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Differential Equations Handouts

The document discusses differential equations. It defines differential equations as equations that contain derivatives or differentials. It describes the order and degree of differential equations. It also discusses types of first order differential equations including variable separable, homogeneous, exact, linear equations of order one, and Bernoulli's equation. Examples are provided to illustrate solving different types of first order differential equations.

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1K views4 pages

Differential Equations Handouts

The document discusses differential equations. It defines differential equations as equations that contain derivatives or differentials. It describes the order and degree of differential equations. It also discusses types of first order differential equations including variable separable, homogeneous, exact, linear equations of order one, and Bernoulli's equation. Examples are provided to illustrate solving different types of first order differential equations.

Uploaded by

EllimacOdnumreb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

have any arbitrary constant, then it is


classified as particular solution.

A differential equation is an equation that


contains derivatives or differentials.
Examples:
1)
2)
3).

d2 y
dy
+ 5 +6 y=0
2
dx
dx
dy=( 2 x + y ) dx
z
z
+2 x
=5
x
y

Types of differential equations:


1. Ordinary one that contains only
one independent variable.
(Examples 1 & 2)
2. Partial one that contains two or
more independent variables.
(Example 3)
The order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest-ordered derivative
appearing in the equation. In the above
examples, the first is of order two and the
second is of order one.
The degree of a differential equation is
the power of the highest-ordered derivative
occurring in the equation. In the above
examples, all the three equations are of
degree one. The differential equation

y right )} ^ {{2} / {3}} =2+3y'

can be rationalized by cubing both sides to


obtain

y right )} ^ {2} = {left (2+3y' right )} ^ {3}

First Order Differential Equations:


I. Variable Separable
A first order equation is variable
separable if it can be transformed into the
form
A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0
The solution is obtained by integrating each
term of the above equation.
II. Homogeneous
A function f(x, y) is homogeneous of
degree k if there is a number such that
f(x, y) = kf(x, y)
Note that all monomials are homogeneous
while a polynomial is homogeneous only if
all of its terms are of the same degree.The
equation
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0
belongs to this type if M(x, y) and N(x, y) are
both homogeneous of the same degree.
The solution can be obtained by replacing x
by vy or y by vx which will consequently
transform the equation into one that is
variable separable.
III. Exact
The equation M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is
exact if

M N
=
y x

. Thus, it is of degree two.

The equation is considered linear if it is of


the first degree in the dependent variable
and its derivatives.

The solution is obtained by using the


equation

DI + NDI =c

where
A solution to a differential equation is an
equation, free of derivatives, that satisfies
the given equation. If the solution contains
at least one arbitrary constant, it is classified
as general solution; if the solution doesnt

DI

is the sum of directly integrable


integrals such as

g ( y ) dy

NDI

f ( x ) dx

or

of the equation and

is the sum of non-directly

the

integrable integrals i.e integrals of the


form f ( x , y ) dx g ( x , y ) dy of
equation taken from either the first or
the second term of the given equation.

IV. Linear Equation of Order One


A first order equation belongs to this type if
it can be transformed into the form

dy
+ P ( x ) y=Q ( x)
dx

The solution is obtained by first solving for


the integrating factor (IF) using
IF = e Pdx
and substituting into the equation

y ( IF ) = Q ( IF ) dx
V. Bernoullis Equation
A first order equation belongs to this type if
it can be transformed into the form

dy
+ P ( x ) y=Q (x) y n
dx

The solution can be obtained by dividing


both sides of the equation by yn thus getting

yn

dy
+ P ( x ) y 1n=Q(x)
dx

Using the substitution z = y1 n the equation


is transformed into a linear equation of order
one.
Example: Solve the equation
y = y xy3e-2x
Solution:
Transforming the equation into the
standard form, we get

dy
3 2 x
y=x y e
dx

Dividing the equation by y3, we get

dy
y
y 2=x e2 x
dx
If we let z= y2 , then dz=2 y3 dy .

dz
+2 z=2 x e2 x
dx

in z
where P(x) = 2 and the integrating factor is
IF = e Pdx =e 2 dx =e 2 x
Thus, the resulting equation becomes
2x
2 x 2 x
z e = x e e dx

