Introduction to Canadian Studies

Klra Kolinsk
Canada parliamentary elections
NAFTA

Unit 1 Introduction & Canadian Geography

Conservative government with many Canadian hate, but opposition is very
divided (liberals and NDP)
Isolated people
Nature and landscape influence Canada, and how Canadians think.
People die in cars because there run out of gas and they are out of mobile phone
operators network.
Canada has flag since 1965.
Technically Canadian are the British subjects.
Starts as French Colony (New France the largest colonial holding).
Canadian Anthem

Absence of culture
Nature dominates

Canadian Railway connecting the country from Ocean to ocean

Population
Climate (serious north)
Enormous lake system
Both lake system and the river system very important mean of transport
Biggest reservoir of drinking water.
Natural resources:

Coal
Cooper
Diamond
Fresh water
Gold

Lumber (wood)
Oil (Alberta)

Aboriginal people have nothing to do. They sniff the gas.

Mountains + Lakes + Prairies + Islands
Provinces (10) and territories (3)
Newfoundland and Labrador

Beautiful landscape

Prince Edward Island

Great tourist destination

Anne of Green Gables

Nova Scotia

Halifax is the second biggest harbour in the world

Grave of Jack Dowson (John Dowson) and bodies form Titanic disaster

New Brunswick

The only bilingual province

Quebec

Centre of French presence in Canada

Ontario

Most industries

Manitoba

Prairie province
Manitobas agreement
Agricultural

Saskatchewan

Prairie province
Agricultural (Bread basket of Canada)

Alberta

Oil
Winter Sports

British Columbia

Healthy Climate
A lot of pensioner

Yukon Territory
North-West Territory
Nunavut (our land in Inuit language)

Inuit have they own government

Ann of Green Gables?

Unit 2 Canadian History

History start

Natives (Aboriginal history); 80 000 12 000 years ago

French colonizers arrived
Date of Independence

History relies on written documentation

The ancestors of aboriginal people came there from Alaska, from North-eastern
Asia (during ice age).
America do not produce a specious of people
Ancient Ancestors

The Dorsets (500 CE): predecessors of the Inuit; the skraelings1?

The Algonquians: Mikmaq, Abenaki, Beothuk, Anishinaabe (the Great
Lakes)
The Iroquois confederacy2 (Southern Ontario & Qubec)
The Cree (Western plains)
Salish, Dene, Tlingit, Kwakiut (tha pacific coast)

European contact

Icelandic explorers and sagas: Leif Erikson (1000 CE) Vinland3? (LAnse
aux Meadows)
1497: John Cabot in Newfoundland (Italy)
1498: Ja~o Fernandez Lavrador in Labrador (Portugal)

1 From Viking Sagas

2 The Iroquois are developed In a political sence
3 Land of Wine, New Founland

1534: Jacques Cartier in the Gulf opf St. Lawrence (French)

1605: Samuel de Champlain establishes colony in Port Royal
1608: Champlaim establishes colony in Quebec

New France (1608-1763) gigantic project

Quebec capital of the colony

Economy based on fur trade and fishing industry: seigneurial system
1633: Champlain governor of New France
Problems: low population, wars with the Iroquois
People go, get rich and return to Europe they dont want to develop
colony

Colonial wars:

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) -> Treaty of Utrecht: Frence

gives up Hudson Bay, Acadia and Newfoundland
War of Austrian Succession (1744-1748) -> fall of Louisbourg
Expulsion of Acadians: 1755
Battle at the Plains Abraham: 1759
Treaty of Paris: British sovergenity confirmed: 17634

Death of General Wolf Canadian painting

Europeans think; primitives think -> reverse

Champlain map
The First British rules: 1763 1812

1763: Royal Proclamation Anglicization of Quebec

1744: Quebec Act seigneurial system, French civil law and rights of
Catholics guaranteed
American Revolution influx of Loyalists to Nova Scotia and Quebec
Northwest expansion ( Mckenzie, Vancouver, Thompson, Fraser ...)

