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Lec No 12d

This document discusses insect classification and taxonomy. It begins by outlining the hierarchical classification of insects from kingdom to species. Key details include that insects are classified in orders based on traits like wing presence, mouthpart structure, and metamorphosis. Apterygote orders like Thysanura and Collembola are primarily wingless with incomplete or no metamorphosis, while Pterygota have wings or are secondarily wingless and undergo complete metamorphosis. The document then provides in-depth descriptions of the distinguishing characteristics and life cycles of the Thysanura and Collembola orders.

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Pratibha Ch
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150 views13 pages

Lec No 12d

This document discusses insect classification and taxonomy. It begins by outlining the hierarchical classification of insects from kingdom to species. Key details include that insects are classified in orders based on traits like wing presence, mouthpart structure, and metamorphosis. Apterygote orders like Thysanura and Collembola are primarily wingless with incomplete or no metamorphosis, while Pterygota have wings or are secondarily wingless and undergo complete metamorphosis. The document then provides in-depth descriptions of the distinguishing characteristics and life cycles of the Thysanura and Collembola orders.

Uploaded by

Pratibha Ch
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture no.

12
Classification and nomenclature of insects. Important characters of
insect order apterygote- Thysanura, Diplura, Collembola and
Protura
Classification is the arrangement of insects into clearly defined
groups. Insects that more closely resemble are grouped under species.
Species that more closely resemble are grouped under genus or genera.
All insects, which are in closely related genera, are grouped into
families and closely related families into order. But, for added
distinction in large, diverse group, many other categories fall between
these major ones.
For example, a sub phylum below phylum, a subclass below the
class, a sub order below the order and a sub family below the family are
common.

systematic

The

position

of

the

common

cockroach

(Periplanata americana) would be


Phylum : Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Dictyoptera
Sub order: Blatteria
Family: Blattidae
Genus: Periplanata
Species: americana
Taxonomy: Insect taxonomy is a biological science or theoretical study
which deals with the classification and identification of insects.
Systematic:

is the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of

organisms and of any and all relationships among them.

SYSTEMATIC POSITON OF INSECTS


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Kingdom
Sub kingdom
Grade
Sub grade
Phylum
Sub phylum
Class

:
:
:
:
:
:

Animalia (being an animal)


Metazoa (consisting of tissues & organs)
Bilateria (having bilateral symmetry)
Coelomata (having true body cavity)
Arthropoda (jointed legs)
Trilobata
Insecta (Latin word: insectum = cut into)

Characters of the Phylum Arthropoda


1. Jointed legs
2. Triploblastic animal (ectodermal, mesodermal and

endodermal

origin)
3. Segmented body
4. Chitinous exoskeleton
5. Concentration of sense organ
6. Anus is posterior
7. Dorsal heart
8. Growth in stages after eclosion
Characters of the class Insecta
1.

External morphology
1) Have ectognathous mouth parts i.e. mouth parts are not
enclosed by the head but are external to the head.
2) Body has three distinct regions i.e. three tagmas

a) Head consists of eyes, antennae and three pairs of mouth


parts (mandibles, maxillae and labium)
b) Thorax is three segmented. Each segment bears a pair of legs
and second and third segment have a pair of wings.
c) Abdomen eleven segmented. Eight, ninth and tenth segments
usually bear appendages modified for mating activities or egg
laying.
d) The exoskeleton provides protection for vital organs and
maintains body shape.
II.

Internal organs
The chief internal organs are
1) A tubular digestive tract
2) A long valvular heart for pumping blood
3) A system of pump like tracheae for respiration
4) A paired reproductive organs opening at the posterior end of the
body
5) An intricate muscular system

6) A nervous system consisting of brain, a paired segmental


ganglia and connectives.
7)
Nomenclature of insects (Naming of insects)
Our system of naming species is inherited from the great Swedish
naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (1758). It consists of generic (Periplanata)
and specific (americana) names.
The combination of these two names constituted the scientific
name.

This system of naming by Linnaeus is termed as binominal

nomenclature (naming organisms with two names).

HISTORY OF INSECT CLASSIFICATION


The earliest classification of insects is by Linnaeus (1758
Brauer (1985):

laid the foundation for modern system of classification

as primitive wingless and winged insects.


Borner

(1904):

considered

mouthparts

for

classification

i.e.

ectognathous and endognathous condition.