1 2 c
x
2
2
1
Replacing z by
,
2
y
1 2 x 1 2 c
e =
x
2
2
y2
ze 2 x =

or

2 e2 x = y 2 ( x2 + c)

dy
2y
2 y 2 =2 x e2 x
dx
3

Answer

VI. Equations where the integrating factor


can be determined
Consider the equation
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0.
Case I. For the case where

1 M N

=f ( x)
N y x

the desired integrating factor is


IF = e f (x )dx
Case II. For the case where

1 M N

=g ( y)
M y x

the desired integrating factor is


IF = e g ( y ) dy
Example: Solve the equation
y(8x 9y) dx + 2x(x 3y) dy = 0.
Solution:

M
=8 x18 y
y

N
=4 x6 y
x
Taking the difference, we get

M N

=4 x12 y=4 (x3 y)


y x

Hence, the above equation becomes

linear

which is divisible by N. Hence

4 ( x3 y ) 2
1 M N

=
=
N y x
2 x ( x3 y ) x

The integrating factor is then equal to

IF =

2x dx

=e 2 ln x =x 2

Multiplying the given equation by x2, we get


x2y(8x 9y) dx + 2x3(x 3y) dy = 0
which is now an exact equation. Note that
no term is directly integrable. Taking the
non-directly integrable integrals from the
first term, we get

8 x3 y
(9 x2 y 2)dx=c

2 x 4 y 3 x 3 y 2=c

A.
B.
C.
D.

2ydx xdy = 0
2xdx ydy = 0
ydx - 2xdy = 0
ydx + 2xdy = 0

6. Which of the following is a solution of the


differential equation 4y + 9y = 0?
A. y = c1ex + c2ex
B. y = c1e(2/3)x + c2ex
C. y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
D. y = c1 cos (3x/2) + c2 sin (3x/2)
7. Solve the differential equation
dy=x x 2 +9 dx ,
if the curve passes through (4, 0).

3/ 2
1 2
y= ( x +9 ) +13
3
3
Answer
x y ( 2 x3 y ) =c
3/ 2
1
y= ( x 2 +9 ) 13
B.
3
Review Exercises:
( x 2 +9 )
[ 3 /2+ 125]
1. The equation
C.
2 y = {left [1+ {left (y' right )} ^ {2} right ]} ^ {{3} / {2}}
1
y=
is of
3
A. second order, first degree
2
( x + 9)
B. second order, second degree
[ 3 / 2125]
C. second order, third degree
D.
1
D. first order, third degree
y=
2
3
2. The equation y = cx is the general

which simplifies into

solution of
A. y = 2y/x
B. y = 2x/y

C. y = y/2x
D. y = x/2y

3. Find the differential equation whose


x
general solution is y = c 1 x +c 2 e .
A. (x 1)y xy + y = 0
B. (x + 1)y xy + y = 0
C. (x 1)y + xy + y = 0
D. (x + 1)y + xy + y = 0
4. Determine the differential equation of
lines passing through (h, k).
A. (y k)dx (x h)dy = 0
B. (x h) + (y k) =dy/dx
C. (x h)dx (y k)dy = 0
D. (x + h)dx (y k)dy = 0
5. What is the differential equation of the
family of parabolas having their vertices
at the origin and their foci on the y-axis?

A.

8. Solve the differential equation:


y = 1 + x + y + xy
A. y = x + (1/2)x2 + xy + (1/2)x2y + c
B. y = y ln |1+ x| + c
C. y = x + (1/2)x2 + c
D. ln |1+ y| = x + (1/2)x2 + c
9. Solve the differential equation
3xy + y = 12x
A. y = 3x + cx 1/3
B. y = 3x + c
C. y = 4x + cx1/3
D. y = 4x + cx 1/3
10. A certain radioactive substance has a
half-life of 38 hr. Find how long it takes
for 90% of the radioactivity to be
dissipated.
A. 162 hr.
C. 145 hr.
B. 126 hr.
D. 154 hr.

11. A bacterial population is known to have


a rate of growth proportional to the
population itself. If between noon and 2
P.M. the population triples, at what time,
no controls being exerted, should the
population become 100 times what it
was at noon.
A. 8:05 P.M.
C. 8:23 P.M.
B. 8:16 P.M.
D. 8:45 P.M.

Answer Key

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. D
7. D
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. C

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