War 18125

Persistent resentment btw. the British and the Americans: land claims,
Indian allies, British interference with shipping
Americans under William Hull invade Upper Canada, are driven back by
Canadians under Isaac Brock (and Tecumseh)
Invasion of York and Great Lakes area
1814: Treat of Ghent Canada US border

4 Also end of 7 years war

5 In US history there was the secondo war of independence

Rebellions and reforms

Growth of British North America

Frictions btw. ruling elites and colonies
Rebellions of 1837
o Lower Canada: Patriotes Rebellion (Louis Joseph Pappineau)
o Upper Canada (William Lyon Mackenzie)
1839: The Durham Report union of Lower and Upper Canada, responsible
government
1840: Treaty of Union6

Quebec as colonized people by America

The road to Confederation:

Growth of immigration, local industries, economy and transportation

Loss of preferential trade, concern about the US, weak government
1864 Charlottetown Accord - plan
1867 British North America Act: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario,
Quebec form the Dominion of Canada
John a Macdonald first prime minister

The National Expands 1867 1855

1869 purchase of Ruperts Land (the Mtis opposition, provisional

government in Red River settlement, Louis Riel)
1870: Manitoba joins Confederation
1871: British Columbia joins confederation
1873: Prince Edward Island joins Conf
1885: Canadian Pacific Railway completed
1855: Northwest Rebellion (Riel hanged)

Unit 3 Canadian History 2

Canadian change: Conservative party -> Liberal Party
Justin Trudeau: ,,Were back YouTube
1 century to complete creating, uniting Canada.
MacDonald -> replaced by liberals
Into the 20th century

Manitoba after Riel: dual education system replaced by a single

(Protestant) one animosity btw. English and French - > defeat of the
Conservatives by the Liberals
The Laurier years (1896-1911) ,,The twentieth century belongs to Canada
Growth of industry and agriculture

6 Foundation of Canadian government

Immigration
1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation
1911: Liberal lost to conservatives

Canada in WW17

Puts Canada as a important player in international politics

Not enough volunteers -> conscription
o Referendum -> supporters of conscription won
Canadians on the European battlefields
o 1915 Ypres
o 1916 St Eloi, Mont Sorrel, Somme
o 1917 Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele
o 1918 Amiens, Mons
o Almost 70 000 Canadian casualties ( John McRae: ,,In Flanders
Fields)8
Canadians at home:
o Crisis over conscription: Quebec (Henri Bourassa) x English Canada
(Robert Borden)
Postwar readjustment, recession9
o 1919 Winnipeg general strike
o 1926 Imperial Conference: Canadian gains autonomy from the
British Empire
The Great Depression 1929-1939
o Effect of the Depression in Canada: export economy, fall of wheat
prices (Saskatchewan: fall of provincial income by 90%)
o 1935: On to Ottawa Trek
o Fake work camps
Canada in WW2
o Another referendum on conscription
o Canadians on the world battlefields:
1941 : Hong Kong
1942: Dieppe
1944: landing in Normady
o 42 000 Canadian casualties
o Canadians at home:
Plebiscite over conscription
Japanese internment camps
Canada adter WW2
o Economic boom (St. Lawrence Seaway)
o 1949: Newfoundland joins Confederation
o 1958: Prime minister John Diefenbaker: ,,Northern vision
o 1960: Bill of Rights -> right to vote to Native Canadians

7 In English Great War

8 Also Three Day Road by Joseph Boyden
9 The Roaring Twenties growth of immigration, industry, consumer economy

New cabinet -> number of aboriginal people, number of woman

Lester B. Pearson

1945: founding conference of the UN

1949: Canada in NATO
1957: Noble Peace Prize for involvement in the Suez crisis
Medicare, Canada Pension Plan
1963: Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
1965: Maple Leaf flag

Pierre Elliot Trudeau

The Quiet Revolution in Quebec

1969: Official Languages Act10
1976: Parti Quebecois wins provincial elections in Quebec
1982: patriation of Canadian constitution (Constitution Act) Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
North-South dialogue
Nuclear disarmament

Towards the end of the 20th Century

Brian Mulroney:
o Stronger ties with the US
1987: Meech Lale Accord
1989 NAFTA agreement
1990: the Oka crisis

Into the present

1993: Kim Campbell 1st Canadian female Prime Minister

1995: referendum on Quebec secession
1995: standoff at Ipperwash
1999: creation of Nunavut
2006: Quebecois recognized as a distinct nation within Canada
2008: Prime minister Stephan Harper apologizes to the Native people for
forced cultural assimilation

Unit 4 Aboriginal People of Canada

Not need monuments for themselves
Focus on community
Vinetu, Karl May
Geronimo

10 Both languages are equal on national level

What do we call them?

