10/16/2015 Anatoma:

Sistema digestivo:
Ver video Digestive system-Crash course AP33
Columnar cells epithelial layer importante en el video.

Hgado es el rgano interno ms grande.

Pregunta de examen: En el duodeno en el intestino delgado es donde ms
absorcin hay.
Colon descendente es donde mayor mente se encuentran los canceres del
colon.

The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food

into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through
a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract).
The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestines, and large intestines but do not have food
pass through them.

Accessory organs of the digestive system:

Include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
To achieve the goal of providing energy and nutrients to the body, six major
functions take place in the digestive system:
o Ingestion
o Secretion
o Mixing and movement
o Digestion
o Absorption
o Excretion

Digestive Enzymes: Esto viene en pareo

Digestive enzymes are classified based on their target substrates

Proteases and peptidases split proteins into small peptides and amino
acids.
Lipases split fat into three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.
Amylases split carbohydrates such as starch and sugars into simple sugars
such as glucose. Amylase es la que te verifican para saber si tienes
pancreatitis.
Nucleases split nucleic acids into nucleotides.

Mouth:
Bolus, y luego bolo alimenticio
Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, also known as
the oral cavity.

Inside the mouth are many accessory organs that aid in the digestion of food
the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces,
which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the
food into the pharynx.
Lingual lipase: Lipid digestion initiates in the mouth. Lingual lipase starts the
digestion of the lipids/fats.
Amylase: Carbohydrate digestion also initiates in the mouth. Amylase
produced by the salivary glands breaks complex carbohydrates to smaller
chains, or even simple sugars. It is sometimes referred to as ptyalin.
Lysozyme: Considering that food contains more than just that essential
nutrients and bacteria or viruses, the lysosome offers a limited and nonspecific, yet beneficial antiseptic function in digestion.
Haptocorrin Viene en el examen. (Also known as R-factor): Helps with the
absorption of Vitamin B12. After Vitamin B-12 is released from its original

carrier protein in the stomach, it gets bound to Haptocorrin. Haptocorrin

protects it from acidic conditions of the stomach but is cleaved in the
duodenum by pancreatic proteases. Vitamin B-12 can then bind to intrinsic
factor (IF) that has been produced by parietal cells. Finally, the IF-Vitamin
B12 complex is taken up by in ileum via the cubam receptor.
Nota al calce-si encuentran una lcera va a ser maligna hasta que se demuestre
lo contrario por medio de biopsia. No es as exactamente con una lcera del
duodeno.
Ptyalin-buscar significado, viene en la revalida
Rejurjitacin estomacal = vomitar

Cubam Receptors:

Cubam, is the term used to refer to a multiligand receptor located in

the terminal ileum, specializing in absorption of vitamin B-12. Cubam is
essentially composed of amnionless (AMN), AND cubilin. Cubilin is essential
as a cell receptor recognizing the vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor complex
whereas amnionless is more involved in the receptor mediated endocytosis of
the complex.

Teeth:

The teeth are 32 small, hard organs found along the anterior and lateral
edges of the mouth. Each tooth is made of a bone-like substance called
dentin and covered in a layer of enamel-the hardest substance in the body.
Teeth are living organs and contain blood vessels and nerves under the
dentin in soft region known as the pulp. The teeth are designed for
cutting and grinding food into smaller pieces.

Anlogo a un hueso osteoporotico un diente que se daa.

Tongue:

The tongue is located on the inferior portion of the mouth just posterior and
medial to the teeth. It is a small organ made up of several pairs of muscles
covered in a thin, bumpy, skin-like layer.
The outside of the tongue contains many rough papillae for gripping food
as it is moved by the tongues muscles. The taste buds on the surface of the
tongue detect taste molecules in food and connect to nerves in the tongue to
send taste information to the brain. The tongue also helps to push food
toward the posterior part of the mouth for swallowing.

Salivary Glands:

Surrounding the mouth are 3 sets of salivary glands. The salivary glands are
accessory organs that produce a watery secretion known as saliva.

Saliva helps to moisten food and begins the digestion of carbohydrates. The
body also uses saliva to lubricate food as it passes through the mouth,
pharynx, and esophagus.

Pharynx y Nasopharynx:

Pharynx:

The pharynx, or throat, is a funnel-shaped tuve connected to the posterior

end of the mouth. The pharynx is responsible for the passing of masses of
chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus.
The pharynx also plays an important role in the respiratory system, as air
from the nasal cavity passes through the pharynx on its way to the larynx
and eventually the lungs.
Because the pharynx serves two different functions, it contains a
flap of tissue known as the epiglottis that acts as a switch to route
food to the esophagus and air to the larynx.
-Pulmona por aspiracin-buscar

Esophagus:

The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach

that is part of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length. At the inferior
end of the esophagus is a muscular ring called the lower esophageal
sphincter or cardiac sphincter. The function of this sphincter is to close of
the end of the esophagus and trap food in the stomach.

Stomach:

The stomach is a muscular sac that is located on the left side of the
abdominal cavity, just inferior to the diaphragm. In an average person,
the stomach is about the size of their two fists placed next to each other.
This major organ acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to
digest large meals properly. The stomach also contains hydrochloric
acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that
began in the mouth.

