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Introduction To C: Integrated Programme in Management

The document provides an introduction to programming in C using a top-down approach. It discusses developing an outline for a program to calculate compound interest before writing detailed code. The outline includes declaring variables, reading input, calculating interest rate as a decimal, and using a formula to determine future value. The document also discusses syntactic errors that occur during compilation and execution errors at runtime. It provides examples of debugging techniques like comment insertion, print statements, and monitoring variable values.

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Ashutosh Kumar
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37 views54 pages

Introduction To C: Integrated Programme in Management

The document provides an introduction to programming in C using a top-down approach. It discusses developing an outline for a program to calculate compound interest before writing detailed code. The outline includes declaring variables, reading input, calculating interest rate as a decimal, and using a formula to determine future value. The document also discusses syntactic errors that occur during compilation and execution errors at runtime. It provides examples of debugging techniques like comment insertion, print statements, and monitoring variable values.

Uploaded by

Ashutosh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to C

Prof. Partha Saha


Integrated Programme in Management

TOP DOWN STRATEGY


Overall

program strategy be completely mapped


out before detailed programming
Concentrate on the general program logic,
without syntactic details of actual instructions
Developing an informal outline, consisting of
phrases or sentences (part English and part C)
Resulting outline referred to as PSEUDOCODE.
2

EXAMPLE (COMPOUND INTEREST)


A common

problem in personal finance is that of


determining how much money will accumulate in a
bank account after n years if a known amount, P, is
deposited initially and the account collects interest at a
rate of r percent per year, compounded annually.
The answer to this question can be determined by the
well known formula

F= P (1 + i)n
where F represents the future accumulation of money
(including the original sum, P, which is known as the
principal) and

i is the decimal representation of the interest rate; i.e.,


i = r/100 (for example, an interest rate of r = 5%
would correspond to i = 0.05)

GENERAL OUTLINE
Declare

the required program variables

Read in values for the principal (P),the


interest rate (r)and the number of years (n).
Calculate the decimal representation of the
interest rate (i),using the formula i = r/100
Determine the future accumulation (F)using
the formula F= P (1 + i)n

Display the calculated value for F

PROGRAM OUTLINE (PSEUDOCODE)


/* compound i n t e r e s t calculations */
main( )

{
/* declare the program variables */
/* read i n values f o r P, r and n */

/* calculate a value f o r i*/


/* calculate a value f o r F */
/* display the calculated value f o r F */

}
5

PROGRAM OUTLINE (PSEUDOCODE)

/* compound i n t e r e s t calculations */
main( )
{
/* declare p, r, n, i and f to be floating-point variables */
/* write a prompt for p and then read in its value */
/* write a prompt for r and then read i n its value */
/* write a prompt for n and then read in its value */

/* calculate i= r/100 */
/ * calculate f = p (1 + i ) " as follows:
f = p * pow((l+i),n)

where pow is a library function for exponentiation */


/* display the value for f, with an accompanying label */ 6
}

BOTTOM-UP STRATEGY
Useful

for self-contained program modules


(e.g., user-defined functions)
It involves the detailed development of these
program modules early in the planning process.
The overall program development is then based
upon the known characteristics of these
available program modules
7

HYBRID STRATEGY
In

practice we often use Hybrid approaches

Top-down approach for the overall program


designing and planning.
Bottom-up in developing individual modules
before the main part of the program
Again top-down approach with respect to the
development of each individual module their
8
inter-modular connections & functionality

SYNTACTIC
ERROR

SYNTACTIC ERROR
Syntactic

(or Grammatical) errors apparent


once the Run command has been issued

Compilation/Execution Error
Common Error
. Improperly declared variables

. Reference to an undeclared variable


. Incorrect punctuation

10

CODE WITH SYNTACTIC ERRORS


#include <stdio.h>
include <math.h>
main( )
{
float p, r, n, i,f ;
/* read input data (including prompts) */
printf("P1ease enter a value for the principal (P): " ) ;
scanf ( "%f , &p) ;
printf("P1ease enter a value for the interest rate ( r ) : ) ;
scanf ( "%f ,&r );
printf("P1ease enter a value for the number of years (n): " ) ;
scanf ( "%'f , &n)
/* calculate i, then f */
i= r/100;
f = p * pow(1 + i ) , n ) ;
/* write output /*
printf("\n The final value (F) is : % . 2 f \ n " , f ) ;
}
11

HOW MANY
SYNTACTIC
ERRORS ??

FIRST ERROR MESSAGES

13

FIRST SYNTACTIC ERRORS


The

first message refers to the missing # sign in


line 4 (the line numbers include empty lines)
The second message refers to the missing
double quote (") at the end of the second printf
statement (line 15)
Third message refers to the improper ending of
the last comment (line 25)
14

SYNTACTIC ERRORS (CORRECTIONS


#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
main( )
{
float p, r, n, i,f ;
/* read input data (including prompts) */
printf("P1ease enter a value for the principal (P): " ) ;
scanf ( "%f , &p) ;
printf("P1ease enter a value for the interest rate ( r ) : ) ;
scanf ( "%f ,&r );
printf("P1ease enter a value for the number of years (n): " ) ;
scanf ( "%'f , &n)
/* calculate i, then f */
i= r/100;
f = p * pow(1 + i ) , n ) ;
/* write output */
printf("\n The final value (F) is : % . 2 f \ n " , f ) ;
}
15

SECOND ERROR MESSAGES

16

SECOND SYNTACTIC ERRORS


The

first error message refers to the missing


semicolon at the end of the last scanf statement
(which actually occurs in line 18, not line 22).
The second message refers to the missing left
parenthesis in second assignment statement (line
23).
The following two warnings and the third error
message are also a result of this one error

17

SYNTACTIC ERRORS (CORRECTIONS


#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
main( )
{
float p, r, n, i,f ;
/* read input data (including prompts) */
printf("P1ease enter a value for the principal (P): " ) ;
scanf ( "%f , &p) ;
printf("P1ease enter a value for the interest rate ( r ) : ) ;
scanf ( "%f ,&r );
printf("P1ease enter a value for the number of years (n): " ) ;
scanf ( "%'f , &n);
/* calculate i, then f */
i= r/100;
f = p * pow((1 + i ) , n ) ;
/* write output */
printf("\n The final value (F) is : % . 2 f \ n " , f ) ;
}
18

RECTIFIED SYNTACTIC ERRORS


The

second include statement does not begin


with a # sign.