Indians
Native Canadians
First Nations
Aboriginal people
Indigenous people

Pre-contact Canada

500 000 2 000 000 people

More than 50 languages divided into 12 language groups
Diversity of lifestyles:
o Northwest coast hierarchical chiefdoms, complex patterns of trade
and social contact (potolach)
o Great Lakes and St. Lawrence valley farming societies (corn,
beans, squash, tobacco), early confederacies, early contact with
Europeans
o East of Great Lakes trading patterns of the Hurons
o Western plains hunting societies (bison)
o Coastal regions whaling and fishing societies
Simple material conditions , but complex system of spiritual belief

Fishing societies, whaling societies (hunting whales)

Post-contact Developments

first contact with Europe: 1000 AD the Norse in the Arctic

Complete disappearances: Dorset, Beothuk, St Lawrence Iroquoians
Until 16th century: sporadic contact demanded by needs of the fishing
(whaling) and fur trades development of patterns of kinship
Indian allies in colonial wars
19th century decline of mutual friendship -> Vanishing Race

The Last of the Mohicans

19th Century:

Growing immigration, western expansion -> decline of bison herds and

whales
-> decline of native cultures, creation of the reservation system: the time
of the treaties
1876: Indian Act defines Indian status administration of reservations

The Metis: Canadas New Nation:

The Red River settlement

Metis not recognized as Aboriginal by law
Northwest rebellion 1885 disputes over land claims, ethnic identity
1982: Metis recognized as Aboriginal by Constitution

Residential schools legacy

School of native people

Article Canadas Sad Chapter

Canada Days Wednesday 7 PM oclock-> Friday (Municipal library)

Unit 5- Canadian North

Etymology : nord = ,,under or left
Cultural references: ,,north of X
Louis Edmond Hamelin
Latitude summer heat annual cold- types of ice precipitation vegetation
cover accessibility by means other than air air service population degree of
economic activity
Topography of the north

Permanent ice and tundra north

Canadian shield

Demography of the North

Cca 100 00 people for area larger than Western Europe

Largest percentage of Aboriginal population
North - ,,the largest uncivilized area in the world)

Canadians attitude to the North

,,The North is more than an idea, it is a passion (Louis Edmond Hamelin)

North as social construction
North a discursive landscape
North as a projection
North as a defining feature (Canadian identity as masculinist, resilient,
pure, sincere)
North as myth: ,,All energy of the world radiates from the Magnetic North
Pole (Murray Schafer)

North test your strength, test your real value

Song: Northwest passage
,,North ... becomes a fact that is produced by northern specialists who operate
under the general title of Northern and Native studies
Historiography of the north
Robert Grant Haliburton, The Men of the North and Their Place in History (1869)
-> ,,Can the generous flame of national spirit be kindled and blaze ...

John Diefenbaker -> I see a new Canada a Canada of the North

Sir John Franklin mystery (expedition)
Rasmussen was a half-Inuit
Museum of the Inuit Art -> Toronto
Airport art
Naoouk of the North -> film
Atanajurat, Aboriginal (The fast runner) -> film
Canadian North -> film

French and English Canada

History of Quebec

Ethymology: kebec = where the river narrows

Province of Quebec : founfef 1763 by
o Proclamation Act compromised area around St. Lawrence River
1774: The Quebec Act restored areas of the Great Lakes and the Ohio
valley
1783: Treaty of Versailles ceded area south of the Great Lakes to the US
1791: Constitutional Act area divided into Upper Canada (Ontario) and
Lower Canada (Quebec)
1840: Province of Canada - Canada West (Ontario) and Canada East
(Quebec)
1867: British North America act Povinces of Quebec and Ontario
1870: Purchase of Ruperts Land
1898, 1912: Quebec Boundary Extensions Acts northern part of Ruperts
Land transferred to Quebec
1927: border with Labrad or and Newfoundland established

Founding of modern Quebec

1948: Les Automatistes: Le Refuse Global

Paul-Emile Borduas manifesto
Rejection of social, artistic, religious, and ethical values of Quebec society,
call for modern, liberated society
Canada Broadcasting Corporation
Quiet Revolution Revolution tranquille
o Movement of radical social change in Quebec social processes:
Secularization
Creation of welfare state
Re-allignment of politics into federalist and separatist factions
o Achievements:
Minister of Health and Education
Expansion of public service

Investments in public education

Quebec nationalism

Expo 1967, General de Gaulle: ,,Vive le Quebec libre! Vive le Canada

francais!
1968: Parti Quebecois (Rene Levesque)
1870: October crisis Front Liberation de Quebec
1977: Charter of the French Language (Bill 101)
1980: 1st referendum of sovereignty
o The result
40,44% Yes
No: 59,56%
o Levesque ,,If Ive understood you well, youre telling me until next
time
1981: PQ wins provincional elections
1982: Canadian constitution partied (without Quebecd endorsement)
1990: Bloc Quebecois
1994: Jacques Parizeau leader of PQ
1995 2nd referendum of sovereignty (No: 50,58% Yes 49,42%)
o Parizeau ,,Quebec independence defeated by money and ethnic
vote
2000 Clarity Act: any future referendum to be on a clear question, and
represent a majority
2006 quebec recognized as a distinct nation within Canada