
the output frequency is somewhat dependent on the magnetometer

orientation
The later dependency gives rise to the so-called heading error. Both, the
magnetometer noise and the heading error, are low due to proper design and
careful alignment of the magnetometer. Precautions should be taken that they
are sustained low by properly orienting the magnetometer sensor inside the
operating active zone.
The purpose of this section is to recommend how to achieve the proper
orientation without restricting established survey practices.
3-1
Orientation
Orienting Your CS-3
Understanding the Active Zone of the CS-3

Figure 1 on page i indicates that the sensor head assembly has a so called
optical axis which has a direction as shown in the diagram. The angle
between the positive direction of the optical axis and the direction of the
magnetic field, Ho, is called the tumble angle, .
As explained in Appendix A, Theory of Operation, there is no Larmor
signal generated in a self-oscillating magnetometer such as the CS-3 if
the optical axis is parallel to the magnetic field (the polar orientation,
=0 or =180) or perpendicular to the field (the equatorial orientation,
=90).
The optical signal amplitude increases quite rapidly outside those two
orientations, and it has a broad maximum around =40 or =140.
Note:
The Larmor signal amplitude generated inside the
sensor head is not to be confused with the signal
output of the CS-3 available either inside the
electronics assembly or at the output of the
PDAS-1000A Power Signal Coupler. The Larmor
signal amplitude at these outputs is electronically
kept constant, in spite of the variations of Larmor
signal itself and the amplitude variation of the
detection and amplification circuits.
Experimental results confirm that the CS-3 will perform satisfactorily when
the angle is from:
10 < < 85
(1)
and from
105 < < 170
(2)
Equation (1) covers the magnetometer's active zone in the northern operating
hemisphere. This active zone is depicted in Figure A-1. The measured
magnetic field could be anywhere inside the space bound by the northern
polar dead zone cone and the equatorial dead zone "disk".
Note, that the polar sensor orientation occurs when the sensor optical axis is
parallel with the ambient magnetic field. In the northern polar orientation the
magnetic field and the sensor optical axis point in the same direction (=0),
3-2
in the southern polar orientation they point in the opposite directions

(=180). The equatorial orientation occurs when the optical axis is
perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field (=90).
Equation (2) covers the magnetometer's active zone in the southern operating
hemisphere. This active zone is depicted in Figure A-2 on page A-3. The
magnetic field could be anywhere inside the space bound by the southern
polar dead zone and the equatorial dead zone.
The Earth's magnetic field vector is pointing into the ground in the Earth's
northern magnetic hemisphere, and out from the ground in the Earth's
southern magnetic hemisphere. It is parallel with the ground at the Earth's
magnetic equator. Note, that neither the Earth's geographic and magnetic
poles nor the equators exactly coincide, as it can be seen in Figure 6.
Orientation
Figure 6 - Earth magnetic field inclination angle (degrees)

The Hemisphere switch located on the CS-3 control panel allows setting of
the electronics for the proper operation in either northern or southern
operating hemisphere. The operating hemisphere setting could be either
manually controlled locally or electronically remotely controlled, as
explained in Chapter 2, Operating the CS-3 in the Field and the topic
Operating in the Presence of Spurious Magnetic Fields on page 2-10.
3-3
Orienting Your CS-3
Inside its operating range the CS-3 performance is good, in regard to

measurement noise and heading errors. The measurement noise starts to
increases appreciably only when the magnetometer orientation comes close
to the boundary of the operating range given by equations (1) and (2). It is
about three times larger at the boundary of the operating range than it is at a
broad minimum centered around the middle of the operating zone. It is about
twice as large 5 away from the boundary of the operating zone.
Equally, the heading errors are low inside most of the operating zone, and
increase somewhat faster close to the polar dead zones, as shown on the
typical plot of the tumble heading error curve, Figure 7. Note that the actual
dead zones are very narrow: the polar dead zone cone is +/-6 wide and the
equatorial dead zone disk is only 3 wide inside each operating hemisphere.
The actual operating zone is several degrees larger than indicated by
relationships (1) and (2).
The records in Figure 7a and b were made during the alignment of a CS-3
sensor at the Scintrex test facility 50 km north of Metro Toronto. The test
facility is constructed to have low magnetic signature and to be away from
man made magnetic interferences. The test facility consists of two buildings
separated 35 meters apart and well away from a rural road. The instrument
building contains all the test equipment and in the test building there are only
the magnetometer to be aligned and the reference magnetometer.
The test building is constructed of wood, fastened by aluminum nails. The
magnetometer sensor under test is mounted on a gimbal system, which is
remotely operated from the instrument building. The gimbal system
facilitates the rotation of the sensor around:
the axis which passes through the center of the absorption cell and it is
perpendicular to both, the sensor optical axis and to the direction of the
ambient magnetic field - this arrangement is used for the tumble heading
error tests, and around
the optical sensor axis - this arrangement is used for the spin heading error
tests.
3-4
Orientation
Figure 7a - Plot of tumble heading error curve (northern hemisphere).