Handlirsch (1908):

considered evolutionary trends for classification i.e.

fossil forms.
Imms (1947):

described 24 insect orders first and he has raised the

number to 29 which is widely accepted.


Classification of insects
Insect classification is based upon the structure of the wings,
mouthparts,

metamorphoses,

antennae,

tarsi

and

various

other

characters.
Class INSECTA is divided into two sub classes.
1. Apterygota and
2. Pterygota
Characters of Apterygota
Primarily wingless insects

(ancestors wingless)

Metamorphosis slight (or) absent


Mandibles articulate with head capsule at a single point (single
Mandibular articulation)
Pleural sulcus absent in thoracic segments

Pregenital abdominal appendages present


Sperm transfer is indirect (Indirect fertilization)
Adult moults even after attaining maturity
Apterygota includes four orders
1. THYSANURA

:(Bristletails / Silverfish and Firebrats)

2. PROTURA

:(Proturans / Telson tails)

3. DIPLURA

:(Diplurans/ Japygids/ Campodeids)

4. COLLEMBOLA

:(Springtails / Snowfleas)

Characters of Pterygota
Winged or secondarily wingless (Apterous)
Metamorphosis present
Mandibular articulation double
Pleural sulcus present in thoracic segments
Pregenital abdominal appendages absent
Sperm transfer direct
Adults do not moult
Sub class Pterygota is divided into two divisions viz., Exopterygota and
Endopterygota.
Characters of exopterygota
Metamorphosis either incomplete or

gradual

Pupal instars rarely present


Wing buds develop externally
Immature stages are generally called nymphs

Apterygote orders
A.Order: Thysanura

Synonyms
Etymology
Common names
Common characters

:
:
:

Ectognatha, ectotrophi
Thysan fringe ; ura- tail
Silver fish, fire brats, bristle tail

Body is elongate and flattened


Body is glistening and clothed with scales
Compound eyes are present or absent
Antenna is long, filiform and multisegmented
Mouthparts are ectognathous, biting type
They are primarily wingless
Abdomen is 11 segmented
Varying numbers of bilateral styli are present on abdominal
sternites
Styli are believed to reduced abdominal legs
Female has elongate jointed ovipositor
Abdomen at its tip carries a pair of elongate many segmented cerci
and a median caudal filament
Tracheal system and malpighian tubles present
Development
Insemination is indirect
Metamorphosis is absent
Moulting continues even after attaining sexual maturity
Importance
Ctenolepisma sp feeds and destroys paper, book, bindings and
starched clothing. It can be collected from amongst old books, behind
calendars, photos frames etc.,

B. Order: Collembola

Synonyms
: Oligentoma, oligoentomata
Etymology
: Coll glue; embol- wedge or peg
Common names
: Spring tail, snow flea
Common characters
They are minute insects
Body is globose or tubular
Compound eyes are absent
One to several pairs of lateral ocelli form an eye patch
Antenna is four segmented
Mouthparts are entognathous biting type and found within a pouch
Tibia is fused with tarsus to form tibio tarsus
They are primarily wingless
Abdomen is six segmented with there medially situated pre-genital
appendages.
Ventral tube or collophore or glue peg:
It is a bilobed adhesive organ found on the first abdominal sternite.
It is believed to be associated with respiration, adhesion and water
absorption.
Hamula or tenaculam or retinaculam:
It is present on the third abdominal sternite, it consists of a fused
basal piece, corpus and free distal part called rami. It holds the
furcula.
Furcula or springing organ:
It consists of a basal manubrium, paired dens and distal claws
called mucro. It is held under tension beneath the abdomen by
retinaculum when at rest.
Malpighian tubules are absent

Tracheal system is usually absent


Metamorphosis is absent
Importance:
Sminthurus viridis is a pest on alfalfa. It can be collected from
moist place in soil. They are also found in mushroom houses as a
pest.

Borner 1904

Brauer 1885

Handlirish-1908

Carl.Linaeus -1758

V.B.Wigglesworth
Father of Insect physiology

Marcello Malpighi

J.C.Fabricious : 1745

T.B.Fletcher: 1914

M.S.Mani

Maxwell Lefroy

Dr.T.V.Ramakrishna Ayyar

S.Pradhan

Y.Ramakrishna Rao

H.S.Pruthi

Thysanura- Silver fish

Collembola- Spring tail

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