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    Multivariable Calculus. II.: Maxima and Minima of Functions of Several Variables

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    nino
    The document discusses maxima and minima of functions of several variables. It defines local maxima and minima and critical points. The first derivative test states that for a point to be an extremum, the partial derivatives must be zero. The second derivative test uses the signs of the second partial derivatives to determine if a critical point is a maximum, minimum or saddle point. An example finds the local minimum of a function by applying these tests. The document also gives an example of using maxima and minima to determine the prices for two sizes of toothpaste that maximize a company's profits.

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    Multivariable Calculus. II.: Maxima and Minima of Functions of Several Variables

    Uploaded by

    nino
    25 views2 pages
    The document discusses maxima and minima of functions of several variables. It defines local maxima and minima and critical points. The first derivative test states that for a point to be an extremum, the partial derivatives must be zero. The second derivative test uses the signs of the second partial derivatives to determine if a critical point is a maximum, minimum or saddle point. An example finds the local minimum of a function by applying these tests. The document also gives an example of using maxima and minima to determine the prices for two sizes of toothpaste that maximize a company's profits.

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    Week II

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    The document discusses maxima and minima of functions of several variables. It defines local maxima and minima and critical points. The first derivative test states that for a point to be an extremum, the partial derivatives must be zero. The second derivative test uses the signs of the second partial derivatives to determine if a critical point is a maximum, minimum or saddle point. An example finds the local minimum of a function by applying these tests. The document also gives an example of using maxima and minima to determine the prices for two sizes of toothpaste that maximize a company's profits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views2 pages

    Multivariable Calculus. II.: Maxima and Minima of Functions of Several Variables

    Uploaded by

    nino
    The document discusses maxima and minima of functions of several variables. It defines local maxima and minima and critical points. The first derivative test states that for a point to be an extremum, the partial derivatives must be zero. The second derivative test uses the signs of the second partial derivatives to determine if a critical point is a maximum, minimum or saddle point. An example finds the local minimum of a function by applying these tests. The document also gives an example of using maxima and minima to determine the prices for two sizes of toothpaste that maximize a company's profits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Multivariable Calculus. II.

    Maxima and Minima of Functions of Several Variables

    Definition. The function f ( x, y ) has a local maximum at the point ( x0 , y 0 ) if


    f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) for all points ( x, y ) sufficiently close to ( x0 , y 0 ) , except for ( x0 , y 0 ) itself.
    The function f ( x, y ) has a local minimum at the point ( x0 , y 0 ) if f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) for all
    points ( x, y ) sufficiently close to ( x0 , y 0 ) , except for ( x0 , y 0 ) itself.
    The corresponding value f ( x0 , y 0 ) is called the local maximum value (or local minimum
    value, as the case may be) of the function f. The term extremum is used to cover both maxima
    and minima.

    Theorem 1. If f ( x, y ) has a local maximum or a local minimum at the point ( x0 , y 0 ) , then it is


    necessary that
    f x ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 and f y ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 .

    Definition. A critical point of a smooth function f ( x, y ) is a point ( x0 , y 0 ) at which


    f x ( x0 , y 0 ) f y ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 .
    Every local extremum of a smooth function must be a critical point. However, not every critical
    point is an extremum. A critical point, which is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum, is
    called a saddle point.

    Theorem 2 (Second-Derivative Test for Local Extrema). Let ( x0 , y 0 ) be a critical point of the
    function f ( x, y ) for which f x ( x0 , y 0 ) f y ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 . Let

    A f x x ( x0 , y 0 ), B f y y ( x0 , y 0 ), C f x y ( x 0 , y 0 ), D AB C 2 .
    (a) If D > 0 and A < 0, then f ( x, y ) has a local maximum at ( x0 , y 0 ) .
    (b) If D > 0 and A > 0, then f ( x, y ) has a local minimum at ( x0 , y 0 ) .
    (c) If D < 0, then ( x0 , y 0 ) is not a local extremum of f ( x, y ) , but is a saddle point.
    (d) If D = 0, the test fails.
    1

    Example. Find the local extrema of the function


    f ( x, y ) x 2 2 xy 2 y 2 2 x 2 y .
    Solution. First, let us find the critical points.
    fx 2x 2 y 2 0 ,
    f y 2x 4 y 2 0 .
    Solving these two equations, we obtain x 3 and y 2 . Thus (3, 2) is the only critical point.
    Now let us apply Theorem 2 in order to test whether this critical point is a local
    maximum or a local minimum. We find upon differentiating a second time that
    f xx 2, f yy 4, f xy 2 .
    Therefore, D AB C 2 f xx f yy f xy 2 4. So we see that D > 0 and A > 0, and thus the point
    x 3 , y 2 is a local minimum of f. The local minimum value of f is f (3, 2) 5 .

    Applications of Maxima and Minima


    Example (Pricing Decision). The Organic Toothpastes Corporation produces toothpaste in two
    sizes, 100 milliliter and 150 milliliter. The cost of production for each size tube are 60 and 90,
    respectively. The weekly demands x1 and x2 (in thousands) for the two sizes are
    x1 3( p2 p1 ),
    x2 320 3 p1 5 p2 ,
    where p1 and p2 are the prices in cents per tube. Determine the prices p1 and p2 that will
    maximize the companys profits.
    Solution. The profit obtained from each 100-milliliter tube of toothpaste is ( p1 60) cents and
    the profit from each 150-milliliter tube is ( p2 90) cents. Therefore the profit P (in thousands of
    cents, because the demands are in thousands) obtained by selling x1 tubes of 100-milliliter size
    and x2 tubes of 150-milliliter size is given by

    P ( p1 60) x1 ( p2 90) x2 3( p1 60)( p2 p1 ) ( p2 90)(320 3 p1 5 p2 )


    3 p12 5 p2 2 6 p1 p2 90 p1 590 p2 28800.
    Therefore,
    P
    P
    6 p2 6 p1 90,
    6 p1 10 p2 590.
    p1
    p2
    P P
    For maximum profit,

    0 . That is,
    p1 p2
    6 p2 6 p1 90 0,
    6 p1 10 p2 590 0.
    Solving these two equations, we get
    p1 110
    and
    A

    p2 125 .

    Also,

    P
    P
    P
    6, B
    10, C
    6 . Consequently,
    2
    2
    p1
    p2
    p1p2
    2

    D AB C 2 (6)(10) 62 0 .
    Since D 0 and A 0 , the prices p1 110 and p2 125 will yield a maximum profit for
    the company.
    2

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