lot shows magnetic field (readout difference between a specific
sensor under test and an immobile reference) against tumble angle.
3-5
Orienting Your CS-3
Figure 7b - Plot of tumble heading error curve (southern hemisphere).

Plot shows magnetic field (readout difference between a specific
sensor under test and an immobile reference) against tumble angle.
3-6
Using a Strapped Down CS-3 for Surveys

Wherever a magnetic survey is conducted, the CS-3 Cesium Magnetometer
can be strapped rigidly to a survey vehicle, such as an airplane, a ship or an
automobile. It is convenient to use a simple, nonmagnetic gimbal platform
made by Scintrex, as this allows the magnetometer sensor to be precisely and
quickly oriented in azimuth and inclination.
The vehicle conducts a magnetic survey by moving on the well defined
survey grid consisting of parallel survey lines. If the survey lines are oriented
in the NW direction, for example, the survey vehicle may travel either in the
NW or SE directions shown in Figure 8 on page 3-9.
Several times during a survey day, a tie line may be used as shown in Figure
8. The tie line is generally flown at 90 to the survey line, which would be in
our example either in the NE or SW direction. The magnetometer sensor
orientation must be selected so that it performs well on the direction parallel
or antiparallel to the survey line, and parallel or antiparallel to the tie line,
which is perpendicular to the survey line.
Calculating the Tumble Angle

CS-3 sensor orientation is determined by two angles:
the magnetometer sensor inclination, , defined as the angle in the vertical

plane between the horizontal line and the magnetometer optical axis.
The ambient magnetic field inclination, , is defined as the angle between the
horizontal and the field direction. The Earth's magnetic field inclination is a
positive angle in the range from 0 to 90 in the Earth's Northern Magnetic
Hemisphere and negative in the Southern Hemisphere. Its dependence on the
geographic location is shown in Figure 6 on page 3-3.
For a given sensor orientation and magnetic field inclination, the angle
between the sensor and the magnetic field, i.e. the tumble angle, , can be
calculated from the following equation:
= arccos(cos x cos x cos + sin x sin )
(3)
3-7
Orientation
the sensor azimuth, , defined as the angle in the horizontal plane between
the horizontal projection of the sensor optical axis direction and the direction
of the magnetic north
Orienting Your CS-3
This equation can be used to find out whether the magnetometer sensor is
inside its active zones specified by equations (1) and (2). It is a good idea to
reduce the operating active zone by the amount of the anticipated aircraft
motion. In general, airborne magnetic surveys are conducted in calmer
weather to keep the aircraft motion to within 5 in pitch, roll and yaw.
In this case, with the additional allowance we must orient the magnetometer
sensor so that the tumble angle, , satisfies in the northern operating
hemisphere the relationship:
15 > > 80
(4)
and in the southern operating hemisphere the relationship

