Scribd
Upload
58 views4 pages

Mobile Communications Chapter 3: Media Access: From Hawaii To Csma/Cd Random Access

This document discusses different media access control (MAC) protocols for mobile communications. It begins by describing early contention-based protocols like Aloha and CSMA. It then explains scheduling-based protocols including TDMA, FDMA and CDMA, comparing their approaches, advantages, and disadvantages. The document also addresses issues like hidden and exposed terminals that MAC protocols aim to solve. Finally, it discusses polling mechanisms where a central terminal coordinates media access.

Uploaded by

Biswajit Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
58 views4 pages

Mobile Communications Chapter 3: Media Access: From Hawaii To Csma/Cd Random Access

This document discusses different media access control (MAC) protocols for mobile communications. It begins by describing early contention-based protocols like Aloha and CSMA. It then explains scheduling-based protocols including TDMA, FDMA and CDMA, comparing their approaches, advantages, and disadvantages. The document also addresses issues like hidden and exposed terminals that MAC protocols aim to solve. Finally, it discusses polling mechanisms where a central terminal coordinates media access.

Uploaded by

Biswajit Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Freie Universitt Berlin

Computer Systems & Telematics

Mobile Communications
Chapter 3: Media Access

Mobile Communications
Chapter 3 : Media Access

2. Motivation
3. SDMA, FDMA, TDMA
1. Aloha and contention
based schemes
4. Reservation schemes

5. Collision avoidance, MACA


6. Polling
CDMA (Lecture 6)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

3.1

FROM HAWAII TO CSMA/CD RANDOM ACCESS


MAC protocols:
Here we look at some so called contention protocols!

University of Hawaii aloha network


Aloha data packet
pure aloha
slotted aloha
CSMA
Non persistent--persistent CSMA
p-persistent CSMA
CSMA/CD

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller


2002

MC SS02

3.2

3.1

Freie Universitt Berlin


Computer Systems & Telematics

Mobile Communications
Chapter 3: Media Access

Motivation - hidden and exposed terminals


Hidden terminals

A sends to B, C cannot receive A


C wants to send to B, C senses a free medium (CS fails)
collision at B, A cannot receive the collision (CD fails)
A is hidden for C

Exposed terminals

B sends to A, C wants to send to another terminal (not A or B)


C has to wait, CS signals a medium in use
but A is outside the radio range of C, therefore waiting is not
necessary
C is exposed to B

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

3.3

Motivation - near and far terminals


Terminals A and B send, C receives

signal strength decreases proportional to the square of the distance


the signal of terminal B therefore drowns out As signal
C cannot receive A

Also severe problem for CDMA-networks - precise power control


needed!

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller


2002

MC SS02

3.4

3.2

Freie Universitt Berlin


Computer Systems & Telematics

Mobile Communications
Chapter 3: Media Access

Comparison SDMA/TDMA/FDMA/CDMA
Approach
Idea

SDMA
segment space into
cells/sectors

Terminals

only one terminal can


be active in one
cell/one sector

Signal
separation

cell structure, directed


antennas

TDMA
segment sending
time into disjoint
time-slots, demand
driven or fixed
patterns
all terminals are
active for short
periods of time on
the same frequency
synchronization in
the time domain

FDMA
segment the
frequency band into
disjoint sub-bands

CDMA
spread the spectrum
using orthogonal codes

every terminal has its all terminals can be active


own frequency,
at the same place at the
uninterrupted
same moment,
uninterrupted
filtering in the
code plus special
frequency domain
receivers

Advantages very simple, increases established, fully

simple, established,
robust

inflexible, antennas
Disadvantages typically fixed

inflexible,
frequencies are a
scarce resource

flexible, less frequency


planning needed, soft
handover
complex receivers, needs
more complicated power
control for senders

typically combined
with TDMA
(frequency hopping
patterns) and SDMA
(frequency reuse)

still faces some problems,


higher complexity,
lowered expectations; will
be integrated with
TDMA/FDMA

capacity per km

Comment

only in combination
with TDMA, FDMA or
CDMA useful

digital, flexible

guard space
needed (multipath
propagation),
synchronization
difficult
standard in fixed
networks, together
with FDMA/SDMA
used in many
mobile networks

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

3.5

Polling mechanisms
If one terminal can be heard by all others, this central terminal (for eg.
a base station) can poll all other terminals according to a certain
scheme

now all schemes known from fixed networks can be used (typical
mainframe - terminal scenario)

Example: Randomly Addressed Polling

base station signals readiness to all mobile terminals


terminals ready to send can now transmit a random number without
collision with the help of CDMA or FDMA (the random number can be
seen as dynamic address)
the base station now chooses one address for polling from the list of all
random numbers (collision if two terminals choose the same address)
the base station acknowledges correct packets and continues polling
the next terminal
this cycle starts again after polling all terminals of the list

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller


2002

MC SS02

3.6

3.3

Freie Universitt Berlin


Computer Systems & Telematics

Mobile Communications
Chapter 3: Media Access

End

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller


2002

MC SS02

3.7

3.4

You might also like