Small intestine:

The small intestine is a long, thin tube about 1 inch in diameter and
about 10 feet long that is part of the lower gastrointestinal tract. It
is located just inferior to the stomach and takes up most of the space in the
abdominal cavity.
The entire small intestine is coiled like a hose and the inside surface is full of
many ridges and folds. These folds are used to maximize the digestion of
food and absorption of nutrients. By the time food leaves the small
intestine, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from the
food that entered it.
-Saber partes del intestino delgado.
-Se dice hoy da que las ulceras son causadas por bacterias.
-Medicamentos corrosivos NSAID: Advil, AAS, Aspirina, Naproxen, Celebrex,
Nyquil

Liver and Gallbladder Organo de carcter bioqumico-Liver

The liver is a roughly triangular accessory organ of the digestive system

located to the right of the stomach, just inferior to the diaphragm and
superior to the small intestine. The liver weighs about 3 pounds and is
the second largest organ in the body.
The liver has many different functions in the body, but the main function of
the liver in digestion is the production of bile and its secretion into
the small intestine.
The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just posterior to the
liver. The gallbladder is used to store and recycle excess bile from
the small intestine so that it can be reused for the digestion of
subsequent meals.

Pancreas:

The pancreas is a large gland located just inferior and posterior to the
stomach. It is about 6 inches long and shaped like short, lumpy snake
with its head connected to the duodenum and its tail pointing to the left
wall of the abdominal cavity.
The pancreas secrets digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete
the chemical digestion of foods.

Large intestine:

The large intestine is a long, thick tube about 2 inches in diameter and
about 5 feet long. It is located just inferior to the stomach and wraps
around the superior and lateral border of the small intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water and contains many symbiotic
bacteria that aid in the breaking down of wastes to extract some
small amounts of nutrients. Feces in the large intestine exit the body
through the rectal-anal canal.

Digestive System Physiology:

The digestive system is responsible for taking whole foods and turning them
into energy and nutrients to allow the body to function, grow, and repair
itself. The six primary processes of the digestive system include:
o Ingestion of food
o Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes
o Mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body
o Digestion of food into smaller pieces
o Absorption of nutrients
o Excretion of wastes

Ingestion:

The first function of the digestive system is ingestion, or the intake of food.
The mouth is responsible for this function, as it is the orifice through
which all food enters the body.
The mouth and stomach are also responsible for the storage of food as it is
waiting to be digested. This storage capacity allows the body to eat only a
few times each day and to ingest more food than it can process at on time.

Secretion:
El producto final enzimtico convierte los polmeros en monmeros. Pregunta de
examen
In the course of a day, the digestive system secretes around 7 liters of fluids.
These fluids include saliva, mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and bile. Saliva
moistens dry food and contains salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme that
begins the digestion of carbohydrates.
Mucus serves as a protective barrier and lubricant inside of the GI tract.
Hydrochloric acid helps to digest food chemically and protects the body by
killing bacteria present in our food.
Enzymes are biochemical structures that disassemble large macromolecules like
proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into their smaller components. Finally, bile
is used to emulsify large masses of lipids into tiny globules for easy digestion.
Mixing and Movement:

The digestive system uses 3 main processes to move and mix food:
o Swallowing-is the process of using smooth and skeletal muscles in
the mouth, tongue, and pharynx to push food out of the mouth,
through the pharynx to push food out of the mouth, through the
pharynx, and into the esophagus.
o Peristalsis-is a muscular wave that travels the length of the GI tract,
moving partially digested food a short distance down the tract. It takes
many waves of peristalsis for food to travel from the esophagus,
through the stomach and intestines, and reach the end of the GI
tract.
o Segmentation-occurs only in the small intestine as short segments of
intestine contract like hands squeezing a toothpaste tube.
Segmentation helps to increase the absorption of nutrients by mixing
food and increasing its contact with the walls of the intestine.

Digestion:

Digestion is the process of turning large pieces of food into its

component chemicals. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of
large pieces of food into smaller pieces. This mode of digestion begins with
the chewing of food by the teeth and is continued through the muscular
mixing of food by the stomach and intestines.

Bile produced by the liver is also used to mechanically break fats

into smaller globules. While food is being mechanically digested it is also
being chemically digested as larger and more complex molecules are being
broken down into smaller molecules that are easier to absorb in the small
intestine principally.
Chemical begins in the mouth with salivary amylase in saliva
splitting complex carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates. The
enzymes and acid in the stomach continue chemical digestion, but the bulk of
chemical digestion takes place in the small intestine thanks to the action of
the pancreas.
The pancreas secretes an incredibly strong digestive cocktail known as
pancreatic juice, which is capable of digesting lipids, carbohydrates,
proteins and nucleic acids.
By the time food has left the duodenum, it has been reduced to its
chemical building blocks-fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides,
and nucleotides.

Absorption:

Once food has been reduced to its building blocks, it is ready for the body to
absorb. Absorption begins in the stomach with simple molecules like
water and alcohol being absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
Most absorption takes place in the walls of the small intestine, which
are densely folded to maximize the surface area in contact with digested
food.
Small blood and lymphatic vessels in the intestinal wall pick up the molecules
and carry them to the rest of the body. The large intestine is also
involved in the absorption of water and vitamins B and K before
feces leave the body.

Excretion:

The final function of the digestive system is the excretion of waste in a

process known as defecation. Defecation removes indigestible
substances from the body so that they do not accumulate inside the
gut.
The timing of defecation is controlled voluntary by the conscious part of the
brain, but must be accomplished on a regular basis to prevent a backup of
indigestible materials.