100 > > 165
(5)
Inside this operating zone the magnetometer noise will increase by about a
factor of two from the minimum value at =40 or =140, and the heading
error will be inside the specified limits of +/-0.25nT.
As it will be seen in the next section, orienting the CS-3 is simple: with
only two settings one can survey the entire Earth's surface. However, in
order to gain more insight, the tumble angle, equation (3), is evaluated, over
the entire range of the magnetic field inclinations, for two sets of sensor
azimuths, and five values of sensor inclinations. The results are shown on
graphs, Figures 8 to 17.
Tumble angles from 0 to 90 indicate that the magnetometer has to be set for
operation in the northern operating hemisphere. Tumble angles from 90 to
180 indicate that the magnetometer has to be set for operation in the
southern operating hemisphere. As indicated in Chapter 1, Getting Started,
the operating hemisphere setting is performed manually or electronically.
In accordance with the equations (4) and (5), the polar dead zones are from
0 to 15 and from 165 to 180. The equatorial dead zones are from 80 to
100. The azimuth values in each set differ by 90, to comply with the
requirement that both, the flight lines and the perpendicular tie lines, are
flown in two opposite directions.
The sensor inclination should be selected so that the sensor will not be in any
of dead zones for either one of these four azimuths and over the range of
magnetic field inclinations expected in the surveyed area. Comments on
advantages and disadvantages of five representative sensor orientations
follow.
3-8
Sensor Inclination 90
From the graph in Figure 8, you can determine the value of the tumble angle
(the angle between the magnetic field and the sensor optical axis) for all
possible values of the magnetic field inclination. Because the sensor is
vertical, the tumble angle is independent of the sensor azimuth (one curve is
valid for all azimuths).
The operating range of the magnetic field inclinations, for which the tumble
angle is inside the active operating zone, is indicated by horizontal arrows in
the graph. The sensor orientation shown in the Figure 8 is very useful
because it covers most of the Earth's surface with the exception of polar and
equatorial regions.
Orientation
Figure 8 - Plot of tumble angle versus magnetic field

inclination. Sensor inclination is 90. Any sensor azimuth
can be used.
3-9
Orienting Your CS-3
Sensor Inclination 67.5

Sensor azimuth values used in Figure 9 are 0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees.
Please note, that the sensor azimuth may differ from the flight direction
azimuth, as the sensor axis may have to be set out of the airplane axis. For
example, if the line (flight) direction is NE, and the sensor azimuth is to be
90, then the sensor axis is to be rotated by 45 clockwise from the airplane
axis. The particular sensor orientation shown in Figure 9 does not offer any
advantages.

inclination. Sensor inclination is 67.5. Sensor azimuths are
0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees.
A more advantageous orientation is one with the same sensor inclination, but
different azimuths, Figure 10. Large areas extending from either pole down
to the field inclination of 25 could be surveyed using this orientation.
However, the operation is at the edge of the active zone for the magnetic field
inclinations around +/-75.
3-10

45, 135, 225 and 315 degrees.
Tumble angles for the sensor azimuths parallel or perpendicular to the

magnetic field direction could be determined from the graph in Figure 11.
This orientation could be used in surveying polar regions. If the azimuth of
90 and 270 are used for flying normal survey lines, the tumble angle is
same for both up-the-line and down-the-line flying, and it is well inside the
active zone. The sensor orientation shown in Figure 12 offers the advantage
of use for surveys in ether polar or equatorial regions.
3-11
Orientation
Orienting Your CS-3

0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees.
Please note, that, when flying in equatorial regions, the sensor operating
hemisphere has to be changed from north to south when the flight direction,
on either normal or tie survey lines, is changed. The same applies for any
other orientation used for surveying in equatorial magnetic field regions.
3-12

45, 135, 225 and 315 degrees.
3-13
Orientation
For completeness, the orientation with azimuths between those shown in

Figures 11 and 12 is shown in Figure 13. As it can be seen, it does not offer
any additional advantages.
Orienting Your CS-3

23, 113, 203 and 293 degrees.
3-14

The orientation shown in Figure 14 does not offer any advantages.
The orientation in Figure 15 offers, in comparison with the orientation in

Figure 12, an extension of surveying into regions well away from the
magnetic equator at the expense of reduction in the polar regions.
3-15
Orientation

0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees.
Orienting Your CS-3

45, 135, 225 and 315 degrees.
3-16
Sensor Inclination 0
The orientation in Figure 16 is not acceptable, as the tie lines are in dead
zones.
The orientation shown in Figure 17 has the advantage of covering the entire
Earth except the polar regions. For large area, up to the field inclination of
+/-45, the sensor operates far from the dead zones, but the sensor operating
hemisphere has to be changed when the flight direction is reversed.
3-17
Orientation

inclination. Sensor inclination is 0. Sensor azimuths are
0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees.
Orienting Your CS-3

inclination. Sensor inclination is 0. Sensor azimuths are
45, 135, 225 and 315 degrees.
Recommended Survey Orientations

