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    Lab Experiment 21 Report: Organic Chemistry Lab Tuesdays at 1:30

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    Johnathan Doe
    This document summarizes an organic chemistry lab experiment on nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides. The purpose was to observe how reaction conditions and substrate structure affect the reactivity. There are two main types of nucleophilic substitution reactions: SN2, where bond breaking and forming occurs in one step, and SN1, where it occurs in two steps. To determine which reaction occurred, reagents that favored each were used - sodium iodide in acetone for SN2 and silver nitrate in ethanol for SN1. Results showed the distance migrated and Rf value calculated for different pigments extracted in thin layer chromatography. Many reactions seemed to show no response, which others also experienced, requiring confirmation. Questions at the end asked

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    Lab Experiment 21 Report: Organic Chemistry Lab Tuesdays at 1:30

    Uploaded by

    Johnathan Doe
    49 views4 pages
    This document summarizes an organic chemistry lab experiment on nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides. The purpose was to observe how reaction conditions and substrate structure affect the reactivity. There are two main types of nucleophilic substitution reactions: SN2, where bond breaking and forming occurs in one step, and SN1, where it occurs in two steps. To determine which reaction occurred, reagents that favored each were used - sodium iodide in acetone for SN2 and silver nitrate in ethanol for SN1. Results showed the distance migrated and Rf value calculated for different pigments extracted in thin layer chromatography. Many reactions seemed to show no response, which others also experienced, requiring confirmation. Questions at the end asked

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    Report Exp 21

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    This document summarizes an organic chemistry lab experiment on nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides. The purpose was to observe how reaction conditions and substrate structure affect the reactivity. There are two main types of nucleophilic substitution reactions: SN2, where bond breaking and forming occurs in one step, and SN1, where it occurs in two steps. To determine which reaction occurred, reagents that favored each were used - sodium iodide in acetone for SN2 and silver nitrate in ethanol for SN1. Results showed the distance migrated and Rf value calculated for different pigments extracted in thin layer chromatography. Many reactions seemed to show no response, which others also experienced, requiring confirmation. Questions at the end asked

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    49 views4 pages

    Lab Experiment 21 Report: Organic Chemistry Lab Tuesdays at 1:30

    Uploaded by

    Johnathan Doe
    This document summarizes an organic chemistry lab experiment on nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides. The purpose was to observe how reaction conditions and substrate structure affect the reactivity. There are two main types of nucleophilic substitution reactions: SN2, where bond breaking and forming occurs in one step, and SN1, where it occurs in two steps. To determine which reaction occurred, reagents that favored each were used - sodium iodide in acetone for SN2 and silver nitrate in ethanol for SN1. Results showed the distance migrated and Rf value calculated for different pigments extracted in thin layer chromatography. Many reactions seemed to show no response, which others also experienced, requiring confirmation. Questions at the end asked

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Organic Chemistry Lab

    Tuesdays @ 1:30

    Lab Experiment 21 Report

    Abstract:
    The purpose of this experiment was to observe the reactivitys of alkyl halides in
    nucleophilic substitution. From this experiment we were able to learn that the reactions depend
    on two important factors which are reaction conditions and substrate structure. Nucleophilic
    substitution reactions occur when a nucleophile attaches to an electrophile and a leaving group
    on the electrophile leaves and attaches to a new substance. There are two main types of
    nucleophilic substitution reactions that can occur which are either SN2 or SN1 reactions. The S
    and N letters represent nucleophilic substitution, but the different numbers tell how many steps
    are carried out by the reactions. In SN2 reactions, a bond is broken and a new bond is formed in
    one step. In SN1 reactions however happen in one step. In order to identify and classify which of
    the reactions the halides favored, we used reagents that favored each reaction. For SN2 we used a
    reagent composed of sodium iodide or potassium iodide dissolved in acetone. The iodide ion is
    an excellent nucleophile, and acetone is a nonpolar solvent which increases the tendency to form
    a precipitate and signaling the completeness of the reaction. For the detection of an SN1 reaction
    we used a reagent composed of silver nitrate dissolved in ethanol. The nitrate ion is a poor
    nucleophile while the ethanol is a moderately powerful ionizing solvent. The silver ion, because
    of its ability to coordinate the leaving halide ion to form a silver halide precipitate.

    Results and calculations:

    Pigment

    Distance (mm)

    Extract

    100.83

    Chlorophyll

    59.69

    Page 2 of 4

    Calculation

    Rf

    Rf =

    100.83
    142.24

    0.71

    Rf =

    59.69
    142.24

    0.42

    Carotenoid

    100.83

    Solvent

    142.24

    Rf =

    100.83
    142.24

    0.71

    Rf =

    142.24
    142.24

    1.00

    Discussion:
    Many of the test tubes in our experiment seemed to have no reaction. I had to confirm
    with a few other groups on whether they had a reaction as our results seemed none
    responsive. It turns out that many shared the same results.
    Questions:
    1. The mechanism is as follows:

    2.
    a.
    b.
    c.
    d.
    e.

    Cyclohexanol: Cyclohexene
    1-Methylcyclohexanol: Methylcyclohexene
    2-Methylcyclohexanol: Methylcyclohexene
    2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanol: 1,2-Methylcyclohexene
    1,2-Cyclohexanediol: Dont know. Cyclohexane?

    Page 3 of 4

    3. So 4-Methylcyclohexanol contains a hydroxyl group which has a peak in the range of


    around 3200-3500. As for 4-Methylcyclohexene, has a carbon double bond which has a
    peak in the range from 1680-1640.
    4. ?????
    5. The reason that saturated sodium chloride was used to rinse the hickman head instead of
    water was because its not polar. If water had been used there would be a high possibility
    that the 4-Methylcyclohexene would revert back to 4-Methylcyclohexanol which would
    result in a loss of yield.

    Page 4 of 4

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