The control string in the second p r i n t f


statement does not have a closing quotation
mark
The last scanf statement does not end with a
semicolon
The assignment statement for f contains
unbalanced parentheses

The last comment closes improperly (it ends


with / * instead of * /).
19

CLEAN CODE

CLEAN CODE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
main( )

{
float p, r, n, i,f;
/* read input data (including prompts) */
printf(P1ease enter a value for the principal (P): " ) ;

scanf ( "%fn, &p);


printf("P1ease enter a value for the interest rate ( r ) : " ) ;
scanf ("%f" , &r );
printf("P1ease enter a value for the number of years (n): " ) ;

scanf ( " % f " , &n) ;


/* calculate i,then f */
i= r/100;

f = p * pow((1 + i ) , n ) ;

/* display the output */


p r i n t f ( " \ n The final value (F) i s : %.2f\n,f ) ;
}

21

EDITING WINDOW IN INSERT MODE

22

EDITING WINDOW IN INSERT MODE

23

COMPILING AND EXECUTING THE PROGRAM

24

COMPILING AND EXECUTING THE PROGRAM

25

COMPILING AND EXECUTING THE PROGRAM

26

COMPILING AND EXECUTING THE PROGRAM

27

EXECUTION
ERROR

EXECUTION/RUN TIME ERROR


ERROR
Execution

Errors occur during program


execution, after a successful compilation
Numerical overflow of underflow (exceeding the largest or
smallest permissible number, stored in the computer)
Division by Zero
Compute the Logarithm / Square root of a Negative Number
29

REAL ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

30

REAL ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATIO

31

REAL ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION


Suppose, for example, the program is run using the
following input values:

a= 1.0

b=2.0

c=3.0

The program compiles without any difficulty.


When the object program is executed, however, the
following error message is generated, after the input
values have been entered into the computer.
s q r t : DOMAIN error
32

DOMAIN ERROR

33

REAL ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION


Suppose, for example, the program is run using the
following input values:
a=1E-30

b=1 El 0

c=1E36

The program compiles without any difficulty.


When the object program is executed, however, the
following error message is generated, after the input
values have been entered into the computer.
Floating P o i n t : Overflow
34

FLOATING POINT OVERFLOW

35

DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUE

ERROR

ISOLATION (SUBCODE COMMENTING

Useful for locating error resulting in diagnostic message


Often general location of the error is not known
Found by temporarily deleting a portion of the program
and rerunning the program to see if the error disappears.
Temporary deletion is accomplished by surrounding the
instructions with comment markers (/ * and * /)
If the error message then disappears, the deleted portion
of the program contains the source of the error

37

ERROR ISOLATION (INSERTING


COMMENTS)
Inserting several unique printf statements, such as
printf ("Debugging - l i n e 1\ n " ) ;
printf ("Debugging - l i n e 2 \ n " ) ;

etc. at various places within the program.


When the program is executed, the debug messages will
indicate the approximate location of the error.
Thus, the source of the error will lie somewhere between
the last printf statement whose message did appear, and
the first printf statement whose message did not appear
38

TRACING (VARIABLES/ VALUES)


Use of printf statements to display the values assigned
to certain key variables
To display the values that are calculated internally at
various locations within the program
Advantage
Values actually assigned vs. values should have been
assigned
Monitor the progress of the computation as the program
executes.
39

FLOATING POINT OVERFLOW

40

OUTPUT
When the altered program was executed with the
same three input values, the error message did not
appear (though the displayed values for x1 and x2
did not make any sense).
Thus, it is clear that the source of the original
error message lies in one of these three statements

41

MODIFIED PROGRAM

42

OUTPUT

Hence, we conclude that the overflow


occurred in the last assignment
statement, since this statement follows
the third printf statement

43

SECOND MODIFIED PROGRAM

44

OUTPUT

45

WATCH VALUE
Value of a variable / expression which is displayed
continuously as the program executes.
Monitoring changes in a watch value as they occur,
in response to the program logic.

By monitoring a few carefully selected watch


values, determine where the program begins to
generate Incorrect or Unexpected values and
Degenerate
46

BREAKPOINTS
Temporary Stopping Point within a program.
Each breakpoint is associated with a particular
instruction within the program.
Program execution will temporarily stop at the
breakpoint, before the instruction is executed.

The execution may then be resumed, until the next


breakpoint is encountered.
Breakpoints are often used in conjunction with
47
Watch Values

STEPPING
Execution of one instruction at a time ( typically
by pressing a function key to execute each
instruction).
Stepping through an entire program, one can
determine which instructions produce erroneous
results or generate error messages.
Stepping is often used with Watch Values
(allowing you to trace the entire history of a
program as it
Executes).
Observe changes to watch values as they happen.
48

DEBUGGING

49

DEBUGGING

50

DEBUGGING

51

Questions

52

Questions

53

Thank You!

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