Only two orientations are sufficient for surveying along two sets of
perpendicular lines over the entire Earth's surface:
1. The orientation in Figure 12, with the sensor inclination 45 and azimuths
45, 135, 225, 315 degrees, for polar and equatorial regions, and
2. The orientation in Figure 8 on page 3-9 with sensor inclination 90 degrees,
for the regions between polar and equatorial regions. These orientations
provide enough overlap at both ends: regions with field inclinations N/S
from 53 to 75 and inclinations N/S from 10 to 22 could be surveyed by
either sensor orientation setting 1) or 2).
3-18
In the overlap regions the tumble angle comes close to boundary of the dead
zones. For a larger safety margin following alternate orientation is strongly
recommended:
3. The operation around the magnetic equator, extending well into the regions
with the magnetic field inclinations up to 45, could be covered with the
sensor inclination 0 and azimuths 45, 135, 225, 315 degrees (see Figure
17).
If the above three orientations are used in both Earth's magnetic hemispheres
as follows:
the orientation a) for the field inclinations from 60 to 90
the orientation b) for the field inclinations from 35 to 60
the orientation c) for the field inclinations from 0 to 35
then:
1. the minimum safety margin to the boundary of the operating range is 14
and it will occur for the field inclination 62
2. the safety margin less than 15 will occur only for the range of the field
inclinations from 60 to 65
Note:
The additional allowance of 5 has been already
subtracted from the essential operating range
specified by relationships (1) and (2) to arrive to the
reduced operating range, relationships (4) and (5)
for which the above analysis applies.
3-19
Orientation
3. the safety margin less than 20 will occur for the range of the field inclinations from 55 to 78.
Orienting Your CS-3
Comparison with the Locked Oscillator

Optically pumped magnetometers using the locked oscillator principle of
operation exhibit two distinct features as far as the operating range is
concerned:
there is no polar dead zone, only the equatorial dead zone is present
the magnetometer operates in both magnetic hemispheres of the ambient

field without any adjustment.
Modern self-oscillating magnetometers, like the CS-3 have overcome the

shortcoming of two operating hemispheres by incorporating an effective
electronic control of the operating hemisphere selection.
The asset of having only one dead zone was claimed to be a valuable
operational advantage "without orientation problems associated with
self-oscillating alkali vapor magnetometers" (e.g. EG&G brochure for the
G-833 Helium Magnetometer). The following rigorous analysis will prove
that the CS-3 has superior orienting capabilities.
The operating range of the locked oscillator extends 65 from the polar
orientations according to the relationships:
0 < < 65
(4)
and from
115 < < 180
(5)
It has been experimentally determined by impartial evaluators that inside this

operating zone the magnetometer noise will increase by about a factor of
three from the minimum value at =0 or =180. Passed this range, noise
increases rapidly, e.g. at 70 from the polar orientation the noise is 7-8 times
larger than in the polar orientation.
The graphs shown in Figures 8 to 17 apply for the locked oscillator as well
while taking into the account the operating range specified by relationship (4)
and (5).
3-20
Only two orientations are useful and they are sufficient for surveying along
two sets of perpendicular lines over the entire Earth's surface:
1. the orientation in Figure 8, with sensor inclination 90 degrees, for the
ambient field inclinations from 25 to 90.
2. the operation around the magnetic equator, extending well into the regions
with the magnetic field inclinations up to 55, is covered with the sensor
inclination 0 and azimuths 45, 135, 225, 315 degrees, Figure 17.
If the above orientations are used in both Earth's magnetic hemispheres as
follows:
the orientation 1) for the field inclinations from 35 to 90
the orientation 2) for the field inclinations from 0 to 35
then:
i) the minimum safety margin to the boundary of the operating range is 10
and it will occur for the field inclination 35
ii) the safety margin less than 15 will occur only for the range of the field
inclinations from 25 to 40
iii) the safety margin less than 20 will occur for the range of the field
inclinations from 0 to 45.
By comparing the criteria i) to iii) above with the same criteria for the CS-3,
one can see that the CS-3 offers superior worldwide orienting capabilities.
3-21
Orientation
Orienting Your CS-3
3-22
Maintaining Your
CS-3 and
Trouble-shooting
No maintenance is required. Both, the sensor head and the sensor electronics
are enclosed in sealed, splashproof housings.
Important:
Care must be exercised in handling the CS-3,
especially the sensor head, which contains delicate
optical components. Excessive shocks and
vibrations should be avoided.
Warning:
4-1
Maintenance
BEFORE THE POWER IS APPLIED TO THE

CS-3, THE CONNECTOR AT THE END OF THE
SENSOR HEAD CABLE HAS TO BE
CONNECTED TO THE MATING SOCKET
LOCATED AT THE ELECTRONICS BOX SIDE
PLATE. THIS CONNECTOR SHOULD NEVER
BE DISCONNECTED WHILE THE POWER IS
APPLIED TO THE CS-3. DOING SO WILL
RESULT IN SERIOUS DAMAGE TO THE RF
EXCITER AND WILL VOID THE WARRANTY.
Trouble-shooting
Despite the fact that your CS-3 is a very reliable instrument, there can be two
circumstances where problems may occur. The following table lists some of
these problems and their attempted solution. However, please do not hesitate
to contact your nearest Scintrex office. See Warranty and Repair on
page 5-3 for the office nearest you.
Problem
No Larmor signal
output
Possible cause
The indication that the
CS-3 is receiving
power is glowing of the
green light. If the light
is not glowing, and the
power is supplied, then
the fuse may be blown.
Possible solution
Check that power is supplied by
measuring the voltage at either the
I/O connector (pin B positive, pin A
negative) or the power TNC coaxial
connector (center positive), and
then replace the fuse by undoing
the fuse cover.
The fuse used is Littlefuse type
Micro 273 003, 125V AC/DC, 3A.
The power not

Check power supply.
supplied to the sensor
electronics.
Larmor output
(readings) are
noisy.
Power supply as
measured at points
indicated above is not
in the range of 24V to
35V DC.
Check power supply. Note, a lower

supply voltage is insufficient for
proper operation, while a higher
supply voltage will result in
excessive dissipation of the internal
voltage regulators, and may cause
permanent damage.
Current supply not in

range.
The supply current after 15 minutes

warm-up is in the range 0.5 A
(ambient temperature close to
50C) to 0.8A (ambient temperature
close to -40C).
Sensor head oriented

in the active zone.
Refer to the Orienting the CS-3

chapter.
Possible conditions as Refer to above solutions.

noted for no Larmor
signal output.
4-2
Trouble-shooting
There are large

spurious AC fields
present.
Check for possible sources of local

AC fields.
Excessive field
gradients across
sensor head.
Check for possible sources of

gradients.
Ambient magnetic
noise is low.
Check Power supply and

Orientation.
If all of the above conditions are met and Larmor output continues to be
either not present or noisy, ship back the CS-3 to Scintrex for repair.
Maintenance
4-3
4- 4
Reference
Reference
Information
CS-3 Technical Specifications

15,000nT to 100,000nT
Measurement Range
Orientation Range
Northern Operating Hemisphere Sensor optical head axis 10 to 85 to the
ambient field direction
Southern Operating Hemisphere Sensor optical head axis 170 to 95 to the
ambient field direction
Stops within +/- 10 of the magnetic poles,
Dead Zones
and +/- 5 of the magnetic equator
+/- 0.25nT inside the optical axis to the field
Heading Error
direction angle range 20 to 70 and 110 to
160
0.002nT peak-to-peak in 0.01 to 1 Hz
Noise Envelope
bandwidth
40,000 nT/meter
Gradient Tolerance
5-1
Outputs
Continuous signals at the Larmor frequency

which is proportional to the magnetic field
(proportionality constant 3.39877 Hz/nT)
Squarewave signal at the I/O connector TTL,
CMOS compatible
Sinewave signal amplitude modulated on the
power supply voltage
Information Bandwidth
Operating Temperature
Humidity
Supply Voltage
Supply Current
Power Consumption
Warm-up Time
Control of the Operating
Hemisphere
Sensor Head
Weight
Sensor Electronics
Weight
5-2
Limited by the magnetometer processor used

-40C to +50C
Up to 100% splashproof
24 to 35 Volts DC
Approximately 1.5A at start-up, decreasing
to 0.5A at 20C, larger at lower temperatures
15W at 20C, more at lower temperature or
during warm-up
Approximately 15 minutes at -40C
Four modes of operation available:
Manual switch control
Electronic control actuated by remotely
amplitude modulated supply voltage at 80Hz,
50mV peak
Electronic control actuated by control voltage
level (TTL/CMOS) at the I/O connector
Sensor Head to Electronics Interconnecting
Cable (standard length 3m and optional 1 to 10
m) with connector at the sensor electronics
side. Signature of electronics less than 0.1nT
in any orientation at 3m away from the sensor
head
Automatic switching
Diameter: 63mm (2.5) and Length: 160mm

(6.3)
1.15 kg (2.6 lb.)
Diameter: 63 mm. (2.5) and Length: 350
mm (1.8)
1.5 kg (3.3 lb.)
Instrument Parts List
Reference
Instrument Parts List

CS-3 Standard Accessories
Item Description
CS-3 Magnetometer (includes:)
SCINTREX
Part Number
762-010
Case
Sensor
Electronic processing unit
Warranty and Repair

Warranty
All Scintrex equipment, with the exception of consumable items, is
warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one
year from the date of shipment from our plant. Should any defects become
evident under normal use during the warranty period, Scintrex will make the
necessary repairs free of charge.
This warranty does not cover damage due to misuse or accident and may be
voided if the instrument console is opened or tampered with by persons not
authorized by Scintrex.
5-3
Repair
When To Ship the Unit
Please do not ship your instrument for repair until have communicated the
nature of the problem to our Customer Service Department by e-mail,
telephone, facsimile or correspondence. Our Customer Service Department
may suggest certain simple tests or steps for you to do which may solve your
problem without the time and expense involved in shipping the instrument
back to Scintrex for repair. If the problem cannot be resolved, our personnel
will request that you send the instrument to our plant for the necessary
repairs.
Description of the Problem
When you describe the problem, please include the following information:
the symptoms of the problem,

how the problem started,
if the problem is constant, intermittent or repeatable,
if constant, under what conditions does it occur,
any printouts demonstrating the problem
Shipping Instructions
No instrument will be accepted for repair unless it is shipped prepaid. After
repair, it will be returned collect, unless other arrangements have been made
with Scintrex. Please mention the instruments serial number in all
communications regarding equipment leased or purchased from Scintrex.
Head Office
Instruments within Canada should be shipped to:
SCINTREX Limited
5-4
Warranty and Repair
Reference
Concord, Ontario
L4K 1B5
tel: (905) 669-2280
fax: (905) 669-9899
Australia
SCINTREX/Auslog
P.O. Box 125 Sumner Park
83 Jijaws Street
Brisbane, QLD
4074
tel: (+61-7) 3376-5188
fax: (+61-7) 3376-6626
U.S.A.
Scintrex U.S.A.
900 Woodrow Lane, Suite 100
Denton, Texas
76205
tel: (940) 591-7755
fax: (940) 591-1968
5-5
5-6
Theory
Theory of
Operation
System Overview
As shown below, the CS-3 sensor consists of a sensor head with cable and
sensor electronics.
Figure A-1 CS-3 Sensor Head and Electronics

The sensor head has an electrodeless discharge lamp (containing cesium
vapor) and absorption cell. Electrical heaters bring the lamp and the cell to
optimum operating temperatures with control and driving circuits located in
the electronics console. Heating currents are supplied to the sensor head
through the interconnecting cable.
A-1
When operating, an RF oscillator in the electronics console provides RF

power to a lamp exciter in the sensor head and the radio frequency (RF) field
produces a corresponding resonant optical radiation (light).
The light radiating from the cesium lamp is collimated by a lens. The light
propagates in the direction of the sensor optical axis (as shown in Figure A-1)
and passes through an interference filter which selects only the cesium D1
spectral line. The light is subsequently polarized in a split, right/left hand
circular polarizer before it is allowed to optically excite cesium vapor in the
absorption cell.
The narrow bandwidth resonant light causes momentary alignment
(polarization) of the atomic magnetic moments to the direction of the
ambient magnetic field. The resonant light "optically pumps" the cesium
atoms to a higher energy state. (Note that the polarizing light beam has to be
oriented in the general direction of the ambient field to be effective.)
Large numbers of cesium atoms can be polarized by optical pumping and
then induced to precess coherently in phase around the ambient field by
means of a small magnetic field, H1. This small magnetic field is transverse
to the ambient field and alternating at the Larmor frequency.
The H1 field is produced by a coil in the CS-3. The coil is coaxial with the
sensor optical axis and wound around the absorption cell. Polarized resonant
light perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field detects the precession. This
light is alternately more or less absorbed, depending on the instantaneous
orientation of the polarization.
In the CS-3, this probing light is the perpendicular component of the resonant
light beam. If the modulation of through-the-absorption-cell transmitted light
is detected with the photosensitive detector, and the resulting Larmor signal
is sufficiently amplified and phase-shifted before being fed back to the H1
coil, then a closed loop self-oscillating circuit results.
The resonance occurs at the Larmor frequency, which in weak fields, e.g. the
Earth's magnetic field, is precisely linear with the field in which the
absorption cell is located. For the cesium 133 the proportionality constant
(gyromagnetic constant) is 3.498577 Hz per nT.
As indicated, different components of the same resonant light beam perform
two functions:
the component parallel to the ambient field performs the optical pumping
the perpendicular component detects the coherent precession.
A-2
Therefore, no pumping is taking place if the light beam (the optical axis) is
perpendicular to the ambient field (the equatorial orientation) and
consequently the sensor is not operating. Equally, no light modulation is
taking place if the light beam is parallel with the ambient field (the polar
orientation) and consequently the sensor is not operating.
The second reason for the sensor not operating in the polar orientation is that
the H1 field, being parallel to the ambient field, can not induce precession of
the magnetic polarization.
Figure A-2 Northern Operating Hemisphere
A-3
Theory
The plane perpendicular to the ambient field divides the sensor operating
zones into two hemispheres - northern and southern operating hemisphere. In
the northern operating hemisphere the sensor light beam, which propagates in
the direction of the optical axis, Figure A-2, forms an angle from 0 to 90
with the direction of the ambient field. In this hemisphere, the phase shift of
the Larmor signal amplifier required for the self-oscillation at the peak of the
resonance is -90.
In the southern operating hemisphere the light beam forms an angle from 90
to 180 with the ambient field direction, Figure A-3. There, the phase shift of
the Larmor signal amplifier required for the self-oscillation at the peak of
resonance is +90. Thus the phase change of 180 is required to make the
sensor operational when the operating hemisphere is changed. The control of
this electronic phase reversal is performed by the hemisphere switch as
explained in Setting the Operating Hemisphere on page 2-7.
Figure A-3 Southern Operating Hemisphere
A-4
Theory
CS-3 Block
Diagram
As shown on the next page, the CS-3 sensor system includes a variety of
sensor and electronic components.
B-1
Figure B-1 CS-3 Block Diagram
B-2
Index
A
Absorption cell
magnetic field measurement 1-6
operating temperature 2-5
Active zone of CS-3 3-2
amplifier 1-7
frequency 2-5
output signals 2-5
theory A-2
obtaining signal 2-5
signal amplitude 3-2
Locked oscillator
comparison with 3-20
C
Chapter layout
scheme 1-3
2nd Draft
Cold start-up
power supply current 2-4
Magnetic field
measurement
absorption cell 1-6
Magnetometer noise 3-8
Manual symbols 1-4
2nd
Operating hemisphere
northern 3-2
obtaining proper signal 2-9
setting 2-7
southern 3-3
theory A-3
Optical axis 1-6, 3-2
Optically pumped magnetometer
frequency variation
causes 3-1
theory A-2
Orientation
in northern hemisphere 3-8
in southern hemisphere 3-8
I/O connector
signals 1-9
Heading error 3-1, 3-4, 5-1

Heaters 1-7
Hemisphere control switch
automatic 2-9
description 1-8
electronic 2-7
functions 1-9
manual 2-7
specifications 5-1
use for orientation 3-3
L
Larmour
Page Numbering 1-1

Polar dead zones 3-8
Powering up
Index
Gyromagnetic constant 2-5
four pin I/O connector 2-4

TNC connector 2-4
Processors
Scintrex MEP series 2-6
R
RF lamp exciter 1-7
S
Scintrex
offices
contacting 5-4
Selecting sensor inclination 3-8
Sensor
electronics
components 1-7
dimensions 5-2
head
active zone 3-2
components 1-5
dimensions 5-2
housing 1-6
housing
power connections 1-7
Sensor decoupler 2-6
Sensor inclination
0 3-17
22.5 3-15
47.5 3-11
67.5 3-10
90 3-9
Setting up
mounting guidelines 2-3
procedure 2-2
stabilization 2-2
voltage 2-2
warning before powering up 2-2

Shipping instructions 5-4
Spurious magnetic fields
operating in 2-10
Survey orientations
recommended 3-18
T
Trouble-shooting 4-2 to 4-3
table 4-2
Tumble angle
calculating 3-7
Type styles scheme 1-2
U
Use of gimbals 2-3, 3-4
W
Warranty and repair 5-3
Head Office
Concord, Ontario
Canada, L4K 1B5
tel: (905) 669-2280
fax: (905) 669-6403
[email protected]
In the U.S.A.
900 Woodrow Lane
Suite 100
Denton, Texas
76201
tel: (940) 591-7755
fax: (940) 591-1968
e-mail:
[email protected]
In Australia
P.O. Box 125
83 Jijaws Street
Brisbane, QLD
4074
tel: (+61-7) 3376-5188
fax: (+61-7) 3376-6626
SCINTREX

Operation Manual: Scintrex

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Operation Manual: Scintrex

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Operation Manual: Scintrex

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

&606

Rev Description of change

Date of issue App

CS-3 Manual - part # 762701 Revision 1.0

In Australia/ S.E. Asia/

World-wide web: http://www.scintrexltd.com

CS-3 Manual - part # 762701 Revision 1.0

2nd CS-3 in the Field

Setting Up the CS-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Orienting Your CS-3

Maintaining Your CS-3 and Trouble-shooting

Instrument Parts List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix A: Theory of Operation

Appendix B: CS-3 Block Diagram

Figure 1: CS-3 Magnetometer Sensor

high cycling rates

excellent gradient tolerance

automatic hemisphere switching

low susceptibility to the electromagnetic interference

Magnetic field measurements performed by the CS-3 is based on quantum

Advantages of Optical Pumping

Absorption cells of the optically pumped magnetometers in which the

Low Radiated Electromagnetic Interference

Insensitivity to Motion Induced Doppler Effects

Advantages of Self Oscillation

High Gradient Tolerance

Fast Response and Tracking

Low Susceptibility to Electromagnetic Fields

they use induction coils to detected proton precession

Neither of above liabilities apply for optically pumped magnetometers

signal detection is optical

In addition, the susceptibility of the self-oscillating magnetometer is low,

About this manual

Indicates an action to be taken

Denotes a new term being introduced

Denotes the name of a screen, key or mode (function)

About this manual

Gives an overview of the manual and describes the

Tells how to set up your CS-3 for a survey, including how

Gives a detailed theoretical and practical review of the

Gives a brief overview of how to maintain and

Contains the technical specifications, instrument parts

Explains the scientific and instrumentation theory for the

Understanding Instrument Basics

Understanding Instrument Basics

Figure 2 - Schematic of the sensor head

Understanding Instrument Basics

CS-3 ELECTRONIC HOUSING

Figure 3 - Schematic of the electronics housing

Lamp and absorption cell heaters

The RF exciter generates few watts of RF power at the frequency of about

Hemisphere Control Switch

Figure 4 - Schematic of the hemisphere control switch

Understanding Instrument Basics

It performs the following functions:

L - Local setting allows the operation of the CS-3 to be controlled by the

setting up the CS-3

mounting the CS-3

obtaining the Larmor frequency